SWAMI DHANANJOY DAS

KATHIABABA MISSION
SCHOOL

Patunagar, Agartala
SESSION: 2020-21
PHYSICS PROJECT
TOPIC: STUDY OF FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS(ISOTHERMAL AND ADIABATIC
PROCESS) AND SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS(REVERSIBLE AND
IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS) AND THEIR POsSIBLE
APPLICATIONS
Submitted by:
Name: UJJAINIKISHOR PAL
Class: XI (Science)
GUIDED BY: ASHIS SIR
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Presentation, inspiration and motivation have always played a key
role in the success of
any venture
In this venture, I express my sincere gratitude to the Principal
Swami Dhananjoy Das Kathia Baba Mission School
Tam highly indebted and
acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude
toto the
my guide, our Physics teacher, Dr Ashis Shil, to encourage me
highest peak and to provide me the opportunity to prepare
the project on the topic "Study of First Law of Thermodynamics
(Isothermal and Adiabatic process) and second Law of
Thermodynamics (Reversible and Irreversible process) and
their possibilities" and in the process of doing this project I have
learnt more about it.
I am immensely obliged to my friends for their elevating inspiration
and for providing necessary help from time to time.
Last, but not the least, I am highly grateful to my parents for
providing me with resources and encouraging me whenever my
motivation oscillated.
With due regards, I express my gratitude to everyone directly or
indirectly involved with the given Project.

Thanking you,
Ujjaini Kishor Pal
Class XI, Science.
 CERTIFICATE
This is to
certify
that Miss. UJJAINI KISHOR PAL. a
student of
class XI
(science) of SWAMI DHANANJOY DAS KATHIA BABA
MISSIONN SCHOOL has
project work entitled "Studysuccessfully completed the Physics
of First Law of
(Isothemal and Adiabatic process) and Thermodynamics
second Law of
Thermodynamics (Reversible and Irreversible process) and
their possibilities".

This project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge in

plagiarism of any kind. The references taken in this project have
been declared at the end.

Signature of guide Signature of examiner

Signature of Principal
 CONTENTS
SL NO. TOPIC PAGE NO

2
Objective 01
|Introduction 01
3
First law of thermodynamics 02
Isothermal process 02
5 Adiabatic process 03
6 Difference between Isothermal and
Adiabatic process 04
Second law of thermodynamics 05
8 Reversible process 05
9 Internally reversible process 06
10 Externally reversible process 06
11 Irreversible process 07
12 Reversible and Irreversible process 07
13 Application of laws of 10
thermodynamics
| 14 Conclusion 12
15 Bibliography 13
 OBJECTIVE
"Study of First Law of
Thermodynamics
Adiabatic process) and second Law of (lsothermal
and
Thermodynamics
(Reversible and Irreversible process) and their
possibilities"

INTRODUCTION
William Thompson, in 1749, coined the term The laws of
Thermodynamics define a group of physical quantities,
Such as temperature, energy, and entropy, that
characterize thermodynamic systems in thermodynamic
equilibrium .The laws of Thermodynamics have a
universality of relevance; they encompass widely diverse
fields of study that include biology. Thermodynamics deals
with energy transfer process. The key idea is that materials
have "internal energy".
The total internal energy of a substance=the sum of the
energies of the constituents of the substance.
When two substances come in contact, internal energy
from one substance can decrease while the internal
energy of the other increases. The first law of
thermodynamics states that the energy lost by one
substance is gained by the other. That is, that there exists
a quantity called energy that is conserved.

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Traditionally, thermodynamics has recognized three
fundamental laws, simply named by an ordinal
identification, the first law, the second law, and the third
law.

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

The first law of thermodynamics states that, when energy
passes
into or out of a system (as work, heat, or matter), the
system's
internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of
energy.
If AQ is heat given to the system and AW is work done by the
system, then AU (the change in internal energy can be written as)
AU- AQ - AW

This is the law of conservation of energy.It can be stated in

differential form, dQ - dW= dUU

Heat supplied to the system is taken as positive and heat rejected

by the system is taken as negative Change in internal energy
depends on initial and final states of the system.

ISOTHERMALPROCESS
A process in which the temperature of the system is kept fixed
throughout is called an isothermal process, also known as constant
temperature process. For a process to be isothermal, any heat flow
into or out of the system must occur very slowly so that it always
maintains thermal equilibrium.
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 In general, for an isothermal
process none of the quantities Au,
or a i s
zero, but in some special
system depends only on its
cases the internal energy of a
volume. The most temperature, not on its pressure or
common system following this special case is an
Ideal gas. For ideal
gas if temperature is constant, the internal
energy is also constant, i.e AU = 0 and hence the first law of
thermodynamics then implies that heat supplied to the gas equals
the work done by the gas i.e. =
W.
For an isothermal process, the ideal gas equation i.e., PV =
yRT
gives P =
constant, which is just Boyle's law.

ADIABATIC PROCESS
A process in which no heat transfer takes place between a
system and its surrounding is called an adiabatic process.

Zero heat transfer is an idealization, but a process is

approximately adiabatic if the system is well insulated or if
the process takes place so quickly that there is not enough
time for appreciable heat flow to occur. In an adiabatic
process, Q = 0 so from the first law of thermodynamics, AU
= -W, hence work done by the gas results in decrease in its internal
energy. For an adiabatic process of an ideal gas, PV = constant,
where Y is the ratio of specific heats (ordinary or molar) at constant
volume i.e., Y = Cp/Cv.
pressure and at constant

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 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN1SOTHERMAL
AND ADIABATIC PROCESS
An isothermal process is process that occurs under
a
constant temperature but other parameters of the system
can be
changed accordingly. On the other hand. in an
adiabatic process, the heat
transfer occurs to keep the
temperature constant. The main difference between
isothermal and adiabatic
process is that the isothermal
process Occurs under varying temperature. The work done
in an isothermal
process is due to the change of net heat
content of the system. Meanwhile. the work done in an
adiabatic process is due to the change in its internal
energy
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
The second law of
thermodynamics states that in a naturai
thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies of the
interacting thermodynamic systems never decreases.
Another form of the statement is that heat does not
spontaneously pass from a colder body to a warmer body.

The first and second law

prohibit two kinds of perpetual
motion machines,
respectively the perpetual motion
machine of the first kind which
produces work with no
energy input, and the perpetual motion machine of the
second kind which spontaneously converts thermal
energy
into mechanical work.

REVESIBLE PROCESS
A thermodynamic oprocess is reversible if the process can
return back in such a that both the system and the
surroundings return to their original states, with no other
change anywhere else in the universe. It means both
system and surroundings are returned to their initial states
at the end of the reverse process.
5
In the figure, the system has
undergone a change fr
om
"
state 1 to state2. The reversible process can reverse
completely and there is no trace left to show that the system
had undergone thermodynamic change. During the
reversible process, all the changes in state that occur in the
system are in thermodynamic equilibrium with each other.

INTERNALLY REVERSIBLE PROCESS

In this process, a system undergoes through a series of
equilibrium states, and when the process reverses, the
system passes through exactly the same equilibrium states
while returning to its initial states.

EXTERNALLY REVERSIBLE PROCESS

In externally reversible process no irreversibility occur
outside the system boundaries during the process. Heat
transfer between a reservoir and a system is an externally
reversible process if the surface of contact between the
system and reservoir is at the same temperature

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 IRREVERSIBLEPROCES3S
Irreversible process are a
result of straying away from the
curve, therefore
decreasing the amount of overall work
done. An irreversible
that process is a
thermodynamic process
departs from equilibrium. In terms of
volume, it occurs when the pressure pressure and
(or the volume) of
a
system changes dramatically and
volume (or the instantaneously that the
pressure) do not have the time to reach
equilibrium.

REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE

PROCESSES
A system that undergoes such an idealized reversible
process is always very close to being in thermodynamic
equilibrium within itself and with its surroundings. Any
change of state that takes place can then be reversed by
making only an infinitesimal change in the conditions of the
system.
The reversible processes are those process in which at any
Stage of an process it can be traversed back in the opposite
direction in such a way that the system passes through
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 APPLICATION OF LAWS OF
An
isothermal
ans of
THERMODYNAMICS
process
regulating the
occurs in
systems that have some
in systems ranging from temperature. This
process occurs
cells. A few highly structured machines to
application of an
isothermal process
living
below. is given
.According to the law, heat always flows from a body at
a higher temperature to
body at the lower
a
temperature. This law is applicable to all of heat
engine cycles including Diesel etc. for types
all types of
working fluids used in the engines. This law has led to
the progress of
present-day vehicles
Another application of an isothermal process is the
heat pump. The heat is either removed from the house
and dumped outside or the heat is brought inside thee
house from outside to warm the house. In either case
the goal is to keep the house at the desired
temperature setting.
One of the industrial application of the isothermal
process is the Carrot engine. In this engine, some parts
of the cycles are carried out isothermally.
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 CONCLUSION

By all the details on the topic Study of First Law of

Themodynamics (lsothermal and Adiabatic process) ana
second Law of Thermodynamics (Reversible and Irreversible
process) and their possibilities we came to know about the
laws of Thermodynamics and various applications of
Themodynamics in our life

We are very thankful to our Physics teacher for giving us to do this

project and for his dedicated
guidance.

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)

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. NCERT Physics Text Book for Class XI.

2. Physics Lab Manual Class XI

3. Concepts of Physics by H.C.Verma

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