Grammar Focus 3 y 4

Grammar focus
Unit 1
Have and has
PRESENTATION
1 She has a new phone.
2 He doesn’t have black hair.
3 They don’t have any pens.
4 “Do you have any brothers or sisters?” “Yes, I do./No, I don’t.”
5 I have toast every morning.
6 He doesn’t have breakfast.
FORM
Positive (+)
Subject have
I have a headache.
You
a new phone.
He has breakfast.
She
brown eyes.
It
We have a cup of coffee.
You
two brothers.
They
We form negative sentences with:

Subject + don’t/doesn’t + have
Negative (−)
Subject don’t/doesn’t have
I don’t have a cold.
You a new computer.
He doesn’t have lunch.
She blond hair.
It
We don’t have coffee for breakfast.
You any sisters.
They
We form yes/no questions with:

Do/Does + subject + have…?
Wide Angle 2 Unit 1 Grammar focus 1

Yes/no questions (?)
Do/Does subject have
Do I have toast for breakfast?
you a cell phone?
Does he have dinner at home?
she long hair?
it
Do we have milk in your tea?
you a dog?
they
If the question is Do you, Does he, etc. have…?, we form short answers with do/does.
“Do you have breakfast every day?” “Yes, I do.” (NOT Yes, I have.)
USE
We can use have to talk about our things we own, and family, friends, and pets.
I have a new phone.
She has a big family.
They don’t have many friends.
We can also use have to describe people.
Tom has brown eyes and black hair.
We use have to talk about habits and routines—things that we do regularly.
We use have to talk about habits and things that we do every day.
I have coffee every morning.
Do you have breakfast every day?
Be
PRESENTATION
1 I’m not American—I’m from Germany.
2 You’re not early—you’re late!
3 Anna’s excited about the party.
4 It isn’t Friday today—it’s Saturday.
5 We’re not thirsty.
6 They aren’t teachers—they’re students.

FORM
Positive (+) Negative (−)
I am happy. I am not sad.
I’m happy. I’m not sad.
You are hungry. You are not thirsty.
You’re hungry. You’re not thirsty.
He is early. He is not late.
She is early. She is not late.
It is early. It is not late.
He’s early. He isn’t late.
She’s early. She isn’t late.
It’s early. It isn’t late.
We are students. We are not teachers.
We’re students. We’re not teachers.
You are from Brazil. You are not from Egypt.
You’re from Brazil. You’re not from Egypt.
They are Italian. They are not Swiss.
They’re Italian. They’re not Swiss.
USE
We use the verb be when we describe people or things.
He’s tall.
We use the verb be to talk about age.
I’m eighteen.
Tip
In everday conversation and informal writing, we use short forms.
I am not → I’m not
You are not → You aren’t / You’re not
He/She/It is not → He/She/It isn’t / He/She/It’s not
We are not → We aren’t / We’re not
They are not → They aren’t / They’re not
‘ = a missing letter:
He is → He’s.
In formal writing, we use full forms.
They are not.
Yes/no questions with be

PRESENTATION
1 “Are you a neat person?” “No, I’m not.”
2 “Is she married?” “Yes, she is.”
FORM
We form yes/no questions with be with:
Am/Are/Is + subject…?
Be subject
Am I friendly to other people?
Are you a messy person?
Is he rich?
Are we free tomorrow?
Are they musicians?

We form short answers with:
Yes + subject + am/are/is.
No + subject + am not/aren’t/isn’t.
Short answers
Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
Yes, you are. No, you aren’t/you’re not.
Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/she/it isn’t/he/she/it’s not.
Yes, we are. No, we aren’t/we’re not.
Yes, they are. No, they aren’t/they’re not.
Tip
In positive short answers, we don’t use short forms.
Yes, he is. (NOT Yes, he’s.)
USE
We use the simple present to talk about routines, habits, facts, feelings, and opinions.
“Is it ten o’clock already?” “Yes, it is.”
“Is she a musician?” “No, she isn’t.”
Wh- questions with be

PRESENTATION
1 “Who’s your teacher?” “Ed Lewis.”
2 “Why are you unhappy?” “Because I hate my job.”
3 “Where are they?” “At home.”
FORM
We form simple present wh- questions in a similar way to yes/no questions, but we start with
a question word.
We form wh- questions with the verb be with:
Question word + be + subject…?
Question word be subject
Where are you from?
Why is she sad?
USE
We use different question words to ask about different types of information.
Question word Information

What things or activities
Who people
When/What time time
Where places
How way/manner
Why reasons
How often frequency
“Who’s your teacher?” “Ed Lewis.”

“Where are they?” “At home.”
“Why are you unhappy?” “Because I hate my job.”
Unit 2
Possessive adjectives
PRESENTATION
1 My sister lives in Paris.
2 Your class is in room 401.
3 His brothers live in Singapore.
4 Her name is Jenna.
5 This restaurant is famous for its food.
6 Our father is from Shanghai.
7 Their names are Andy and Kevin.
FORM
Subject pronoun Possessive adjective
I my
you your
he his
she her
it its
we our
you your
they their
Subject pronoun Possessive adjective

I’m a twin. My twin sister lives in Paris.
You’re not in this class today. Your class is in room 401.
He’s from a big family. His brothers live in Singapore.
She’s a good friend. Her name is Jenna.
It’s a typical French village. It’s famous for its food.
We’re fluent in Chinese. Our father is from Shanghai.
They’re my cousins. Their names are Andy and Kevin.
Tip
Possessive adjectives have one form for singular and plural nouns.
our friend our friends (NOT ours friends)
USE
We use possessive adjectives with a noun to talk about things and people that belong to
someone.
My sister lives in Paris.
Your class is in room 401.
His brothers lives in Singapore.
Her name is Jenna.
This restaurant is famous for its food.
Our father is from Shanghai.
Their names are Andy and Kevin.
We use his to talk about things and people that belong to a man or boy.
Phil loves his daughter. (NOT Phil loves her daughter.)

We use her to talk about things and people that belong to a woman or girl.
Sue and her brother are here. (NOT Sue and his brother are here.)
We use its to talk about things and people that belong to a thing.
The city is famous for its universities. (NOT The city is famous for their universities.)
Tip
it’s ≠ its
It’s (= it is) a big city.
Its (possessive) buildings are beautiful.
Nouns: countable, uncountable, and plural

PRESENTATION
1 I’d like a pear, some grapes, and some honey, please.
2 I don’t want any chips.
3 Do you have any jam?
4 I need some paper.
5 Would you like some coffee?
6 Can I have two coffees, please?
FORM
There are two types of nouns in English: countable and uncountable nouns.
Countable nouns are things that we can count. They can be singular or plural. We can use a
or an with them.
a laptop → two laptops
an insect → lots of insects
Uncountable nouns are things we usually can’t count. We don’t use a or an with them and
they are never plural.
rice (NOT a rice)
bread (NOT lots of breads)
Some and any

Countable Uncountable
+ I’d like a pear. some jam.
some pears.
− I don’t want an egg. any bread.
any eggs.
? Do you have a lemon. any honey?
any lemons.
? Would you like some candies? some coffee?
Can I have some chocolates, please? some cake, please?
USE
We use some with plural countable nouns or uncountable nouns in positive sentences.
I’d like some pears and some jam, please.
We use any with plural countable nouns or uncountable nouns in negative sentences and
questions.
I don’t want any bananas.
Do you have any honey?
We use also use some in questions to ask for things or to offer something.
Would you like some coffee?
Can I have some eggs, please?

Tip
Drinks are usually uncountable.
Would you like some tea?
But we often say a water/a coffee to mean two or more cups of water/coffee.
Can I have two coffees (two cups of coffee), please?
Tip
We can use units of quantity with uncountable nouns.
A unit of quantity can describe a part or portion.
a piece of furniture/paper/glass
two loaves of bread
A unit of quantity can describe a container.
two cartons of milk
two glasses of soda
A unit of quantity can describe a measurement.
a quart of water
two cups of sugar
Remember to use a/an with singular units of quantity.
I’d like a cup of coffee. (NOT I’d like cup of coffee.)
Uncountable nouns
PRESENTATION
1 Put your luggage in the car.
2 The news from home is very exciting!
3 The bank gave me some information.
4 He has two pieces of furniture in his room: a bed and a table.
5 I haven’t got any time to do my homework.
6 Did he give you any advice on which laptop to buy?
FORM
Uncountable nouns only have a singular form.
quantifier uncountable noun

+ Put your — luggage in the car.
I’ve got some news.
He’s got two pieces of furniture.
− I haven’t got any time to do my homework.
? Do you have any information about train times?
USE
Uncountable nouns are things and people that we can’t count.They have no plural form.
Some uncountable nouns are for things that we cannot easily see. These include nouns
for things, such as furniture and luggage, and nouns for ideas: information, advice, news,
and time.
Put your luggage in the car. (NOT Put your luggages in the car.)
The news from home is very exciting! (NOT The news are very exciting!)
Use a good dictionary to check if a word is uncountable.
We can use the unit of quantity piece + of + furniture/luggage to say how many items.
Remember to use a/an (or one) with a singular unit of quantity.

He has two pieces of furniture in his room: a bed and a table.
You can take a/one piece of luggage on the plane.
We use some + uncountable noun in positive sentences.
The bank gave me some information.
We use any + uncountable noun in negative sentences to mean no furniture, time, etc.
We haven’t got any furniture yet.
We also use any in questions.
Is there any news about the accident yet?
Do you have any information about train times?
For more information on uncountable nouns, see Nouns: Countable, uncountable,
and plural.
Tip
Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable, but the meaning is different.
I don’t have any time to go to the party. (= an amount of time)
We went there three times last week. (We can count each visit.)
Possessive ‘s
PRESENTATION
1 This is Sam’s bicycle.
2 Andy is Emma’s brother.
3 “Have you seen Sam and Emma’s garden?” “It’s really big.”
4 My parents’ friends came for dinner.
5 Our children’s toys are everywhere!
FORM
Noun + ‘s or s’ noun
Singular Sam’s bicycle
Plural Sam and Emma’s house
my parents’ friends
my children’s toys
USE
We use possessive ‘s to say that something or someone belongs to a person, place, or thing.
The possessive ‘s always comes after a noun.
Sam’s bicycle
the shop’s customers
New York’s nightlife
When something belongs to more than one person and we give a list of names, we put ‘s on
the last name.
Sam and Emma’s house (NOT Sam’s and Emma’s house)
With regular plural nouns we use ‘ not ‘s.
They’re my parents’ friends. (NOT They’re my parent’s friends.)
With irregular plural nouns we use ‘s.
They’re my children’s toys. (NOT They’re my childrens’ toys.)
Tip
‘s has two other uses.
Jack’s in the classroom. (= Jack is in the classroom.)
Jack’s in the office. (= Jack is in the office.)
Jack’s bought a new laptop. (= Jack has bought a new laptop.)

Possessive ‘s has no long form.
Here’s Jack’s room. (NOT Here’s Jack is room.)
Possessive pronouns
PRESENTATION
1 “Whose book is this?” “It’s mine.”
2 “Whose books are these?” “They’re hers.”
FORM
Possessive adjective Possessive pronoun
my mine
your yours
his his
her hers
our ours
your yours
their theirs
Whose book is this? (singular)

It’s my book. It’s mine.
It’s your book. It’s yours.
It’s his book. It’s his.
It’s her book. It’s hers.
It’s our book. It’s ours.
It’s your book. It’s yours.
It’s their book. It’s theirs.
Whose books are these? (plural)

They’re my books. They’re mine.
USE
We use possessive pronouns instead of a possessive adjective + noun to talk about things
we possess.
These are my books and those are yours.
Your coat isn’t very warm. You can wear mine, if you like.
We use Whose…? to ask questions.
“Whose pen is this?” “It’s mine.”
The form is the same for singular and plural.
“Whose pens are these?” “They’re mine.” (NOT They’re mines.)
We don’t use nouns after possessive pronouns.
“Whose bags are these?” “They’re ours.” (NOT They’re ours bags.)

Unit 3
Simple present: positive and negative
PRESENTATION
1 I go to the beach on Saturdays.
2 He gets up at six o’clock every day.
3 She comes from Turkey.
4 I don’t have a lot of free time.
5 He doesn’t wear special clothes for work.
6 Penguins eat fish.
FORM
Simple present positive (+)
Subject verb
I cook on the weekends.
You
He cooks
She
It
We cook
You
They
Tip
Spelling rules
We add -s to the verb with he/she/it.
He gets up at six o’clock every day.
We add -es to verbs ending in -o, -s, -x, -z, -ch, and -sh with he/she/it.
Infinitive he/she/it
go goes
do does
miss misses
wash washes
watch watches
relax relaxes
We change -y to -ies after a consonant.

I study every day. → She studies every day.
Compare:
I pay for our food. → He pays for our food.
Have is irregular.
She has breakfast at 8 a.m.
We form the simple present negative with:
Subject + don’t/doesn’t + infinitive without to.

Simple present negative (−)
Subject don’t/doesn’t infinitive without to
I don’t like tea.
You
He doesn’t
She
It
We don’t
You
They
We usually use the short forms (don’t or doesn’t), but we sometimes use the full forms (do
not or does not) in formal writing.
Tip
With negative forms, we don’t add -s or -es to the verb with he/she/it.
She doesn’t speak French. (NOT She doesn’t speaks French.)
USE
We use the simple present to talk about routines and habits.
I study every day.
She plays tennis on Saturdays.
We also use the simple present to talk about facts, feelings, and opinions.
He doesn’t speak French.
Penguins eat fish.
I don’t like this color.
She thinks that I’m lazy.
Simple present: yes/no questions

PRESENTATION
1 “Do you enjoy meeting new people?” “Yes, I do.”
2 “Does he work in an office?” “No, he doesn’t.”
FORM
With other verbs, we form yes/no questions with:
Do/Does + subject + infinitive without to…?
Do/Does subject infinitive without to
Do you like your job?

Does she get up early?
Does it rain a lot?
Do we usually finish early?
Do they study in the evenings?

Yes + subject + do/does.
No + subject+ don’t/doesn’t.

Short answers
Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Yes, you do. No, you don’t.
Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.
Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.
Yes, we do. No, we don’t.
Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
Tip
In short answers we use do/don’t or does/doesn’t. We don’t use the main verb.
“Do you like taking photos?” “Yes, I do./No, I don’t.” (NOT Yes, I like./No, I don’t like.)
“Does she make a lot of money?” “Yes, she does./No, she doesn’t.” (NOT Yes, she makes./No,
she doesn’t make.)
USE
We use the simple present to talk about routines, habits, facts, feelings, and opinions.
“Do you practice the violin every day?” “Yes, I do.”
“Do you like this game?” “No, I don’t.”
The simple present and adverbs of frequency

PRESENTATION
1 I always get up early.
2 I usually have toast for breakfast.
3 Karen is often at home on Saturdays.
4 We hardly ever go to the movies.
5 They never take the train.
6 Sometimes, I listen to music at work.
7 I don’t always have breakfast.
FORM
Positive (+)
Subject adverb verb
I always get up early.
usually
You get up
often
He sometimes gets up
She hardly ever
It never
We get up
You get up
They get up

Negative (−)
Subject don’t/doesn’t adverb infinitive without to
I don’t always have breakfast.
usually
You don’t
often
He doesn’t
She
It
We don’t
You
They
We form questions with:

How often + do/does + subject + verb?
How often do/does subject verb
How often do I go swimming?

you
does he
she
it
do we
you
they
USE
We use adverbs of frequency with the simple present to say how often we do something.
100% 0%
always usually often sometimes hardly ever never
We usually put the adverb between the subject and the verb.
Andy never gets up before 8 o’clock.
He hardly ever has breakfast.
With the verb be, the adverb comes after the verb.
Karen is often at home on Saturdays.
Sometimes and usually can also come at the beginning or end of a sentence.
Sometimes, I listen to music on the bus.
Winters are very cold here, usually.
We can use always, usually, and often in the negative after don’t/doesn’t.
I don’t always have breakfast. (= I sometimes do.)
I don’t usually/often get up early. (= I hardly ever do.)
We don’t use a negative verb with hardly ever or with never.
You hardly ever write. (NOT You don’t hardly ever write.)
It never rains in the summer. (NOT It doesn’t never rain in the summer.)
Subject and object questions in the simple present

PRESENTATION
1 “Who likes rap music?” “Anna does.”
2 “Who plays team sports?” “We do.”
3 “Who speaks Chinese here?” “They don’t.”

4 “Who do you know at this party?” “I know Sarah and Kevin.”
5 “What does she play?” “She plays tennis.”
FORM
In subject questions, the question word is the subject.
Subject + main verb + object?
Subject questions
Subject main verb object
Who likes music?
Who plays football?
Answers
I like music.
Sam plays football.
Short answers
Subject do/does
I do.
I don’t.
Sam does.
Kate doesn’t.
In object questions, the question word is the object.

Object + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb?
Object questions
Object auxiliary verb subject main
verb
Who do you know?
What does she play?
Answers
I know Sarah and
Kevin.
She plays tennis.
USE
There are two types of wh- questions: subject questions and object questions
In object questions, the question word is the object. We use do/does in the simple present.
“Who do you know at this party?” “I know Sarah and Kevin.”
“What does Anna play?” “She plays tennis.”
In subject questions, the question word is the subject. We don’t use do/does.
“Who likes music?” “I like music.” (NOT Who does like music?)
“Who plays football?” “Sam plays football.” (NOT Who does play football?)
We often answer a subject question with a short answer.
“Who likes classical music?” “I do.”
“Who likes rap music?” “Anna does.”

Tip
We can answer both subject and object questions with just the key information.
“Who plays football?” “Sam.”
“Who do you know at the party?” “Sarah and Kevin.”
“What does Anna play?” “Tennis.”

Unit 4
How much/How many with countable and
uncountable nouns
PRESENTATION
1 I have a lot of books on my shelf.
2 They drink lots of water.
3 I don’t have much coffee.
4 We don’t have many tomatoes.
5 “How much rice do you eat?” “A lot.”
6 “How many potatoes are there?” “Not many.”
7 “How much money do you have?” “None.”
FORM
+ I have a lot of/lots of books. a lot of/lots of time.
She eats a lot of sweets. a lot of rice.
− I don’t have many pens. much coffee.
She doesn’t eat many apples. much meat.
Countable
How many potatoes are there? A lot./Lots. There are a lot of/lots of potatoes.
Not many. There aren’t many potatoes.
None. There aren’t any potatoes.
Uncountable
How much cheese do you eat? A lot./Lots. I eat a lot of/lots of cheese.
Not much. I don’t eat much cheese.
None. I don’t eat any cheese.
USE
In positive sentences, we use a lot of/lots of with countable or uncountable nouns to talk
about a big quantity of something.
I drink a lot of milk.
He eats lots of apples.
In negative sentences, we use much with uncountable nouns, and many with countable
nouns.
I don’t have much money. (= I have a small amount.)
We don’t have many books. (= We have a small number.)
We can also use a lot of/lots of in negative sentences with countable or uncountable nouns.
I don’t have a lot of time.
We don’t eat lots of potatoes.
We use How much/How many to ask about quantities of things or people.
How much cake is there?
How many apples would you like?
We use How many with countable nouns.
How many books does she have?
How many cars are there?

We use How much with uncountable nouns.
How much money do you need?
How much cheese do you eat?
We can answer with a short answer.
“How much money do you have?” “A little./None.”
“How many stores are there?” “A few./A lot.”
Or we can answer with a full sentence, using a quantifier + noun.
“How much money do you have?” “I don’t have any money.”
“How many stores are there?” “There are a lot of stores.”
Tip
Lots of and a lot of mean the same, but lots of is more informal.
We use None in a short answer, but we use not any in a full sentence.
“How much meat do you eat?” “None./I don’t eat any meat.”
We often use no in sentences with there is/there are.
“How much money is there?” “None./There’s no money.”
Quantifiers: a few/a little/a lot/lots of

PRESENTATION
1 I have a few books.
2 I do a little homework every evening.
3 There are lots of students at my school.
4 There are a lot of teachers.
FORM
a lot of/lots of books a lot of/lots of homework
a few books a little homework
USE
We use quantifiers before nouns to talk about quantities.
We use a few with countable nouns in positive sentences to talk about a small number of
people or things.
I have a few books.
There are a few boys in my class.
We use a little with uncountable nouns to talk about a small amount of something.
I have a little money.
We have a little time.
We use a lot of/lots of with countable or uncountable to talk about a big quantity.
There are lots of students at my school.
We get a lot of homework.
Tip
We can sometimes use some instead of a few/a little with the same meaning.
I have some/a few books.
We get some/a little homework every day.
Lots of and a lot of mean the same, but lots of is more informal.

There is…/There are…
PRESENTATION
1 There’s a Korean restaurant on Chapel Street.
2 There are some refreshments at the hotel.
3 There’s some coffee in the kitchen.
4 There isn’t an Indian resturant in our town.
5 There aren’t any parks in this city.
6 There isn’t any coffee.
7 “Is there a gym in your town?” “No, there isn’t.”
8 “Are there any towels in the room?” “Yes, there are.”
9 “Is there any cake?” “Yes, there is.”
10 “Is there air-conditioning in my room?” “Yes, there is.”
FORM
Singular Plural Uncountable
Positive (+) There’s a gym. There are two restaurants. There’s some cake.
There are some tomatoes.
Negative (−) There isn’t a shop. There aren’t any towels. There isn’t any cake.
Questions (?) Is there a gym? Are there any towels? Is there any cake?
Short answers Yes, there is. Yes, there are. Yes, there is.
No, there isn’t. No, there aren’t. No, there isn’t.
Tip
We often use short forms.
There is → There’s (NOT There’re)
There is not → There isn’t
There are not → There aren’t
We can use short forms in short negative answers but not in short positive answers.
“Is there any orange juice?” “Yes, there is.” (NOT Yes, there’s.)
“Are there any bananas?” “Yes, there are.” (NOT Yes, there’re.)
USE
We use There is/There are to talk about things that are in a place.
There’s a whiteboard in our classroom.
There are some posters on the wall.
We use There is/There are to talk about things that exist or don’t exist somewhere.
There’s a Korean restaurant on Chapel Street but there isn’t an Indian restaurant.
There are some refreshments at the hotel.
We also use There is/There are to give some new information.
There’s a new family in our village.
There are two people at the door. Who are they?
We also use There is/There are to introduce some new information.
There’s an interesting program on TV tonight.
There are two people at the door. Who are they?
We use a/an with singular countable nouns.
There’s a movie theater but there isn’t a playhouse.
We use There are with plural countable nouns. We can use some when we don’t want to say
exactly how many.
There are two farms near us.
There are some new books in the school library.

We use There aren’t any with plural countable nouns in negative sentences.
There aren’t any good movies playing this week.
There aren’t any parks in my town.
We use There is + some with uncountable nouns.
There’s some ice cream for dessert.
We use There isn’t + any with uncountable nouns.
There isn’t any coffee for breakfast tomorrow.
There isn’t any milk left.
We use Is there…?/Are there…? to ask about things in a place. We usually answer yes/no
questions with short answers. We use a/an with singular countable nouns in questions.
“Is there a hospital in the town?” “No, there isn’t.”
We use Is there…?/Are there…? to ask whether something exists or not. We usually answer
yes/no questions with short answers. We use a/an with singular countable nouns in questions.
“Is there a beach near here?” “No, there isn’t.”
“Is there a gym in the hotel?” “Yes, there is.”
We use any before plural nouns in questions.
“Are there any horses on the farm?” “No, there aren’t.”
“Are there any towels in the room?” “Yes, there are.”
We use Is there + any…? with uncountable nouns.
“Is there any meat for dinner?” “No, there isn’t.”
“Is there any tea?” “Yes, there is.”
Tip
In a list of things, we use There is if the first word is singular and There are if the first word is
plural.
In the hotel, there is a swimming pool, a store, and 60 rooms.
There are some restaurants, a museum, and an old church.
We can use There aren’t many with plural nouns to say there are fewer than we expect.
There aren’t many tables in the restaurant.
We don’t use a/an or any before the words wi-fi and air-conditioning.
“Is there wi-fi/air-conditioning in my room?” “Yes, there is.” (NOT Is there a wi-fi/air-
conditioning in my room?/Is there any wi-fi/air-conditioning in my room?)

Unit 5
Present continuous
PRESENTATION
1 They’re wearing business suits.
2 She isn’t waiting for Kevin.
3 “Are you getting the drinks?” “Yes, I am.”
4 “Is she traveling this week?” “No, she isn’t.”
5 “What is he doing?” “He’s talking on the phone.”
FORM
We form the present continuous with:
Subject + be + -ing form.
Positive and negative
Subject + be -ing form
+ I’m studying.
− I’m not working today.
+ You’re waiting for Kevin.
− You aren’t having a good time.
+ He’s
She’s
It’s
− He isn’t
She isn’t
It isn’t
+ We’re
You’re
They’re
− We aren’t
You aren’t
They aren’t
We form yes/no questions with:

Be + subject + -ing form?

Be subject -ing form
Am I getting the drinks?
Are you making a cake?
Is he doing the dishes?
she
it
Are we
you
they
We form short answers with be.

“Are you getting the drinks?” “Yes, I am.”
“Is he doing the dishes?” “No, he isn’t.”

We form wh- questions with:
Question word + be + subject + -ing form?
Question word be subject -ing form
What am I doing?
Where going?
are you
Why laughing?
Who is he
she talking to?
it
are we
you
they
Tip
-ing form: spelling rules
Most verbs add -ing read → reading
listen → listening
watch → watching
Verbs that end in -e add -ing dance → dancing
close → closing
Verbs that end in a stressed vowel + consonant double the consonant, add stop → stopping
-ing; begin → beginning
don’t double -x or -y relax → relaxing
pay → paying
USE
We use the present continuous to talk about actions happening now.
Andy is getting the dinner. What are you doing?
We’re watching a DVD.
“Is Lisa doing the dishes?” “No, she isn’t.”
We also use the present continuous to talk about the situation around now (today, this
week, etc.).
I’m not going to school today. I don’t feel well.
I’m not working today. I’m staying at home.
“Are the students going to college this week?” “No, they aren’t. They’re studying in the library.”
Verbs + to infinitive
PRESENTATION
1 We need to buy tickets.
2 Andy would like to study at college.
3 I don’t want to play tennis.
4 Sue likes to swim every morning before breakfast.
FORM
We sometimes use a second verb after a main verb.
Subject + verb + to infinitive…

Subject verb to infinitive
I want to play tennis.
You don’t want
He needs to buy a ticket.
She doesn’t need
We would like to study at university.
You wouldn’t like
They like to swim every day.
I don’t like to talk before breakfast.
The first verb according to the subject or the tense. The to infinitive never changes.
Sarah wants to read her book. (NOT Sarah wants to reads her book.)
Sam wanted to play tennis. (NOT Sam wanted to played tennis.)
USE
We use a to infinitive after these verbs: want, need, would like, and like.
We use want or would like + to infinitive to talk about our wishes.
Sarah wants to play the piano.
I’d like (= I would like) to visit Venice.
We use need + to infinitive to talk about actions or results that are necessary.
I need to buy a ticket.
Anna needs to pass her test.
We use like + to infinitive to talk about activities that we like or don’t like when we want to
say when (in the morning/afternoon) or how often (every day/week).
Sue likes to swim every day.
Andy likes to go to the theater in the evening.
Tip
We usually use like + -ing form to talk about activities in a general way, when we don’t say
when or how often.
I like swimming and playing tennis. (NOT I like to swim and to play tennis.)
Simple present and present continuous

PRESENTATION
1 I’m wearing a jacket today.
2 I often wear a jacket.
3 You aren’t wearing shoes.
4 You never wear shoes at home.
5 She is studying at home this week.
6 She doesn’t usually study at home.
FORM
Present continuous Simple present
I’m wearing a jacket today. I often wear a jacket.
You aren’t wearing shoes. You never wear shoes at home.
She is studying at home today. She doesn’t usually study at home.

USE
We use the present continuous to talk about something happening now or around now
(today, this week).
We’re watching a DVD. We aren’t waiting for Kevin.
“What is he wearing today?” “Jeans.”
We use the simple present to talk about habits or routines, and things that happen all
the time.
In the evenings I study or go out with my friends. I don’t often watch TV.
“What does he usually wear in the office?” “A business suit.”
Tip
What do you do? or What are you doing?
“What do you do?” (= What’s your job?) “I’m a dentist.”
“What are you doing?” (= What are you doing now?) “I’m having lunch.”

Unit 6
Have to and don’t have to
PRESENTATION
1 The students at this school have to wear a uniform.
2 She has to get up early.
3 You don’t have to come with me.
4 He doesn’t have to wait for us.
5 “Do I have to make dinner tonight?” “Yes, you do.”
6 “Does he have to pay for the course?” “No, he doesn’t.”
FORM
We use have to with an infinitive. The form for he/she/it is has to.
Subject + have/has to + infintiive.
Positive (+)
Subject have to infinitive
I have to go home now.
You
He has to make dinner.
She
It
We have to
You
They
In negative sentences, we use don’t have to. The form for he/she/it is doesn’t have to.
Negative (−)
Subject don’t/doesn’t have to infinitive
I don’t have to pay for this course.
You
He doesn’t get up early.
She
It
We don’t
You
They
We use do/does with have to to form questions.

Do/Does + subject + have to + infinitive?
Questions
Do/Does subject have to infinitive
Do I have to do this exercise?
You
Does he
she
it
Do We
You
They

We often give short answers to questions with have to.
“Do I have to wait for them?” “Yes, you do.” (NOT Yes, you do have.)
“Does he have to go to Boston tomorrow?” “No, he doesn’t.” (NOT No, he doesn’t have.)
USE
We use have to to talk about rules. (It is necessary.)
All students have to take one foreign language.
He has to call his sister.
“Do I have to read this book?” “Yes, you do.”
We use don’t/doesn’t have to when there is a choice. (It is not necessary.)
I don’t have to get up early tomorrow.
“Does she have to come with us?” “No, she doesn’t.”
Tip
To is always used after have/has in this meaning.
I have to buy buy some more milk. (NOT I have buy some more milk.)
We don’t use short forms with have to.
I have to call my Dad. (NOT I’ve to call my Dad.)
She has to go now. (NOT She’s to go now.)
Can for possibility

PRESENTATION
1 He can act.
2 You can go to the museum.
3 I can’t ride a horse.
4 “Can we buy the book on the Internet? ” “Yes, you can./No, you can’t.”
FORM
We use an infinitive without to after can and can’t.
Subject + can/can’t + infinitive without to.
Subject can/can’t infinitive without to
+ I can act.
You
− can’t ride a horse.
He
She go to the museum.
It see the doctor now.
We
You
They
Can’t is the short form of cannot. We usually use the short form, but we sometimes use the
full form in formal writing.
To form questions, we change the order of can and the subject.
Can + subject + infinitive without to?

Can subject infinitive without to
Can I surf?
you
do this exercise?
he
she take a train to New York?
it hear the traffic outside?
we
you
they
We usually answer yes/no questions with short answers.

“Can you surf? ” “Yes, I can.”
“Can we take a train to New York?” “No, you can’t.”
Tip
We don’t add -s to can or can’t with he/she/it.
She can draw very well. (NOT She cans draw very well.)
We don’t use do/does in questions with can.
Can we drink the water here? (NOT Do we can drink the water here?)
USE
We use can and can’t to talk about abilities and possibilities.
An ability is something you can do after you have learned to do it.
Can he play the drums? (= Does he know how to play the drums?)
A possibility is a thing that you can do at a particular time because of the situation you are in.
We can take the 6 o’clock train. (= It is possible for us to take the 6 o’clock train—we have enough
time to get to the station before it leaves.)
We use can to ask yes/no about abilities and possibilites.
“Can you speak Turkish? ” “Yes, I can.”
“Can we stay one more night?” “No, I’’m sorry—you can’t.”
Tip
We can ask other sorts of questions with can.
“How far can you run?” “About 2 miles.”
“How long can you stay under water?” “I don’t know.”
Should/Shouldn’t: advice
PRESENTATION
1 We should go home.
2 You shouldn’t stay up late.
3 “Should I exercise more?” “Yes, you should./No, you shouldn’t.”
4 What should I do?
FORM
We use should/shouldn’t with an infinitive without to. The form of should/shouldn’t is the
same for every subject.
Subject + should/shouldn’t + infinitive without to.

Positive (+)
Subject should infinitive without to
I should go home.
You
wear a coat.
He
She
It
We
You
They
Negative (−)
Subject shouldn’t infinitive without to
I shouldn’t stay up late.
You
sit in the sun all day.
He
She
It
We
You
They
To form questions, we change the order of should and the subject.

Should + subject + infinitive without to?
Yes/no questions
Should subject infinitive without to
Should I buy this T-shirt?
you
exercise more?
he
she
it
we
you
they
We often use short answers with questions that begin with should.
“Should I buy this T-shirt?” “No, you shouldn’t.”
“Should I exercise more?” “Yes, you should.”
What/When/Where/Who (object)/Why/How + should + subject + infinitive without to?
Who (subject) + should + infinitive without to?
Wh- questions
Question word should subject infinitive without to
What should I do?
you
wear to the party?
he
she
it
we
you
they

USE
We use should/shouldn’t to give advice and ask for advice.
Your cough sounds bad—you should see a doctor.
You shouldn’t eat so much candy—it’s bad for your teeth.
You shouldn’t drive so fast in the rain.
“Should I invite Tom to the party?” “Yes, you should./No, you shouldn’t.”
“I can’t find my purse—what should I do?” “I’ll lend you some money.”
Tip
We use an infinitive with to after should/shouldn’t.
You should get more exercise. (NOT You should to get more exercise.)
We don’t add -s to should/shouldn’t with he/she/it.
She should study more. (NOT She shoulds study more.)
We don’t use do/does in questions with should.
Should we book a table at the Spanish restaurant? (NOT Do we should book a table at the
Spanish restaurant?)

Unit 7
Simple past: be
PRESENTATION
1 We were in Los Angeles last weekend.
2 She wasn’t in class yesterday.
3 “Were they at home last night?” “Yes, they were.”
4 “Was it very hot in Mexico?” “No, it wasn’t.”
FORM
Was and wasn’t (was not) are the past forms of is, isn’t, am and am not.
Were and weren’t (were not) are the past forms of are and aren’t.

Subject be
+ I was at home.
He in class.
− wasn’t
She cold.
It
+ We were
You
− weren’t
They
To form questions, we change the order of the subject and be.

Was/Were subject
Was I at home?
he in class?
she cold?
it
Were we
you
they
Short answers
Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.
Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.
Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t.
Yes, she No, she
Yes, it No, it
Yes, we were. No, we weren’t.
Yes, you No, you
Yes, they No, they
“Were they in class yesterday?” “Yes, they were.”

“Was it cold in Norway?” “No, it wasn’t.”

Wh- questions (?)
Question word was/were subject
What was your last job?
When were they born?
“What was your last job?” “I was a teacher.”

“When were they born?” “In 1998.”
USE
We often use was/were with past time expressions, e.g., last week, in 2003, 500 years
ago, yesterday.
They were at school two hours ago.
They were at work two hours ago.
It wasn’t very hot yesterday.
Tip
We use was/were with born.
I was born in 1998. (NOT I am born in 1998.)
There was…/There were…

PRESENTATION
1 There was an elephant at the zoo.
2 There were some monkeys.
3 There was some snow on the mountains.
4 There wasn’t a tiger.
5 There weren’t any bears.
6 There wasn’t any snow.
7 “Was there a store on your street?” “No, there wasn’t.”
8 “Were there any restaurants?” “Yes, there were.”
9 “Was there any snow?” “No, there wasn’t.”
FORM
There was and There were are the simple past forms of There is and There are.
Singular Plural Uncountable

Positive (+) There was an elephant. There were some monkeys. There was some snow.
Negative (−) There wasn’t a tiger. There weren’t any bears. There wasn’t any snow.
Questions (?) Was there a store? Were there any restaurants? Was there any snow?
Short answers Yes, there was. Yes, there were. Yes, there was.
No, there wasn’t. No, there weren’t. No, there wasn’t.
Tip
We often use short forms in negative short answers.
There was not → There wasn’t
There were not → There weren’t
USE
We use There was/wasn’t to talk about things in a place in the past.
We use There was/wasn’t to talk about things that existed or didn’t exist somewhere in the
past.
We use There was/wasn’t + a/an (or the number one) with singular countable nouns.
There was a cafe in my town.

There was one school in the village.
There wasn’t a store near our house.
We use There were + some or a number with plural nouns in positive sentences.
There were some unusual monkeys in the zoo.
There were three Indian elephants.
We use any with plural nouns in negative sentences.
There weren’t any bears.
We use There was + some with uncountable nouns.
There was a noisy party upstairs last night.
We use There wasn’t + any with uncountable nouns.
There wasn’t any time to do our homework.
There wasn’t any food left when I got home.
We use Was there/Were there to ask about things in a place in the past.
We use Was there + a/an…? with singular countable nouns.
“Was there a swimming pool in the hotel?” “No, there wasn’t.”
We use Were there any…? with plural nouns.
“Were there any lions at the zoo?” “Yes, there were.”
We use Was there + any…? with uncountable nouns.
“Was there any rain yesterday?” “No, there wasn’t.”
Tip
In a list of things, we use There was if the first word is singular and There were if the first word
is plural.
At the zoo, there was an elephant, some monkeys, and two parrots.
There were two restaurants, a cafe, and a store.
We can use There weren’t many with plural nouns to say there were fewer than we expect.
There weren’t many snakes.
Simple past of regular verbs: positive

PRESENTATION
1 He played soccer yesterday.
2 I worked in a factory for three years.
3 She lived in Vietnam ten years ago.
4 They stopped for coffee at a small restaurant.
5 We listened to the radio last night.
6 We traveled around Asia last summer.
7 I sometimes studied all night in college.
8 The class ended at 3:00.
9 He learned to play tennis when he was a child.
FORM
We add -ed to form the simple past of most regular verbs. The form of the simple past is the
same for every subject (I, you, he, etc.).

Positive (+)
Subject verb
I played soccer.
You
lived in Vietnam.
He
She studied all night.
It stopped for coffee.
We
listened to the radio.
You
They
Tip
Spelling rules: regular verbs
Simple past form
Most verbs add -ed work → worked
play → played
Verbs that end in -e add -d live → lived
move → moved
Verbs that end in a consonant + -y change -y to -ied study → studied
marry → married
Verbs that end in one vowel + one double the consonant and add -ed stop → stopped
consonant (except w and y) plan → planned
BUT, for verbs with two syllables only double the consonant when the last prefer → preferred
syllable is stressed answer → answered
USE
We use the simple past to talk about finished actions and states in the past.
She finished all her homework.
We traveled around Asia last summer.
We also use the simple past for repeated actions and things that happened one after another.
She checked her phone about ten times during the meal!
He got into the car, shut the door, and started the engine.
When we use the simple past, we often say when the action happened, e.g., last winter, in
1999, ten minutes ago, for three days.
I watched an interesting program about China yesterday evening.
They moved to New Orleans a month ago.
Tip
We pronounce the ending -ed /d/ in words that end in a voiced sound (except /d/).
played (/pleɪd/)
lived (/livd/)
We pronounce the ending -ed /t/ in words that end in an unvoiced sound (except /t/).
worked (/wərkt/)
stopped (/stɑ pt/)
We pronounce the ending -ed as a separate syllable /ɪd/ in words that end in the sound /t/
or /d/.
started (/stɑ rtid/)
ended (/endid/)

Simple past of irregular verbs
PRESENTATION
1 He came home at 7:30 last night.
2 She did the housework very quickly.
3 I made dinner for ten people last Saturday.
4 They ate a lot at lunchtime.
5 We drove to Toronto in 2014.
FORM
With irregular verbs, we do not add -ed for the simple past form. There are no rules. They all
have different forms.
Regular
play → played live → lived stop → stopped carry → carried
Irregular
come → came do → did eat → ate get → got
go → went have → had leave → left make → made
meet → met see → saw sell → sold write → wrote
The simple past is the same for every subject (I, you, he, etc.) for both regular and irregular
verbs, except for the verb be.
For more information on forms of the simple past with be, see Simple past: be.
Positive (+)
Subject verb
I went to the park.
You
came home.
He
She did all the homework.
It made the dinner.
We
drove to Toronto.
You
They
USE
I made dinner for ten people.
When we use the simple past, we often say when the action happened, e.g., last winter, in
1999, ten minutes ago, for three days.
He left the house an hour ago.
We took dance lessons last year.
Simple past: negative

PRESENTATION
1 I didn’t drive to Chicago over the weekend.
2 The lesson didn’t finish at three o’clock.
3 We didn’t write many emails yesterday.
FORM
We form the simple past negative with:
Subject (I, you, he, etc.) + didn’t + infinitive without to.

verb
+ I felt sad when I left home.
− I didn’t feel
+ She walked to school on Monday.
− She didn’t walk
+ The game started at 7 p.m.
− The game didn’t start
+ We went to work yesterday.
− We didn’t go
+ They had a happy life.
− They didn’t have
We usually use the short form (didn’t), but we sometimes use the full form (did not) in
formal writing.
The simple past is the same for every subject (I, you, he, etc.) and for both regular and
irregular verbs, except for the verb be.
For more information on forms of the simple past with be, see Simple past: be.
Tip
We form the negative in the same way for both regular and irregular verbs.
I didn’t play tennis yesterday. (NOT I didn’t played tennis yesterday.)
I didn’t eat yesterday. (NOT I didn’t ate yesterday.)
USE
He didn’t leave the house in the evening.
I didn’t have breakfast this morning.
Simple past questions

PRESENTATION
1 “Did you meet any local people?” “Yes, we did.”
2 “Did she enjoy her last vacation?” “No, she didn’t.”
3 “Why did they take the train?” “Because it was cheaper.”
4 “How far did we walk?” “Six miles.”
5 “What did you do in Tokyo?” “I went sightseeing.”
FORM
We form simple past yes/no questions with:
Did + subject + infinitive without to?
Did subject infinitive without to
Did I visit London?
you go shopping?
he
see the Taj Mahal?
she
it learn any interesting facts?
we read about Egypt?
you
they meet any local people?

The form is the same for every subject (I, you, he, etc.).
Notice that the main part of the verb is the infinitive without to (visit), not the simple past
form (visited).
Did you visit the Grand Canyon? (NOT Did you visited the Grand Canyon?)
Did you fly to Moscow? (NOT Did you flew to Moscow?)
Tip
In short answers we use did or didn’t. We don’t use the main verb.
“Did you show her your new picture?” “Yes, I did.” (NOT Yes, I showed.)
“Did he live in Vietnam?” “No, he didn’t.” (NOT No, he didn’t live.)
These forms are the same for both regular and irregular verbs, except for the verb be.
We form simple past wh- questions with:
Question word + did + subject + infinitive without to?
Question word did subject infinitive without to
What did you do there?
When she get back?
What time he leave?
How far we walk?
How long you stay?
Why they take the train?
The form is the same for every subject (I, you, he, etc.).
Tip
These forms are the same for both regular and irregular verbs, except for the verb be.
USE
We use the simple past to talk about actions in the past. We often use it with past time
expressions, e.g., last week, in 2003, 500 years ago, yesterday.
“Did you go on vacation last summer?” “Yes, I did.”
Tip
We can also answer a yes/no question with just yes or no.
“Did you go on a tour?” “Yes.”
“Did you see the castle?” “No.”
“What did you do in Tokyo?” “I went sightseeing.”
“Why did they take the train?” “Because it was cheaper.”
Sometimes we can answer with a short answer. Answers to questions with when use past time
expressions, e.g., yesterday, last week, in 2003, 500 years ago.
“How far did we walk?” “Six miles.”
“When did she get back?” “On Saturday.”
“What time did he leave?” “At about 10:30.”
“How long did you stay?” “Two weeks.”

Unit 8
Must and must not/can’t
PRESENTATION
1 We must arrive before 9 a.m.
2 You must finish all the homework.
3 Students must not use cell phones in class.
4 You can’t tell Sarah—it’s a secret.
FORM
We use must with an infinitive without to. The form of must is the same for every subject.
Subject + must + infinitive without to.
Positive (+)
Subject must infinitive without to
I must arrive before 9 a.m.
You
finish all the homework.
He
She
It
We
You
They
To form the negative, we use must not/can’t.

Subject + must not/can’t + infinitive without to.
Negative (−)
Subject must not/can’t infinitive without to
I must not/can’t use cell phones in class.
You
tell Sarah.
He
She
It
We
You
They
USE
We use must to talk about what it is necessary to do (obligation).
I must go to bed earlier.
You must finish all the homework.
We use must not or can’t to talk about what it is necessary not to do.
Students must not use cell phones in class.
You can’t tell Sarah—it’s a secret.
Be careful! In this meaning, can’t is not the opposite of must. If you want to say that it is not
necessary to do something, use don’t/doesn’t have to. Compare these sentences.
You must pay Jack for the work he’s done.
You don’t have to pay Jack—I’ve already paid him.
You can’t pay Jack—he hasn’t done any work yet.
We usually form questions with have to, not with must.
“Do we have to do all the exercises?” “Yes, you do.” (NOT Must we do all the exercises?)
For more information on have to, see Have to and don’t have to.

Tip
We use an infinitive without to after must.
I must eat more fruit. (NOT I must to eat more fruit.)
We don’t add -s to must with he/she/it.
She must work harder. (NOT She musts work harder.)
Past continuous: positive and negative

PRESENTATION
1 It was raining.
2 The car wasn’t traveling very fast.
3 At 8 o’clock last night I was watching TV.
4 They were living in Paris at the time.
FORM
We form the past continuous with:
Subject + was/were + -ing form.
Positive (+)
Subject was/were -ing form
I was arguing.
running.
You were
hiding.
He was talking.
She shouting.
It
We were
You
They
We form the negative with wasn’t/weren’t.

Subject + wasn’t/weren’t + -ing form.
Negative (−)
Subject wasn’t/weren’t -ing form
I wasn’t arguing.
running.
You weren’t
hiding.
He wasn’t talking.
She shouting.
It
We weren’t
You
They
We usually use the short forms wasn’t and weren’t but we use the full forms in formal writing.
USE
We use the past continuous to talk about being in the middle of an action at a time in
the past.
At 8 o’clock last night I was watching TV.
You weren’t listening to the teacher when she asked the question.
We often use the past continuous to describe a scene, especially at the start of a story.
The sun was shining and the birds were singing.
We also use the past continuous for an action that continues for a whole period.
I was working on my project all week.

Tip
We don’t usually use the past continuous with state verbs such as believe, need, and
understand but we often use it with verbs which show that the action or event lasted a long
time, such as wait, live, work, and rain.
They were living in Paris at the time.
It was raining when we left the house.
Past continuous: questions

PRESENTATION
1 “Was it raining when you left?” “Yes, it was.”
2 “Were they watching television?” “No, they weren’t.”
3 What were you doing in the mountains?
FORM
We form yes/no questions with the past continuous with:
Was/Were + subject + -ing form?
Was/were subject -ing form
Was I arguing?
running?
Were you
hiding?
Was he talking?
she shouting?
it
Were we
you
they
Short answers
Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.
Yes, you were. No, you weren’t.
Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t.
Yes, she No, she
Yes, it No, it
Yes, we were. No, we weren’t.
Yes, you No, you
Yes, they No, they
We form wh- questions with the past continuous with:

Question word + was/were + subject + -ing form?
Wh- questions (?)
Question word was/were subject -ing form
What were you doing in the mountains?
Why was she climbing a tree?
Where were they going?

USE
We use the past continuous to talk about being in the middle of an action at a time in the
past.
“Was it raining when you left?” “Yes, it was.”
“Were they listening to the teacher when she asked the question?” “No, they weren’t.”
“What were you doing at 3 p.m. on Wednesday?” “I was watching TV.”
Tip
We don’t usually use the past continuous with state verbs such as believe, need, and
understand but we often use it with verbs which show that the action or event lasted a long
time, such as wait, live, work, and rain.
“Were they waiting for us?” “Yes, they were.”
“Where were you living at the time?” “In Paris.”
Simple past and past continuous

PRESENTATION
1 She was playing volleyball when she fell and broke her leg.
2 When I got home, they were chatting in the kitchen.
3 It was raining so I called a taxi.
4 At 3 p.m., she was still packing her bags.
FORM
Past continuous Simple past
Action in progress Completed action
He was riding his bike. He fell off and broke his arm.
They were arguing. They didn’t go out together last night.
USE
We use the past continuous to talk about being in the middle of an action at a time in the
past.
At 3 p.m., she was still packing her bags.
She was playing volleyball when she fell and broke her leg.
When I got home, they were chatting in the kitchen.
When I got home, they were talking in the kitchen.
We use the simple past for finished actions and states.
I made a cake this morning.
J.K. Rowling wrote the Harry Potter books.
She waited for him for 30 minutes.
We often use the simple past and the past continuous together for actions that happened at
the same time. We use the past continuous for the longer action and the simple past for the
shorter action.
It was raining so I called a taxi.
While I was waiting for you, I made a few phone calls.
Tip
We usually use the simple past to describe past states.
I hated carrots when I was a child. (NOT I was hating carrots when I was a child.)

Unit 9
Will and won’t for predictions
PRESENTATION
1 Kevin will win the competition.
2 Sarah won’t be late.
3 “Will we arrive on time?” “Yes, we will.”
4 How will people travel in the future?
FORM
We can use will and won’t to make predictions:
Subject + will/won’t + infinitive without to.
Subject will/won’t infinitive without to
+ Kevin will win the competition.
People will drive electric cars.
There will be more bicycles.
− Sarah won’t be late.
People won’t travel in space.
There won’t be any cars.
The form of will or won’t is the same for every subject. In spoken English we usually use the
short form of will with personal pronouns (I’ll, you’ll, he’ll, etc.).
Tip
We use the infinitive without to in both positive and negative forms.
Sarah won’t be late. (NOT Sarah won’t to be late.)
To form yes/no questions, we change the order of the subject and will.

Will subject infinitive without to
Will we be late?
people travel in space?
there be cars without drivers?
We usually answer with a short answer.

“Will we be late?” “No, we won’t.”
“Will there be cars without drivers?” “Yes, there will.”
Tip
We don’t use the short form in positive short answers.
“Will Kevin be there?” “Yes, he will.” (NOT Yes, he’ll.)
Wh- questions (?)

Question word will subject infinitive without to
When will she arrive?
How people travel in the future?

Tip
Question words go at the beginning of the question, before will.
How will people travel in the future? (NOT People will travel how in the future?)
USE
We use will and won’t to make predictions about the future.
She’ll win the tennis match tomorrow.
We won’t move again this year.
We often use I think… or I don’t think… to introduce a prediction.
I think you’ll get a good job.
I think you’ll get a good job and be very rich!
I don’t think he’ll remember your birthday.
Going to for future plans and predictions

PRESENTATION
1 I’m going to visit my aunt in the hospital this evening.
2 She isn’t going to have time to visit you.
3 When’s he going to organize the football game?
4 “Are you going to bicycle to work tomorrow?” “Yes, I am.”
5 “Is it going to rain?” “No, it isn’t.”
FORM
We use the form:
Subject + be + going to + infinitive.
Subject + be going to infinitive
+ I’m going to drive.
ride a bike.
− I’m not
go out.
+ You’re
− You aren’t
+ He’s
+ She’s
+ It’s
− He isn’t
− She isn’t
− It isn’t
+ We’re
− We aren’t
+ You’re
− You aren’t
+ They’re
− They aren’t
To form yes/no questions, we change the order of be and the subject:

Be + subject + going to + infinitive?

Be subject going to infinitive
Am I going to drive?
bicycle?
Are you
go out?
Is he
she
it
Are we
you
they

“Are you going to bicycle to work tomorrow?” “Yes, I am.”
“Is he going to visit us tomorrow?” “No, he isn’t.”
We form wh- questions with:
Question word + be + subject + going to + infinitive?
Wh- questions (?)
Question word be subject going to infinitive
What are you going to do this summer?
Why is she sell her bicycle?
How are we celebrate your birthday?
When am I see you again?
USE
We use be going to to talk about future plans and intentions.
I’m going to visit my aunt in the hospital.
“How are we going to celebrate your birthday?” “We’re going to have a party.”
“When am I going to see you again?” “I don’t know.”
We often use be going to with future time expressions, e.g., tomorrow, next week, tonight,
next year.
“Are you going to bicycle to work tomorrow?” “Yes, I am.”
“What are you going to do this summer?” “I’m going to visit my friends in Kenya.”
We also use be going to to predict what will happen in the future, usually because something
in the present makes it seem likely.
Look at that black cloud! It’s going to rain.
She’s going to have a baby.
Oh, no—I’m going to fall!
Will and won’t for decisions

PRESENTATION
1 I’ll call Mom.
2 I won’t go shopping.
3 I’ll have a hamburger and a coffee, please.
4 I don’t think I’ll call Mom now.
5 It’s raining. I think I’ll stay at home.

FORM
We can use will and won’t to make decisions:
Subject + will/won’t + infinitive without to.
Subject + will/won’t infinitive
+ I’ll call Mom.
− I won’t go shopping.
The form of will or won’t is the same for every subject. In spoken English we usually use the
short form of will with personal pronouns (I’ll, you’ll, he’ll, etc.).
USE
We use will/won’t when we make a decision at the moment of speaking.
“We’re going to be late.” “OK. I’ll text Mom.”
“We’re going to be late.” “OK. I’ll text Mom so she doesn’t get worried.”
“Jenna will be here in a few minutes” “OK. I won’t go shopping now.”
“Jenna will be here in a few minutes” “OK. I won’t go shopping now—I’ll wait until she’s gone.”
Tip
We often use will in cafes and restaurants when we order drinks and meals.
I’ll have a hamburger and a coffee, please.
We often use I think… or I don’t think… to introduce a decision.
It’s raining. I think I’ll stay at home.
It’s late. I don’t think I’ll start my homework now.
A/an, the, and no article

PRESENTATION
1 I’m a student.
2 She’s an English teacher.
3 My friend’s house is outside the city.
4 Lima is the capital of Peru.
5 Kate has two children.
6 I like cats.
FORM
article adjective (optional) noun
I’m a student.
She’s an English teacher.
Lima is the capital of Peru.
Kate has two children.
USE
The first time we talk about one person or thing, we use a or an + singular noun.
I’m a student.
She’s an English teacher.
Tip
We use a before consonant sounds.
a shelf
a university
We use an before vowel sounds.
an airport
an hour
The first time we talk about people or things using a plural noun, we use no article.
Kate has two children.
I like cats.
We also use a/an (singular), or no article (plural) when we talk about what things are or what
somebody’s job is.
Is that a new phone?
She’s an engineer.
Those are beautiful earrings!
They are doctors.
We use the to say “you know which one(s) I mean”…
…when we have already talked about it/them.
Sam lives in an apartment in a large city. The apartment has three rooms
…when we make it clear in the sentence.
The stores on my street are expensive.
It’s the first house on the left.
…when there is only one.
Lima is the capital of Peru.
The moon is about 400,000 km away.
We use no article for names, cities, streets, and most countries.
Lisa is going to Germany next week.
I’m from New York.
We use no article for meals, times, and days.
We had dinner at eight on Friday.
Tip
We use the to talk about some countries.
Mike’s from the UK.
Sue’s from the United States.

Unit 10
-ing forms
PRESENTATION
1 I’m fond of running.
2 Ed’s very good at painting.
3 Swimming is my favorite sport.
4 Eating junk food is bad for you.
5 We suggest going by train.
6 They recommend eating lots of fruit and vegetables.
FORM
The -ing form can be the subject of the verb.
-ing form (subject) be noun/adjective

Swimming is boring.
Having dinner with friends is fun.
Speaking in public isn’t easy.
Tip
Spelling rules
Most verbs add -ing read → reading
sing → singing
Verbs that end in -e remove the e and add -ing dance → dancing

ride → riding
Verbs that end in vowel + consonant double the consonant and add -ing run → running
swim → swimming
USE
We can use the -ing form of the verb like a noun.
Running is my favorite sport.
My hobby is cooking.
We can also use the -ing form after some adjectives + prepositions to talk about likes, abilities,
and interests.
Sarah’s fond of dancing.
Sam’s good at playing football.
I’m interested in trying new kinds of food.
We can use the -ing form as the subject. The -ing form on its own can be the subject…
Running is good for you.
…or the -ing form + phrase can be the subject.
Eating junk food is bad for you.
Comparative adverbs
PRESENTATION
1 The girls play more quietly than the boys.
2 Cats run more slowly than horses.
3 Jenna runs faster than Sam.
4 Sam sings better than Sue.
5 My sister eats ice cream quicker than me.

FORM
For most adverbs ending in -ly or -ily, we form the comparative with more.
For adverbs with the same form as the adjective, we add -er.
Comparative adverbs
Adverbs that end in -ly or -ily use more + quietly → more quietly
adverb easily → more easily
Adverbs with the same form as the adjective add -er fast → faster
hard → harder
Some adverbs have two different forms: one like a regular adverb (e.g., quickly); and
one that is the same as the adjective (e.g., quick). These adverbs also have two different
comparative forms.
My sister eats ice cream more quickly/quicker than me.
Dave works more slowly/slower than Ed.
Some adverbs are irregular and have an irregular comparative form.
Adjective Adverb Comparative adverb

good well better
bad badly worse
USE
We use comparative adverbs with than to say that a person or a group does things in a
different way from another person or group.
The girls play more quietly than the boys.
Jenna runs faster than Sam.
Sam sings better than Sue.
Negative comparatives and superlatives: less

and least
PRESENTATION
1 Tea is less expensive than coffee.
2 My sister’s less noisy than my brother.
3 Tennis is less popular than football.
4 Rio’s less hot in the winter.
5 Kate’s the least shy person I know!
FORM
We form negative comparative adjectives with less.
We form negative superlative adjectives with the least.
Adjective Comparative Superlative

expensive less expensive least expensive
interesting less interesting the least interesting
friendly less friendly the least friendly
shy less shy the least shy
USE
We use less + adjective + than… to say that a person or thing is different from another person
or thing because it has less of a particular quality.

We can use less + adjective + than… to talk about how people or things are different.
Computers are less expensive than cars.
Tennis is less popular than football.
We can also use less without than when it is clear what we are comparing.
We can also use less without than when it is clear what we are talking about.
I prefer tennis to baseball. Baseball is less exciting.
We use the least + adjective to say that a person or thing is different from the group it
belongs to because it has less of a particular quality.
We can use the least + adjective to talk about how a person or thing is different from a group
of people or things.
Water and milk are the least expensive drinks.
Kate’s the least shy person I know!
Tip
With short adjectives, we often use not as…as… instead of less…than….
Science is not as easy as history.
My brother’s not as tall as my sister.
For more information on the comparative of adjectives, see Comparative adjectives: (not)
as…as.
Comparative adjectives: (not) as…as

PRESENTATION
1 I’m as tall as Jack.
2 You’re as smart as he is.
3 She’s as happy as me.
4 History isn’t as interesting as science.
5 Lemons aren’t as sweet as bananas.
FORM
We can form positive comparatives with as…as…. We can form negative comparatives with
not as…as…

Subject + be as/not as adjective as
+ I’m as tall as Jack.
You’re happy
− not as
He’s interesting
She’s
It’s
We’re
You’re
They’re
USE
We use as…as when we want to say that people or things are same in a particular way.
Maya’s as tall as Jack.
This exercise is as difficult as all the others.
You’re as smart as he is.
We use not as…as when we want to say that people or things are different in a
particular way.
My sister’s not as noisy as my brother.
Lemons aren’t as sweet as bananas.
His first book isn’t as interesting as his last one.

Tip
In informal English, we use an object pronoun after not as…as or than.
I’m not as tall as him. (NOT I’m not as tall as he.)
I’m older than her. (NOT I’m older than she.)
In formal English, we use a personal pronoun + be.
I am not as tall as he is.
I am older than she is.

Unit 11
Present perfect with for and since
PRESENTATION
1 I’ve known Cathy for seven years.
2 I’ve known Cathy since I was ten.
FORM
We can use the present perfect with for and a period of time.
We can use the present perfect with since and a date, day, time, or event.
Subject have/has past participle for/since

I have been here for ten minutes.
You
He has
She
It
We have known Cathy since 2013.
You I was ten.
They the party.
Tip
Regular verbs have past participles which are the same as their simple past forms, ending -ed.
visit → visited play → played
Irregular verbs have irregular past participles. Sometimes the past participle of an irregular
verb is the same as the simple past form and sometimes it is different.
have, had → had
know, knew → known be, was/were → been
Tip
Some past participles are regular. Add -ed.
play → played
Some past participles are irregular.
have → had be → been know → known
USE
We use the present perfect with for/since to talk about present activities that started in the
past.
We use for to talk about the period of time up to the present, e.g., for four years, for
two days.
The company has been in business for four years.
We use since to talk about the time when an activity started, e.g., since 2013, since yesterday,
since I was ten years old.
I’ve been here since 8 a.m.
I’ve known Cathy since I was ten.
Present perfect with just, already, and yet

PRESENTATION
1 He’s already left.
2 I’ve just arrived.
3 He hasn’t arrived yet.
4 “Have they left yet?” “Yes, they have./No, they haven’t.”

FORM
We can use the present perfect positive with just or already:
Subject + have/has + just/already + past participle.
Positive (+)
Subject have/has just/already past participle
I have just arrived.
you already left.
He has
She
It
We have
You
They
We usually use short forms (I’ve, You’ve, He’s, etc.) when we’re speaking.
We can use the present perfect negative with yet:
Subject + haven’t/hasn’t + past participle + yet.
Negative (−)
Subject haven’t/hasn’t past participle yet
I haven’t arrived. yet.
you left.
He hasn’t
She
It
We haven’t
You
They
We can form present perfect questions with yet:

Have/Has + subject + past participle + yet?
Questions (?)
Have/Has subject past participle yet
Have I arrived yet?
you left
Has he
she
it
Have we
you
they
Tip
arrive → arrived call → called
have, had → had lost, lost → lost
do, did → done eat, ate → eaten
Tip
have → had do → done arrive → arrived
USE
We use the present perfect to talk about recent events or actions. We can use just, already,
and yet in present perfect sentences.
We use just in positive sentences to talk about very recent events or actions.
I’ve just arrived.
Sarah’s just called.
We use yet in questions and negative sentences to talk about events and actions up to now.
Have you called Mom yet?
I haven’t left work yet.
We use already in positive sentences to talk about events and actions that happened before
now or earlier than expected.
Max isn’t here. He’s already left.
The party has already finished.
Present perfect: negative and never

PRESENTATION
1 He hasn’t played basketball.
2 We haven’t had swimming lessons.
3 She hasn’t sent the email.
4 He hasn’t finished his breakfast.
5 I’ve never eaten Japanese food.
6 They’ve never visited New York.
FORM
We form the present perfect negative with:
Subject + haven’t/hasn’t + past participle.
Negative (−)
Subject haven’t/hasn’t past participle
I haven’t played basketball.
You
had swimming lessons.
He hasn’t finished her lunch.
She
It
We haven’t sent the email.
You
They
We can also form the present perfect negative with never:

Subject + have/has + never + past participle.

Never (−)
Subject have/have never past participle
I have never eaten Japanese food.
You
He has visited New York.
She
It
We have
You
They
We usually use short forms (I’ve never, You’ve never, He’s never, She’s never, We’ve never,
They’ve never) when we are speaking.
Tip
have, had → had lose, lost → lost
do, did → done eat, ate → eaten
Tip
have → had do → done eat → eaten
USE
We use the present perfectnegative to talk about life experiences that did not happen.
I haven’t had swimming lessons.
He hasn’t seen that movie.
We can also use never to emphasize that something did not happen. It means “at no time in
your life.”
Mike has never visited New York.
I’ve never acted in a play.
We also use the present perfectnegative to talk about recent events or actions that didn’t
happen.
They haven’t done their homework.
Tip
We don’t use not and never together.
I’ve never read that book. (NOT I haven’t never read that book.)
Present perfect: yes/no questions and ever

PRESENTATION
1 “Have you ever eaten sushi?” “No, I haven’t.”
2 “Have you ever had guitar lessons?” “Yes, I have.”
3 “Has she passed her exam?” “Yes, she has.”
4 “Have they taken the money?” “Yes, they have.”

FORM
We form present perfect yes/no questions with:
Have/has + subject + (ever) + past participle?
Questions (?)
Have/Has subject (ever) past participle
Have I ever played in a band?
you
taken guitar lessons?
Has he paid the bill?
she
seen my phone?
it
Have we
you
they

Yes + subject + have/has.
No + subject + haven’t/hasn’t.
Short answers
Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Yes, you No, you
Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
Yes, she No, she
Yes, it No, it
Yes, we have. No, we haven’t.
Yes, you No, you
Yes, they No, they
USE
We use present perfect questions to ask about life experiences.
Have you seen that movie?
We often use ever with present perfect yes/no questions about life experiences. Ever means “at
any time in your life.”
Have you ever played in a band?
Have you ever taken guitar lessons?
We also use present perfect questions to ask about recent events or actions.
Has she passed her test?
Have you finished your essay?
“Have you ever played in a band?” “No, I haven’t.”
“Have you ever taken guitar lessons?” “Yes, I have.”
“Have you ever played in a band?” “No, I haven’t.”
“Has she passed her test?” “Yes, she has.”

Unit 12
Zero conditional
PRESENTATION
1 If you heat water, it boils.
2 Water boils if you heat it.
3 Water boils when you heat it.
FORM
We form the zero conditional with if clause + result clause.
We form the if clause with If + simple present.
We form the result clause with the simple present.
if clause result clause

If simple present simple present
If you heat water, it boils.
USE
We use the zero conditional to talk about events and the results that always follow.
If you heat water, it boils.
We usually put the if clause before the result clause, with a comma after the if clause.
If you press that button, the alarm rings.
We can put the result clause before the if clause. We don’t use a comma after the result
clause.
Water boils if you heat it.
We can sometimes use when instead of if with the same meaning.
When you heat water, it boils.
Water boils when you heat it.
First conditional
PRESENTATION
1 If we plant trees, we’ll reduce carbon dioxide.
2 If we save energy, we’ll reduce global warming.
3 If we recycle waste, we’ll help the environment.
4 If we go by bicycle, we won’t need any gas.
5 We’ll reduce pollution if we use public transportation.
6 We won’t harm the environment if we use solar energy.
FORM
We form the first conditional with:
if clause + result clause. (OR result clause + if clause.)
We form the if clause with:
If + subject + simple present.
We form the result clause with:
subject + will/won’t + infinitive without to.
if clause result clause
If simple present will/won’t infinitive without to
+ If we plant trees, we’ll help the environment.
− If we use clean energy, we won’t harm the environment.

USE
We use the first conditional to talk about possible events and their results.
If we save energy, we’ll reduce global warming.
We usually put the if clause before the result clause, and we use a comma after the if clause.
If we plant trees, we’ll reduce carbon dioxide.
We can put the result clause before the if clause when the result is important. We don’t use a
comma after the result clause.
We’ll reduce global warming if we save energy.
We won’t waste energy if we recycle packaging.

Grammar Focus 3 y 4

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Grammar Focus 3 y 4

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Grammar focus

We form negative sentences with:

We form yes/no questions with:

Wide Angle 2 Unit 1 Grammar focus 1

Wide Angle 2 Unit 1 Grammar focus 2

Yes/no questions with be

Wide Angle 2 Unit 1 Grammar focus 3

Wh- questions with be

Question word Information

“Who’s your teacher?” “Ed Lewis.”

Subject pronoun Possessive adjective

Wide Angle 2 Unit 2 Grammar focus 5

Nouns: countable, uncountable, and plural

Some and any

Wide Angle 2 Unit 2 Grammar focus 6

quantifier uncountable noun

Wide Angle 2 Unit 2 Grammar focus 7

Wide Angle 2 Unit 2 Grammar focus 8

Whose book is this? (singular)

Whose books are these? (plural)

Wide Angle 2 Unit 2 Grammar focus 9

We change -y to -ies after a consonant.

Wide Angle 2 Unit 3 Grammar focus 10

Simple present: yes/no questions

Do you like your job?

We form short answers with:

Wide Angle 2 Unit 3 Grammar focus 11

The simple present and adverbs of frequency

Wide Angle 2 Unit 3 Grammar focus 12

We form questions with:

How often do I go swimming?

Subject and object questions in the simple present

Wide Angle 2 Unit 3 Grammar focus 13

In object questions, the question word is the object.

Wide Angle 2 Unit 3 Grammar focus 14

Wide Angle 2 Unit 3 Grammar focus 15

Wide Angle 2 Unit 4 Grammar focus 16

Quantifiers: a few/a little/a lot/lots of

Wide Angle 2 Unit 4 Grammar focus 17

Wide Angle 2 Unit 4 Grammar focus 18

Wide Angle 2 Unit 4 Grammar focus 19

We form yes/no questions with:

Yes/no questions (?)

We form short answers with be.

Wide Angle 2 Unit 5 Grammar focus 20

Wide Angle 2 Unit 5 Grammar focus 21

Simple present and present continuous

Wide Angle 2 Unit 5 Grammar focus 22

Wide Angle 2 Unit 5 Grammar focus 23

We use do/does with have to to form questions.

Wide Angle 2 Unit 6 Grammar focus 24

Can for possibility

Wide Angle 2 Unit 6 Grammar focus 25

We usually answer yes/no questions with short answers.

Wide Angle 2 Unit 6 Grammar focus 26

To form questions, we change the order of should and the subject.

Wide Angle 2 Unit 6 Grammar focus 27

Wide Angle 2 Unit 6 Grammar focus 28

Positive and negative

To form questions, we change the order of the subject and be.

Yes/no questions (?)

“Were they in class yesterday?” “Yes, they were.”

Wide Angle 2 Unit 7 Grammar focus 29