CH 1051 Engineering

Thermodynamics
Lecture 01: Basic Concepts and Energy Analysis
(Chapters 1 and 2 of the textbook)
Thermodynamics

-science of energy

Therme Dynamis
Thermodynamics
(heat) (power)

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Significance
Application areas of
Thermodynamics

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Significance
Role of Thermodynamics in
Chemical Engineering
Branch of engineering that deals with,
• Study of design and operation of chemical plants
• Methods of improving production

Efficient, economical, reliable, and safe production!

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Content Laws of Thermodynamics

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Systems

The thermodynamic relations that are

applicable to closed and open systems
are different. Therefore, it is extremely
important that we recognize the type of
system before start analyzing it. 6
Control volumes

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Properties of a
system

Any characteristic of a system.

Extensive

Intensive

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Properties of a
system

Specific Property: Extensive property per unit mass

Total volume

𝑉
Molar Volume (v) =
𝑛

No. of moles

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State
A mathematical description of a
system at a given instant.

Continuum
Disregard the atomic nature of a
substance and view it as a continuous,
homogeneous matter with no holes.

At a given state, all the properties of a

system have fixed values.
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State

State Postulate
Thermodynamic state of a system is defined by
specifying a set of measurable properties sufficient so
that all remaining properties are determined.

For a simple compressible system*,

→ Two independent, intensive properties

Single phase systems: T, P

Multiphase systems (phase changes): T = f(P)

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*A system in the absence of electrical, magnetic, gravitational, motion, and surface tension effects
Equilibrium
A state of balance; No unbalanced
driving forces within the system
Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states
▪ A system in equilibrium experiences no changes when it is isolated from its surroundings.

For a system to be in thermodynamic equilibrium,

▪ All intensive and extensive thermodynamic properties must be constants.
i.e., It should simultaneously satisfy the criteria for all relevant types of equilibrium.
• Thermal equilibrium (same temperature)
• Mechanical equilibrium (same pressure)
• Chemical equilibrium (same chemical composition)

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Process
State 2

State 1

Process
Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another
Path
Series of states through which a system passes during a process 13
Process
Quasi-equilibrium/ A process where the system
always remains infinitesimally
Quasi-static Process close to an equilibrium state.

Final state

Equilibrium states

Quasi-equilibrium process

Initial state

Non quasi-equilibrium
process

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 2

/ ISOCHORIC
Cyclic Process

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 A process during which a fluid
Process Steady Flow Process flow through a control volume
steadily.
Steady vs Uniform?

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Temperature scales

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 0th law of thermodynamics: If two bodies are in
Zeroth law of
thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also
thermodynamics in thermal equilibrium with each other

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 Forms of Energy

Reference level

Thermodynamics deals with the change of total energy,

Not an absolute value of total energy.
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Total Energy
 Forms of Energy
Kinetic energy (motion)

Macroscopic Potential energy (gravity)

Energy Others (magnetism, electricity,

System possesses as a and surface tension)
whole

Microscopic Internal Energy (U)

Energy
Related to the molecular
structure of a system
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Total Energy
Internal Energy
The internal energy of a system is the
sum of all forms of the microscopic
energies.
Sensible energy:
The portion of the internal energy of
a system associated with the kinetic
energies of the molecules
Latent energy:
The internal energy associated with
the phase of a system
Chemical energy:
The internal energy associated with
the atomic bonds in a molecule
Nuclear energy:
Energy associated with the strong
bonds within the nucleus of the atom
itself
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Sensible Energy
The portion of the internal energy of a system
associated with the kinetic energies of the molecules

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 Forms of Energy
Static vs Dynamic Forms of Energy

Static Energy Dynamic Energy

Dynamic forms of
Static forms of energy (not
energy stored)/ Energy
interactions

Contained or Cross the system

stored in a system boundary

Energy gained or
Total energy of a
lost by a system
system
during a process
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Total Energy
Heat and Work; Directional Quantities
Both the magnitude and direction
should be specified

Using subscripts ‘in’ and

Formal sign convention ‘out’ to indicate
direction
Qin =Heat Transferred to
Q, Heat transferred to the system
the system = + Qout = Heat transferred
from the system
Win = Work done on the
W, Work done by the system
system = + Wout = Work done by
the system 24
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Heat and Work
Both heat and work are boundary phenomena

Systems possess energy, but not heat or work

Both are associated with a process, not a

state (heat or work has no meaning at a state)
Path functions have inexact differentials (δ)
Both are path functions ▪ Magnitudes depend on the path
followed
▪ δQ or δW (not dQ or dW)
Point functions have exact differentials (d)
▪ dV, dP
▪ Depend on the state only, and not on
how a system reaches that state) 25
First law of
thermodynamics

• Known as the conservation of energy principle.

• Provides basis for studying the relationships among various forms of energy and
energy interactions.
• States that energy can be neither created nor destroyed during a process; it can
only change forms.

For all adiabatic processes between two specified states of a closed system, the
net work done is the same regardless of the nature of the closed system and the
details of the process.

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 Energy Change of a System, ΔEsystem
Energy Balance
Energy Energy
change of change of
Energy Energy
Energy In the system Energy In the system
Out Out
(Total Energy (Total Energy
Change, ΔE) Change, ΔE)

Net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the

system during a process is equal to the difference between the
total energy entering and the total energy leaving the system
during that process
In the absence of electric, magnetic, and surface tension
effects,

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 Energy Change of a System, ΔEsystem
Energy Balance
For a stationary system,
Energy
change of
Energy
Energy In the system
Out
(Total Energy
Change, ΔE)

Net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the

system during a process is equal to the difference between the
total energy entering and the total energy leaving the system
during that process
In the absence of electric, magnetic, and surface tension
effects, 0 0

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 Energy Transfer, ΔEin & ΔEout
Energy Balance
Heat Transfer, Q
Energy
change of
Energy
Work Transfer, W
Energy In the system
(Total Energy
Out Mass Flow, m
Change, ΔE)

Net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the

system during a process is equal to the difference between the
total energy entering and the total energy leaving the system
during that process

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 Energy Transfer, ΔEin & ΔEout
Energy Balance
Heat Transfer, Q
Energy
change of
Energy
Energy In the system The form of energy that is transferred between two
Out
(Total Energy systems (or a system and its surroundings) by virtue of
Change, ΔE)
a temperature difference

Net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the

system during a process is equal to the difference between the
total energy entering and the total energy leaving the system
during that process

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 Energy Transfer, ΔEin & ΔEout
Energy Balance
Work Transfer, W
Energy
change of
Energy
Energy In the system The form of energy transfer associated
Out
(Total Energy with a force acting through a distance
Change, ΔE)

(If the energy crossing the boundary of a

Net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the closed system is not heat, it must be work)
system during a process is equal to the difference between the
total energy entering and the total energy leaving the system
during that process

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 Energy Transfer, ΔEin & ΔEout
Energy Balance
Mass Flow, m
Energy
change of
Energy The form of energy transfer associated with a mass
Energy In the system
Out entering or leaving a system.
(Total Energy
Change, ΔE) For a control volume, flow energy (associated
with P), should also be considered.

Net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the

system during a process is equal to the difference between the
total energy entering and the total energy leaving the system
during that process

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 Energy Balance
Energy
change of
Energy
Energy In the system
Out
(Total Energy
Change, ΔE)

Net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the

system during a process is equal to the difference between the
total energy entering and the total energy leaving the system Energy balance for any system undergoing any kind of process,
during that process

Energy balance in the rate form,

Where, 33
 For a closed system undergoing a cycle, the initial
and final states are identical

Closed system
undergoing a cycle Then the energy balance for a cycle simplifies to

Noting that a closed system does not involve any mass

flow across its boundaries, the energy balance for a cycle
can be expressed in terms of heat and work interactions
as

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