Thermodynamics

 Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of

energy.

 Thermodynamics = Therme + Dynamis

(Heat) (Power)
Conservation of energy principle
 Application of thermodynamics

 Human Body
 Refrigeration and Air conditioners
 IC Engines
 Gas Turbines
 Water Heater
 Solar Collectors
 Pressure cooker ….
 System, Surroundings & Boundary

 System

 A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.

 Surroundings

 The mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings.

 Boundary

 The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings is
called the boundary.
System, Surroundings & Boundary
 Closed System/Control Mass

 A closed system consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no

mass can cross its boundary. No mass can enter or leave a
closed system. But energy, in the form of heat or work, can
cross the boundary and the volume of a closed system does
not have to be fixed.

 In some special case, even energy is not allowed to cross

the boundary, that system is called an isolated system.
Close system with fixed and moving boundary
 Isolated System

m = const. Mass NO
E = const.
Energy NO

ISOLATED
System
 Open System/Control Volume

 An open system, or a control volume is a properly selected region in space. It

usually encloses a device that involves mass flow such as a compressor, turbine, or
nozzle.

 Any arbitrary region in space can be selected as a control volume.

 The boundaries of a control volume are called a control surface, and they can be
real or imaginary.

 A control volume can be fixed in size and shape, or it may involve a moving
boundary, most control volumes, however, have fixed boundaries and thus do not
involve any moving boundaries.

 e.g. Water Heater, Car Radiator, Turbine, Compressor

A control volume can involve fixed, moving, real, and imaginary boundaries.
An open system (a control volume) with one inlet and one exit.
 Properties of a system

 Intensive Properties
• Intensive properties are those that are independent of the mass of a system, such
as temperature, pressure, and density.

 Extensive Properties
• Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the size or extent of the
system. Total mass, total volume, and total momentum are some examples of
extensive properties

 Specific Properties
• Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific properties. Some examples of
specific properties are specific volume (v =V/m) and specific total energy (e =E/m).
Criterion to differentiate intensive and
extensive properties.
 Density & Specific Gravity

 Density is defined as mass per unit volume.

 The reciprocal of density is the specific volume v, which is

defined as volume per unit mass.

 The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of

some standard substance at a specified temperature .
 State & Equilibrium

 Set of properties to completely describe the condition of the system

is known as its STATE

m = 2 kg
m = 2 kg
T1 = 25 ºC
T1 = 25 ºC
V1 = 1 m3
V1 = 3 m3

STATE 1 STATE 2
 State & Equilibrium
EQUILIBRIUM : State of Balance

Thermal Equilibrium :
- NO Temperature Gradient throughout the system.

Mechanical Equilibrium :
- NO Pressure Gradient throughout the system.

Chemical Equilibrium :
- Chemical composition is constant
- NO reaction occurs.

Phase Equilibrium :
- System having more than 1 phase.
- Mass of each phase is in equilibrium.
 Path & Process

Process proceeds in such a manner that

system remains infinitesimally close to

t=t1 t=0
equilibrium conditions at all times. It is Quasi-Static

known as QUASI-STATIC or QUASI-

EQUILIBRIUM Process.

t=t2t t=0
t2 < t1
Non-Quasi-Static
 Path & Process
NOTE : Process Path is a
CONTINUOUS line only if it is
Quasi-Static
having Quasi-Static Process.
Process Path
Pressure

Non-Quasi-Static Process is
denoted by a DASHED line.

State 1 State 2
Non-Quasi-Static
Volume Process Path

Pressure
State 1 State 2

Volume
 Path & Process

h=Const s=Const
Isenthalpic Isentropic
V=Const
Isochoric

Temperature (T)
Pressure (P)

T=Const
P=Const Isothermal
Isobaric

Volume (V) Enthalpy (h)/ Entropy (s)

 Cycle
State 2 CYCLE :
A system is said to have undergone a
cycle if it returns to its ORIGINAL
state at the end of the process.
Property B

Hence, for a CYCLE, the INITIAL and

the FINAL states are identical.

State 1

Property A
The End