ME22 BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BASIC CONCEPTS OF

THERMODYNAMICS
Engr. Marc Allan V. Magbitang, M.E.
Instructor
Greatest Invention EVER!!!
Greatest Invention EVER!!!
Thermodynamics
• comes from 2 Greek Words:
o therme – heat
o dynamis - power

• defined as the science of energy

• a branch of physical science that deals with the

relationships between heat and other forms of energy.
In particular, it describes how thermal energy is
converted to and from other forms of energy and how
it affects matter.

The Trio of Thermodynamics: Heat, Work, Energy

Historical Background
• Developed after the first successful atmospheric steam
engines in England by Thomas Savery (1697) and Thomas
Newcomen (1712)

• The first and second laws of thermodynamics emerged

simultaneously in the 1850s, primarily out of the works of
William Rankine, Rudolph Clausius, and Lord Kelvin

• The term thermodynamics was first used in a publication by

Lord Kelvin in 1849

• The first thermodynamic textbook was written in 1859 by

William Rankine, a professor at the University of Glasgow.
 Thermodynamic Laws
• Zeroth Law
“If two bodies are each in thermal equilibrium with some third body,
then they are also in equilibrium with each other”

• First Law – Law of Conservation of Energy

“Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can be transformed
from one form to another.”

• Second Law
Clausius Statement: “It is impossible to construct a device which operates
on a cycle and whose sole effect is the transfer of heat from a cooler
body to a hotter body.”
Kelvin-Planck Statement: “It is impossible to construct a device which
operates on a cycle and produces no other effect than the production of
work and the transfer of heat from a single body.”

• Third Law
“The entropy of a perfect crystal is zero when the temperature of the
crystal is equal to absolute zero.”
 Approaches to Studying Thermodynamics

• Macroscopic (Classical thermodynamics)

 study large number of particles (molecules)
that make up the substance in question
 does not require knowledge of the behavior
of individual molecules

• Microscopic (Statistical thermodynamics)

 concerned within behavior of individual
particles (molecules)
 study average behavior of large groups of
individual particles
Applications of Thermodynamics
 Dimensions and Units
• Dimension – used to characterize any physical quantity
 Primary Dimensions – Fundamental Dimensions
– basic dimensions
– mass, length, time, and temperature
 Secondary Dimensions – Derived Dimensions
– expressed in terms of the primary dimensions
– velocity, energy, and volume

• Unit - magnitudes assigned to the dimensions

 SI (International System)
 English or United States Customary System (USCS)
Dimensions and Units
Thermodynamic System

•Thermodynamic System
- quantity of matter or a region
of space chosen for study
•Boundary
- real or imaginary layer that
separates the system from its
surroundings
•Surroundings
- physical space outside the
system boundary
• Types of Systems
o Closed
o Open
Thermodynamic System
Closed System (Control Mass)
Energy, not mass, crosses closed-system boundaries
Thermodynamic System
Closed System with Moving Boundary
Thermodynamic System
Open System (Control Volume)

Mass and Energy Cross Control Volume Boundaries

Thermodynamic System
Isolated System
Closed system where no heat or work (energy) may cross the
system boundary
- typically a collection of the a main system (or several systems) and its
surroundings is considered an isolated system

Isolated system boundary

work system
mass
Surr 1 heat

Surr 2 Surr 3
 Properties of a System
Property – any characteristic of a system in equilibrium

 Intensive properties – are independent of the size

Thermodynamics

of the system
– temperature, pressure, color

 Extensive properties – vary directly with the size of

the system
– volume, mass, total energy
o Specific properties – Extensive properties per
unit mass
– specific volume
 Working Substance and its Properties
Phase – a quantity of matter having
same chemical composition or
homogeneous
Thermodynamics

Working Substance – a substance to

which heat can be stored and from
which heat can be extracted

 Pure Substance – chemical

composition remains the same
even if there is a change in phase

 Ideal Gas – remains in gaseous

state during its operating cycle and
whose equation of state is PV=mRT
Thermodynamics Properties of a Working Substance
Thermodynamics Properties of a Working Substance
Thermodynamics Properties of a Working Substance
Thermodynamics Properties of a Working Substance
Thermodynamics Properties of a Working Substance
Thermodynamics Properties of a Working Substance
 State and Equilibrium
State - Condition of a system
 State Postulate - number of properties required to fix
the state of a system
Thermodynamics

Equilibrium - A state of balance

 Thermal equilibrium – temperature is the same
throughout the entire system
 Mechanical equilibrium – no change in pressure at
any point of the system with time
 Phase equilibrium – If a system involves multiple
phases and when the mass of each phase
reaches an equilibrium level and stays there.
 Chemical equilibrium – chemical composition of a
system does not change with time, that is, no
chemical reactions occur.
 Processes and Cycles
Process - any change that a system undergoes from one
equilibrium state to another
Isobaric Process
- constant pressure process
Isothermal Process
Thermodynamics

- constant temperature process

Isochoric (Isometric) Process
- constant volume process
Isentropic Process
- constant entropy process
Adiabatic Process
- no heat loss or gain process
Polytropic Process
- non-adiabatic process
Reversible Process
- no friction loss
Path - series of states through which a system passes during
a process
 Processes and Cycles
Cycle - a process (or a series of connected processes) with
identical end states
Carnot Cycle
2
Reverse Carnot
Thermodynamics

P Process
Otto Cycle B

Diesel Cycle
Dual Combustion Cycle 1
Process
Rankine Cycle A
Brayton Cycle
Stirling Cycle
Ericsson Cycle V
 Sample
Problems
1. During a heating process, the temperature of a system rises by 10⁰C. Express the rise
of temperature in K, ⁰F, R.

Given: ∆𝑇℃ = 10℃

Required: ∆𝑇𝐾 , ∆𝑇℉ , ∆𝑇𝑅

Formula: ∆𝑇𝐾 = ∆𝑇℃ , ∆𝑇𝑅 = ∆𝑇℉

℃−0 ℉−32
100−0
= 212−32
℃2−0 ℃1−0 ℉2−32 ℉1−32
− 100−0 = 212−32 − 212−32
100−0

℃2−℃1 ℉2−℉1
=
100 180

∆𝑇℃ ∆𝑇℉
=
100 180

∆𝑇℉ = 1.8∆𝑇℃

Solution: ∆𝑇℉ = 1.8 10

∆𝑻℉ = 𝟏𝟖℉

∆𝑇𝐾 = ∆𝑇℃ + 273.16

∆𝑇𝐾 = 10

∆𝑻𝑲 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑲

∆𝑇𝑅 = ∆𝑇℉

∆𝑇𝑅 = 18

∆𝑻𝑹 = 𝟏𝟖 𝑹
2. Steam enters a heat exchanger of a system at 300 K. What is the temperature of
this steam in ⁰F?
Given: 𝑇𝐾 = 300 𝐾

Required: 𝑇℉

Formula: 𝑇𝐾 = 𝑇℃ + 273.16
℃−0 ℉−32
100−0
= 212−32

Solution: 𝑇℃ = 𝑇𝐾 − 273.16
𝑇℃ = 300 − 273.16
𝑇℃ = 26.84℃
26.84−0 ℉−32
= 212−32
100−0
180
𝑇℉ = 100 (𝑇℃ ) + 32
9
𝑇℉ = 5 (𝑇℃ ) + 32
9
𝑇℉ = 5 (26.84) + 32

𝑻℉ = 𝟖𝟎. 𝟑𝟏℉
3. A vacuum gage connected to a tank reads 15 KPa at a location where the
barometric reading is 750 mmHg. Determine the absolute pressure in the tank.
Take 𝜌𝐻𝑔 = 13590 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 .
Given: 𝑃𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 = 15 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 750 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

𝜌𝐻𝑔 = 13590 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

Required: 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠

Formula: 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒

Solution: 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚
101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 750𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 × − 15𝑘𝑃𝑎
760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝟖𝟒. 𝟗𝟗 𝒌𝑷𝒂

4. An astronaut weighs 850N on the surface of the earth where the g is 9.806 m/s².
What is the mass of the astronaut? What is his mass on the surface of the moon
where g is 1/6 of the earth’s gravity?
Given: 𝑊 = 850𝑁
m
𝑔𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 9.806 s2
1
𝑔𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑛 = 6 𝑔𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ

Required: 𝑚𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ , 𝑚𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑛

Formula: 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑊𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ
Solution: 𝑚𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 𝑔𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ

850 𝑘𝑔−𝑚/s2
𝑚𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ = 9.806 𝑚/s2

𝒎𝑬𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟔𝟖 𝒌𝒈
𝒎𝑴𝒐𝒐𝒏 = 𝒎𝑬𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟔𝟖 𝒌𝒈
5. The weight of 1 L of gasoline is 7N. Determine its density and specific gravity
Given: 𝑉 = 1𝐿
𝑊 = 7𝑁

Required: 𝜌, 𝑆. 𝐺.

𝑚 𝜌
Formula: 𝜌= , 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔, 𝑆𝐺 = 𝜌
𝑉 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑊/𝑔
Solution: 𝜌= 𝑉
𝑘𝑔∙𝑚 9.81𝑚
(7 )/( 2 )
s2 s
𝜌= 1𝑚3
1𝐿×
1000𝐿

𝝆 = 𝟕𝟏𝟑. 𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑
713.56 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑆𝐺 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑺𝑮 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏
6. An open water tank is filled to a depth of 1.5 m. What is the absolute pressure of
the fluid at the bottom of the tank?
Given: ℎ = 1.5𝑚

Required: 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠

𝐹
Formula: 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 , 𝑃 = 𝐴 , 𝑉 = 𝐴ℎ
𝑊 𝑚𝑔ℎ
Solution: 𝑃 = 𝑉/ℎ = = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝑉
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 = (1000 𝑚3 )(9.81 s2 )(1.5𝑚)
𝑁
𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 14715 = 14715 𝑃𝑎 = 14.715 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚2

𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 14.715 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑷𝒂𝒃𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑷𝒂
7. A pump discharges 20 kg/min of diesel fuel (S.G.=0.8) to a vertical cylindrical tank
3 meters high and 1 meter in diameter. Calculate the time (hrs) to fill the said
tank.
Given: 𝑚ሶ = 20 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑆𝐺 = 0.8

ℎ = 3𝑚

𝑑 = 1𝑚

Required: t

𝑚 𝜋𝑑 2 𝜌
Formula: 𝜌= , 𝑉 = 𝐴ℎ = ( )ℎ, 𝑆𝐺 = 𝜌
𝑉 4 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

Solution: 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉
𝑚 𝐴ℎ
= 𝜌
𝑡 𝑡
𝜋𝑑2
𝑡 4 𝑡
[𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 𝑆𝐺 ℎ]
𝑚ሶ 𝑡 𝑚ሶ
𝜋𝑑2
4
𝑡 = 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 𝑆𝐺 ℎ
𝑚ሶ
𝜋 1𝑚 2
1000𝑘𝑔 4
𝑡= × 0.8 (3𝑚)
𝑚3 20 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛

1 ℎ𝑟
𝑡 = 94.25 𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 60𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕 𝒉𝒓𝒔
8. Air enters a nozzle steadily at 2.21 kg/m³ and 30 m/s. What is the mass flow rate
through the nozzle if the inlet area of the nozzle is 80 cm²?
kg
Given: 𝜌 = 2.21 m3

𝑣 = 30 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 = 80 cm²

Required: 𝑚ሶ
𝑚
Formula: 𝜌= , 𝑉 = 𝐴ℎ
𝑉

Solution: 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉
1 1
(𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉) 𝑡
𝑡

𝑚ሶ = 𝜌(𝐴ℎ)/𝑡
𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝐴𝑣
𝑘𝑔 1𝑚2 𝑚
𝑚ሶ = (2.21 𝑚3 )(80𝑐𝑚2 × 100𝑐𝑚 2
(30 𝑠 )

𝒎ሶ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
 ME22 BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

THANK YOU!!
Engr. Marc Allan V. Magbitang, M.E.
Instructor