Lecture-03

Course Code: PHY101 (DBA)

Course Title: Introduction to Physics
Date: 27/05/2021

Dr. Ranojit Kumar Dutta

(DRD)
Assistant Professor
GED, Faculty of Science and Engineering 1
Lecture 03:

Introduction to Physics:
First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics and their
Applications,

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First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

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 First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics:

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 First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics:

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 First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics:

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First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

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 First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

Internal Energy: Each body contains internal energy which can do work and can
be transformed into other forms of energy. The sum of the kinetic and potential
energies of the molecules of a system is called its internal energy.
Internal energy is the sum of the following two types of energy:

a) Heat Energy: It is the kinetic energy (K.E.) of the molecules moving randomly.

b) Molecular potential energy (P.E.): This energy arises due to the vibrational
energy of the constituent atoms of the molecules and the energy due to the
intermolecular attraction.

Total internal energy, E= K.E.+P.E

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 First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics:

Figure 1. This boiling tea kettle represents

energy in motion. The water in the kettle is
turning to water vapor because heat is being
transferred from the stove to the kettle. As the
entire system gets hotter, work is done—from
the evaporation of the water to the whistling of
the kettle (Ref.: Gina Hamilton)

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Application of First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics
Human Metabolism and the First Law of Thermodynamics

Human metabolism is the conversion of food into heat transfer, work, and stored
fat. Metabolism is an interesting example of the first law of thermodynamics in
action.

Now consider the effects of eating. Eating increases the internal energy of the
body by adding chemical potential energy. The body metabolize the food we
consume. Basically, metabolism is an oxidation process in which the chemical
potential energy of food is released. This implies that food input is in the form of
work. Food energy is reported in a special unit, known as the Calorie.

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 Human Metabolism and the First Law of Thermodynamics

Figure 1. (a) The first law of thermodynamics applied to metabolism. Heat transferred out of the body (Q)
and work done by the body (W) remove internal energy, while food intake replaces it. (Food intake may
be considered as work done on the body.) (b) Plants convert part of the radiant heat transfer in sunlight to
stored chemical energy, a process called photosynthesis. 11
Homework (HW)

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Homework (HW)

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Application of First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

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Application of First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

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Application of First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

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Application of First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

A process that occurs at constant pressure is called an isobaric process.

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Application of First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

A process that occurs at constant pressure is called an isobaric process.

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Application of First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

A process that occurs at constant pressure is called an isobaric process.

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Application of First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

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 Second Laws of Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics:
We know, mechanical energy, sound energy, light energy etc. can easily be
converted into heat energy. But heat energy cannot be converted to other form of
energy easily. For converting heat energy into mechanical energy a device is
needed. This device is called heat engine.
Some statements of second law of thermodynamics are given below:
1) Clausius’s statement: Heat cannot pass by itself from a cold body to a hot
body. Or, It is impossible to make heat flow from a body at a lower temperature
to a body at a higher temperature without doing external work on the working
substance.
2) Kelvin’s statement: Continuous flow of energy cannot be obtained from an
object cooling it from its surroundings. This means that heat cannot flow
between two bodies which are at the same temperature.

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 Second Laws of Thermodynamics

Second Law of Thermodynamics:

3) Planck’s statement: It is impossible to construct an engine which can

extract heat continuously from a heat source and completely
transforms into work.
4) Carnot’s statement: No engine can be built which can extract a fixed
amount of heat and will convert totally into work.

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Homework (HW)

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