Thermodynamics

ENTC 370
 Announcements
• Course Syllabus
• Class Webpage
– http://etidweb.tamu.edu/classes/entc370/
– Classnotes in Power Point
– Homework assignments and solutions
– Announcements
• E-learning
– Grades are regularly posted through E-learning
• Labs
– A lab manual will be available for this course early next week
• A PDF version will be available on line, just go to E-learning
• Lab exercises: 50% Computational (EES) + 50% Hands On
– No labs this week
 What is Thermodynamics?
• Is the science of energy
• Deals with energy transformations, including heat and work, and
the physical properties of substances involved in the
transformation (Jones & Hawkins, 1986)
– Conservation of Energy Principle: Energy cannot be created
or destroyed, only transformed
• Thermodynamics is used to describe and understand energy
systems
– All energy systems are constrained by the laws of physics (1 st
and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics)
– 1st law of Thermodynamics: Expression of Conservation of
Energy Principle
– 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: Energy also has quality, energy
processes occur in the direction of decreasing quality
• Heat flows from Hot to Cold
Why is Thermodynamics Important?

• Energy affects the World Economy

• Energy is used everyday by everyone
• Depending on the source, it can be
renewable or non-renewable
– Renewable: Wind, Solar, Geothermal, Tidal
– Non-renewable: Fossil Fuels (Oil, Coal, Tar,
Wood), Nuclear Fuel
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/figure_2.html
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/figure_1.html
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/figure_83.html
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/figure_95.html
http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/feature_articles/2004/worldoilsupply/oilsupply04.html
How is Energy Transformed, Used and Delivered?
→ Energy Systems
Energy System: Steam Power Plant

http://www.me.utexas.edu/~kim/me320/pic/sb-spp.JPG
Examples of Energy System: Boilers

Water-tube boilers

Fire-tube boiler

http://science.howstuffworks.com/
Example of Energy System:
Gas Turbine

http://science.howstuffworks.com/
http://www.rolls-royce.com/education/schools/default.jsp
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbine
 Energy System Example: Car Engine

http://auto.howstuffworks.com/engine.htm
http://www.dailymotion.com/cluster/tech/video/xk952_3d-deutz-engine-animation?from=rss
 Car (Gasoline or Diesel) Engine
• http://auto.howstuffworks.com/engine3.htm

• http://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel1.htm

Other Engines
• Thermoelectric: Direct conversion of
thermal energy to electricity (Seebeck
effect)
Energy System Example: Refrigeration
and Air Conditioning

Refrigeration Units Air Conditioning Unit

http://science.howstuffworks.com/
 Purpose and Objective
• Understand the key concepts in thermodynamics (i.e.
laws of thermodynamics, etc.)

• Use of the 1st and 2nd law, system conditions and

material properties to solve real problems
– “Don’t want to shoot in the dark”
– Used to determine what is possible or impossible

• Learn how to logically and methodically solve

thermodynamics problems
– Lifelong skills:
known + methodology => Solution (unknown)
 Thermodynamic Systems:
Open or Closed
• System is:
– Quantity of matter or region of space chosen
for study and analysis
• Surroundings are:
– Region outside the system

System Surroundings

Boundary
 Closed System
• Closed system:
– Fixed mass and no mass can enter or leave
system
– Energy can cross boundary and boundary
can move (Example: Piston-Cylinder device)
No mass transfer

Closed
System
Heat transfer
A closed system consists of a fixed amount of mass and no mass may cross the
system boundary. The closed system boundary may move.

Examples of closed systems are sealed tanks and piston cylinder devices (note the
volume does not have to be fixed). However, energy in the form of heat and work
may cross the boundaries of a closed system.

Piston-Cylinder Device

Rigid Container
 Open System
• Open system or control volume:
– Mass and energy can cross boundary
– Examples: Compressors, turbines, and
nozzles

Mass transfer

Open
System
Heat transfer
An open system, or control volume, has mass as well as energy crossing the
boundary, called a control surface. Examples of open systems are pumps,
compressors, turbines, valves, and heat exchangers.
 Properties
• Intensive properties
– Independent of the size of the system
• Temperature
• Density
• Pressure
• Extensive Properties
– Dependent on system size
• Mass
• Volume
• Total Energy
 Intensive properties are those that are independent of size.

Some Intensive Properties

a. temperature
b. pressure
c. age
d. color
e. any mass independent property

Extensive properties per unit mass are intensive properties. For example, the
specific volume v, defined as

Volume V  m 3  mass m  kg 
v    Specific Property    3
mass m  kg  volume V  m 
View of Matter in Thermodynamics
• Continuum (Classical) vs. Discrete
(Statistical)
– Continuous and homogeneous
• Continuum idealization  ENTC 370
– No discontinuities in any direction (X, Y or Z)
Discrete Continuum
 State and Equilibrium
• State
– Condition of a system as specified by the
values of its properties (e.g.T=5.0° C, P=1 atm)
– If properties change, the system reaches a
new state P
S2
S1
• Equilibrium V

– No unbalanced potential nor driving forces

present within the system
– System is in equilibrium when experiences no
changes
 Equilibrium
• Thermal Equilibrium
– No temperature gradient within the system
T2 T1 = T2
T1
• Mechanical Equilibrium
– Pressure does not change at a particular point
in the system
P2 P1 ≠ P2
P1 P1 = P2

P1 ≠ f(Time)
P2 ≠ f(Time)
Thermal Equilibrium

Non-equilibrium → Equilibrium
 Thermal equilibrium

T1 T2

Initial State: T1  T2
T1,final T2,final

Final State: T1  T2