ALL ABOUT VERBS

✱ Class 1 (U-verb)

English Dictionary Form -Masu Form

Affirmative Negative (-Masen) Form Past Affirmative (-Mashita) Form Past Negative
Affirmative (-Masen Deshita)

To go Iku Ikimasu
Ikimasen Ikimashita Ikimasen Deshita

To meet Au Aimasu
Aimasen Aimashita Aimasen
Deshita

To be surprised, to be astonished Odoroku Odorokimasu

Odorokimasen Odorokimashita Odorikimasen
Deshita

To understand, to grasp, to know Wakaru Wakarimasu

Wakarimasen Wakarimashita Wakarimasen Deshita

To get into, to enter, to join Hairu Hairimasu Hairimasen

Hairimashita Hairimasen Deshita

To run Hashiru Hashirimasu

Hashirimasen Hashirimashita Hashirimasen Deshita

To cost, to take Kakaru Kakarimasu Kakarimasen

Kakarimashita Kakarimasen Deshita

To climb Noboru Noborimasu

Noborimasen Noborimashita Noborimasen Deshita

To smoke Suu Suimasu

Suimasen Suimashita Suimasen Deshita

To listen, to hear, to ask Kiku Kikimasu

Kikimasen Kikimashita Kikimasen Deshita

To hurry, to rush Isogu Isogimasu

Isogimasen Isogimashita Isogimasen Deshita

To turn Magaru Magarimasu

Magarimasen Magarimashita Magarimasen Deshita

To die Shinu Shinimasu Shinimasen

Shinimashita Shinimasen Deshita

To take (a photo), to make (film) Toru Torimasu

Torimasen Torimashita Torimasen Deshita
To go home, to return Kaeru Kaerimasu Kaerimasen
Kaerimashita Kaerimasen Deshita

To receive, to get Morau Moraimasu

Moraimasen Moraimashita Moraimasen Deshita

To arrive at, to reach Tsuku Tsukimasu Tsukimasen

Tsukimashita Tsukimasen Deshita

To take someone Tsurete Iku Tsurete Ikimasu

Tsurete Ikimasen Tsurete Ikimashita Tsurete
Ikimasen Deshita

To suit, to match Niau Niaimasu

Niaimasen Niaimashita Niaimasen Deshita

To try one’s best, to hang in there Ganbaru Ganbarimasu

Ganbarimasen Ganbarimashita Ganbarimasen
Deshita

To think, to feel Omou Omoimasu

Omoimasen Omoimashita Omoimasen Deshita

To write Kaku Kakimasu

Kakimasen Kakimashita Kakimasen Deshita

To speak Hanasu Hanashimasu

Hanashimasen Hanashimashita Hanashimasen
Deshita

To stand Tatsu Tachimasu

Tachimasen Tachimashita Tachimasen Deshita

To exist Aru Arimasu

Arimasen Arimashita Arimasen Deshita

To drink Nomu Nomimasu

Nomimasen Nomimashita Nomimasen Deshita

To wait Matsu Machimasu Machimasen

Machimashita Machimasen Deshita

To play Asobu Asobimasu Asobimasen

Asobimashita Asobimasen Deshita

To buy Kau Kaimasu

Kaimasen Kaimashita Kaimasen Deshita

To use Tsukau Tsukaimasu Tsukaimasen

Tsukaimashita Tsukaimasen Deshita
To swim Oyogu Oyogimasu
Oyogimasen Oyogimashita Oyogimasen Deshita

To walk Aruku Arukimasu Arukimasen

Arukimashita Arukimasen Deshita

To cross Wataru Watarimasu Watarimasen

Watarimashita Watarimasen Deshita

To jump/to fly Tobu Tobimasu Tobimasen

Tobimashita Tobimasen Deshita

To live/reside Sumu Sumimasu Sumimasen

Sumimashita Sumimasen Deshita

To spend Sugosu Sugoshimasu Sugoshimasen

Sugoshimashita Sugoshimasen Deshita

To be careful Tsukeru Tsukerimasu Tsukerimasen

Tsukerimashita Tsukerimasen Deshita

To call Yobu Yobimasu Yobimasen

Yobimashita Yobimasen Deshita

To wash Arau Araimasu Araimasen

Araimashita Araimasen Deshita

To push Osu Oshimasu Oshimasen

Oshimashita Oshimasen Deshita

✱ Class 2 (RU-verb)

English Dictionary Form - Masu Form

Affirmative Negative (-Masen) Form Past Affirmative (-Mashita) Form Past Negative
Affirmative (-Masen Demashita)

To be (animate), to exist Iru Imasu Imasen

Imashita Imasen Deshita

To be late Okureru Okuremasu

Okuremasen Okuremashita Okuremasen Deshita

To leave Deru Demasu

Demasen Demashita Demasen Deshita

To teach, to tell Oshieru Oshiemasu

Oshiemasen Oshiemashita Oshiemasen Deshita

To open Akeru Akemasu

Akemasen Akemashita Akemasen Deshita

To show, to display Miseru Misemasu Misemasen

Misemashita Misemasen Deshita
To close Shimeru Shimemasu
Shimemasen Shimemashita Shimemasen Deshita

To wear, to put it on Kiru Kimasu Kimasen

Kimashita Kimasen Deshita

To look up, to check Shiraberu Shirabemasu Shirabemasen

Shirabemashita Shirabemasen Deshita

To go to bed, to sleep Neru Nemasu

Nemasen Nemashita Nemasen Deshita

To change Kaeru Kaemasu Kaemasen

Kaemashita Kaemasen Deshita

To give Ageru Agemasu Agemasen

Agemashita Agemasen Deshita

To give, to let someone have Kureru Kuremasu Kuremasen

Kuremashita Kuremasen Deshita

To grow, to accustomed Nareru Naremasu

Naremasen Naremashita Naremasen Deshita

To see, to look, watch Miru Mimasu

Mimasen Mimashita Mimasen Deshita

To answer Kotaeru Kotaemasu

Kotaemasen Kotaemashita Kotaemasen Deshita

To forget Wasureru Wasuremasu Wasuremasen

Wasuremashita Wasuremasen Deshita

To get off Oriru Orimasu Orimasen

Orimashita Orimasen Deshita

To take a shower Abiru Abimasu Abimasen

Abimashita Abimasen Deshita

To work for Tsutomeru Tsutomemasu Tsutomemasen

Tsutomemashita Tsutomemasen Deshita

To insert/ to put in Ireru Irerimasu Irerimasen

Irerimashita Irerimasen Deshita

To end Owaru Owarimasu Owarimasen

Owarimashita Owarimasen Deshita

To send Okuru Okurimasu Okurimasen

Okurimashita Okurimasen Deshita

To remember, to memorize Oboeru Oboemasu Oboemasen

Oboemashita Oboemasen Deshita
✱ Class 3 (Irregular verb)

English Dictionary Form -Masu Form

Affirmative Negative (-Masen) Form Past Affirmative (-Mashita) Form Past Negative
Affirmative (-Masen Deshita)

To do Suru Shimasu
Shimasen Shimashita Shimasen Deshita

To come Kuru Kimasu

Kimasen Kimashita Kimasen
Deshita

To worry Shinapu suru Shinapu Shimasu

Shinapu Shimasen Shinapu Shimashita Shinapu Shimasen
Deshita

To hesitate, to be humble, to pass on Enryo suru Enryo Shimasu Enryo

Shimasen Enryo Shimashita Enryo Shimasen
Deshita

To feel nervous Kinchu suru Kinchu Shimasu Kinchu Shimasen

Kinchu Shimashita Kinchu Shimasen Deshita

Others:

Ki o tsukeru – to take care/to pay attention/ to be careful

Ki means feeling or spirit or attention

***** Compare the casual speech and polite speech ******

●Verb sentences●

Polite Casual

affirmative もちろん、待ちます。もちろん待つ。

Mochiron, machimasu. Mochiron matsu.

Yes/No question 待ちますか。待つ（の）。

Machimasu ka? Matsu (no)?

Wh- question どうしますか。どうする（の）。

Dō shimasu ka? Dō suru (no)?

Te- form

✱ Class 1 verbs that end in -ku, -gu ⇒ ite (ku), ide(gu)

English Dictionary Form -Te Form -Te form meaning

To hear, listen kiku kite Listen!

To hurry isogu isoide Hurry!

To go iku itte Go!

✱ Class 1 verbs that end in -mu, -bu, -nu, ⇒ nde

English Dictionary Form Te-form -Te form meaning

To drink nomu nonde drink!

To play asobu asonde play!

To die shinu shinde die!

✱ Class 1 verbs that end in -u, -tsu, -ru, ⇒ tte

English Dictionary Form Te-form -te form meaning

To buy kau katte buy!

To wait matsu matte wait!

To turn magaru magatte turn!

✱ Class 1 verbs that end in -su ⇒ shite

English Dictionary Form -Te Form -Te Form meaning

To speak hanasu hanashitespeak!

Class 2

1. Omit the final -ru sound

2. Add -te

English Dictionary Form Te-form -Te form meaning

To open akeru akete open!

To close shimeru shimete close!

To eat taberu tabete eat!

To look, to see miru mite look!

To show miseru misete show!

To teach, to tell oshieru oshiete tell!

To leave, to appear deru dete leave!

Class 3

English Dictionary Form Te-form -te form meaning

To do suru shite do!

To come kuru kite come!

Te-form of a verb plus iru/imasu

In this lesson, we are focusing on using [te-form of a verb]＋[iru/imasu]. This construction

can express two meanings but we will be focusing on only one of them. [Te-form of a verb]

＋[iru/imasu] represents a present progressive action (like -ing in English).

To make this construction, we put the verb in the te-form and add iru (いる) or imasu (いま

す).

[ verb te-form + iru/imasu ]

English Dictionary Form and – te form Te-from + iru (informal) Te-form + imasu (formal)
Present progressive

To use tsukau / tsukatte tsukatte iru tsukatte imasu

am using

To speak hanasu / hanashite hanashite iru hanashite imasu

am speaking

To drink nomu / nonde nonde iru nonde imasu

am drinking

To look miru / mitte mitte iru mitte imasu

am looking

To eat taberu / tabete tabete iru tabete imasu

am eating
To do suru / shite shite iru shite imasu
am doing

Telling Someone Not to Do Something

To tell someone not to do something, we put the verb into the informal negative form and

then add de kudasai (でください)

■ Class 1 verbs (-u verbs)

1. Drop the final -u sound

2. Add -a nai

English Dictionary Form Plain Negative form

To run hashiru hashiranai

To go iku ikanai

To speak hanasu hanasanai

To buy kau kawanai

* For the class 1 verbs that have dictionary forms ending in hiragana u (う), we add -wanai

(わない) instead of anai (あない).

■ Class 2 verbs (-ru verbs)

1. Drop the final ru sound

2. Add nai

English Dictionary Form Plain Negative form

To eat taberu tabenai

To see miru minai

■ Class 3 verbs (Irregular verbs)

English Dictionary Form Plain Negative form

To do suru shinai
To come kuru konai

Adding de (で) to the negative form of the verb creates an informal command.

✱ [ informal negative form of verb ] + de ＝ "Do not [verb]"

Adding -de kudasai (でください) to the negative form of the verb creates a formal

command:

✱ [ informal negative form of verb ] + de kudasai ＝ "Please do not [verb]"

Dictionary Form Informal Negative + de (kudasai） Translation

To go ikanai ikanai de kudasai Please do not go

To see minai minai de kudasai Please do not look

To hesitate enryo shinai enryo shinai de kudasai Please do not hesitate

********** (1) [te-form] ＋ mo ii desu ka? **********

☆"[te-form] ＋ mo ii desu." means "you may do..."

→ used for giving permission

☆"[te-form] ＋ mo ii desu ka." means "May I do...?"

→ used for asking permission

********** Example **********

●入る（hairu）＝　to enter; class 1

te-form: 入って（haitte）

入ってもいいですか。

Haitte mo ii desu ka?

May I come in?

********** (2) [te-form] ＋ wa ikemasen. **********

☆"[te-form] ＋ wa ikenai means "you may not do..."

→ used for showing prohibition

*The informal way of saying ---wa ikemasen is ---wa ikenai."

***** Compare !!! *****

Verb May I (-Te form + mo ii desu ka) You may not (formal) You may not
informal

Iku (to go) itte mo ii desu ka itte wa ikemasen itte wa ikenai

Oyogu (swim) oyoide mo ii desu ka oyoide wa ikemasen oyoide wa ikenai

Miru (to see) mitemo ii desu ka mite wa ikemasen mite wa ikenai

Here are the Top five particles you must know for the JLPT level 4.

Particle Meaning Sample Sent ence

** を- Indicates the direct object of an action

すみません。これを ください。- "Excuse me. Can I have this?"

Sumimasen. Kore wo kudasai?

** に Indicates time or location - "in, on, at"

あした　わたしは　うち に います。 - I'll be staying at home tomorrow."

Ashita watashi wa uchi ni imasu

** で Indicates the reason for something - "because of"

インフルエンザで かいしゃを　やすみました。 - I didn't go to work because I had the flu."

Isofurueso zede kaisha wo yasumimasita

** が Indicates the object of verbs and adjectives of emotion

私は　すしが だいすきで す。- "I love sushi."

Watashi wa sushi ga daisuki desu

** と "with, together"

わたしは　あねと テニス をしました。 - I played tennis with my sister."

Watashi wa ane to tenisu o shimashita

Usage of the Particle を

Indicates the direct object of an action.

• すみません。みずをひとつください。"Excuse me. Can I have a (glass of) water?"

Sumimasen. Mizu o hitotsu kudasai

• すみません。タクシーをよんでください。"Excuse me. Can you call a cab?"

Sumimasen. Takushii o yonde kudasai

Indicates the movement from a smaller space to a larger place.

• 1:00 にうちをでました。"I left home at one."

Ichi ji ni uchi o demashita

• あそこで、タクシーをおりました。"I got out of the cab there."

Asoko de takushii o orimashita

Indicates the place of an action. Use with motion verbs such as magaru ("to turn"), aruku

("to walk"), or oyogu ("to swim").

• そのかどをまがってください。"Please turn at the corner."

Sono ga do o maga de kudasai

• よくこうえんをあるきます。"I often walk in the park."

Yoku koen o arukimasu

Usage of the Particle に

Indicates movement toward a place, meaning, "to" or "toward."

You can replace に with the particle へ.

• カナダにいきます。"I'll go to Canada."

Kanada ni ikimasu

Indicates the purpose of a movement, meaning, "to do something" or "in order to do

something."

• デパートにかいものにいきました。"I went to a department store for shopping."

Depato ni kaimono ni ikimashita

Indicates the location of something or someone, meaning, "in," "on," or "at."

• トイレは２かいにあります。"There's a restroom on the second floor."

Toire wa ni-kai ni arimasu

• いま父は、うちにいます。"My father is at home now."

Ima wa , uchi ni imasu

Indicates the time something takes place, meaning, "in," "on," or "at."

• なんじにうちをでましたか。"What time did you leave home?"

Nan ji ni uchi o demashita ka?

• 水よう日に、かいしゃにいきます。"I'll go to work on Wednesday."

Indicates the movement from a larger space to a smaller place.

• よく、タクシーにのります。"I often take a taxi."

Yoku, takushii ni norimasu

Indicates an indirect object, meaning, "to" or "for."

• 友だちに電話をしました。"I called my friend."

• 母にメールをしました。 "I emailed my mother."

Indicates the result of a change. Often, you use it with the verbs なる ("to become") and

する ("to do").

• おとうとは先生になりました。"My brother became a teacher."

• サンドイッチをはんぶんにする。"I cut the sandwich in half."

Usage of the Particle と

Use と to make a list of nouns, meaning, "and."
• 私は、サンドイッチとコーヒーをかいました。"I bought a sandwich and coffee."

Meaning "with" or "together."

• 私は友だちとはなしました。 "I talked with my friend."

• 父は母とけっこんしました。 "My father got married to my mother."

Indicates a quote. When you use it in an "A という B" sentence structure, it means, "B

which is called A" or "B which is known as A."

• ふじさんというおみせをしっていますか。 "Do you know the store called Fujisan?"

Fuji san toiu omisa o shideimasu ka

• ピーターという⼈とはなしました。 "I talked with a person called Peter."

Pita toiu to hana shimashita

Usage of the Particle で

Indicates the place of an action.

• えきで、友だちとあいました。 "I met my friend at the station."

• こうえんでテニスをします。 "I play tennis at the park."

Indicates a tool or means.

• タクシーでこうえんへいきました。 "I went to the park by taxi."

• サンドイッチをナイフできります。 "I cut the sandwich with a knife."

Indicates a reason.

• かぜでがっこうをやすみました。 "I didn't go to school because I had a cold."

Indicates the mode or condition of the action.

• 一人でカナダに行きます。 "I'll go to Canada alone."

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• じぶんでかいしゃをつくりました。 "I made a company by myself."

Indicates an amount, meaning, "for" or "in."

• これは、ひとつ、百えん。みっつで⼆百えん。 "One of these is one-hundred yen.

You can get three for two-hundred yen.

Usage of the Part icle が

Indicates the object of certain verbs or adjectives.

Use it with a verb that indicates existence, such as ある or いる ("to exist" or "to have").

• おとうとがいます。 "I have a brother."

• おかねがありません。 "I don't have money."

Use it with a verb to indicate ability, such as できる ("can do"), or わかる ("to

understand"), or with the potential form of a verb.

• えいごがわかります。 "I understand English."

• ひらがながよめます。"I can read Hiragana."

Use it with an adjective to indicate desire such as ほしい ("want") or with a verb to mean -

たい, "in" or "from."

• あたらしいくるまがほしい。"I want a new car."

• みずがのみたいです。"I want to drink water."

Use it with an adjective to indicate emotion such as, すき ("like") or きらい ("hate").

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• テニスが好きです。 "I like tennis."

• 魚がきらいです。 "I hate fish."

The particle ga follows question words.

• だれがきますか。 "Who is coming?"

• いつがいいですか。 "When is good for you?"

We use the particle ga in a choice question.

• どちらがかんたんですか。 "Which one is easier?"

• どの人がピーターさんですか。 "Which person is Peter?"