UNIT 8

ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB CLAUSE

A. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Adjecti Explanation Adjective Clause Reduce Adjective
ve Clause
Clause

Who Who changes The children who are The children, sitting
unclear people as sitting in the chairs are in the chairs, are
subject. sleepy. sleepy.
Whom Whom changes The girl whom I saw The girl, I saw last
people as object. last night was night, was beautiful.
beautiful
Whose Whose changes The old man whose wife The oldman, wife
possessive dead last year married a dead last year,
adjective young pretty girl last married a young
month. pretty girl last month.
Which Which comes to The letter which was The letter written
change thing as written last week arrived last week arrived
subject orobject today. today.

That That is able to The pitcher that on the The pitcher on the
change everything table is full of iced rice. table is full of iced
rice.

⮚ There are three adjective clause which able to reduce, who, which, and
that. ⮚ To reduce the adjective clause, the write must omit the adjective
clause/subject and the be-verb.
⮚ If there is no be-verb and the writer wants to reduce adjective clause, the writer
must omit the adjective clause connector/subject and change the main verb to
verb-ing.

Example:.…….on several different television programs, the witness gave

conflicting accounts of what had happened.
a. He appeared c. appearing
b. Who appeared d. appears
The best answer is C because it is the reduced form of the clause who
appeared, and this reduced form can appear at the front of the sentence.
EXERCISE:
1. A crystal is a piece of matter …….are naturally formed plane
surface. a. whose boundaries c. which boundaries
b. that boundaries d.whenboundaries
 2. Charlie Chaplin was a comedian ….. for his work in
silentmovies. a. who was best known c. whom is best known
b. which was best known d. who was known best

3. The tornado …destroyed several homes.

a. which wasstruck the town c.strucking the town
b. that was being struckthe town d. struck thetown

4. The laptop …….was very expensive.

a. we bought last night c. which we bought last night b. that we
bought the laptop last night d. which bought it lastnight
5. I don’t understand the article appears in today’s paper.
ABCD
6. We will have to return the merchandise purchasing yesterday at the
Broadway. A B C D
7. He was the only American who I saw at the conference.
ABCD
8. The people who we met yesterday were very interesting.
ABCD
9. She finally woke up in the ambulance whose was taking her to a
hospital. A B C D
10.The children sat in the fancy restaurant found it difficult to
behave. A B C D

B. ADVERB CLAUSE
Adverb Clauses have two basic patterns in English.
He is tired because he has been working so hard.
In this sentence, there are two clauses;
He is tired and he has been working so hard
The clause: He has been working so hard is an adverb clause that
isintroduced with the connector because.
The following connectors are usually used:
Adverb of Time : after, as, before, since, until, while,
Adverb of Cause : because, since, as
Adverb ofCondition : if, whether
Adverb of Contrast : although, eventhough, though, while
Adverb Clause can also appear in reduced form, the adverb connector
remains, but the subject and the verb are omitted . If there is no be verb in
the adverb clause, the subject is omitted and the main verb is changed into:
The ing-form (active) and past participle (passive)
Note: the subject of adverb clause must be the same as the subject of the
main clause.
Example:
1. Although he is rather unwell, the speaker will take part in the seminar
 Reducedform:Althoughratherunwell,the speakerwilltakepartintheSeminar.

2. Although he feels rather sick, you should speak loudly and distinctly.
Reduced form: Although feeling sick, you should speak loudly and
distinctly.

3. Since the shoes are made in Italy, they are relatively dear.
Reduced form: Sincemade in Italy, they are relatively dear.

In some cases, the adverb clause connector can also be omitted, be verb is
changed into- ing.

4. If the children are strictly protected, they will run away from home.
Reducedform:Beingstrictlyprotected,theywillrunawayfromhome.

5. If you can finish the work on time, you will be rewarded.

Reducedform:Finishing theworkontime,youwill be rewarded.
EXERCISE:
1. ………rainfall in the desert is low, it is one of the most important climatic
factors in the formation of desert erosion features.
a. Although c. Despite
b. Why d. Due to

2. I was good at tennis, and … I was only ten, I could beat my

father. a. even though c. since
b. in spite d. despite of

3. Most of …………. archaeologists know about prehistoric culturesis based

on studies of material remains.
a. these c. which
b. what d. their
4. … he’d forgotten his glasses, he couldn’t read the menu.
a. Because c. Since
b. As if d. in spite of

5. Geysers have often been compared to volcanoes……..they both emit

hot liquids from below the Earth’s surface.
a. due to c. in spite of
b. because d. regardless of

6. ………the United States consists of many different immigrant groups,

many sociologists believe there is a distinct national character.
a. In spite of c. Even though
b. Despite d. Whether

7. She went out, … she didn’t have a life jacket.

a. even though c. in spite
b. despite of d. because

8. Many people from Europe, Asia, and South America go to the USA …
 they need to do business there.
a. because of c. because
b. although d. whether

9. … the difficulty, more and more people are starting to learn English
every year.
a. although c. because
b. in spite of d. as if
UNIT 9
COMPARISON DEGREE

In this part will explain four types of comparative. They

are: A. Positive Degree
Billy’s car is as expensive as Robert’s surface willbe.
car. N+be+as+Adj+as+N a. The first sentence, we don’t need to
put be after noun because there is verb.
B. Comparative Degree N1 + V + more +noun + than + N2
This sentence explains that Billy’s car
and Robert’s car is the same b. Sentence B explains that there is
expansive. only a syllable adjective.
N1 + be +Adj-er + than + N2

a. Orange contains more vitamin C than c. Sentence C explainsthat adjective

apple. has more than a syllable.
N1 + be + more + Adj + than + N 2

b. Africa is hotter thanSurabaya. c. Sam

a. Adjective inthesentence
ahasONEsyllable, so you must add
–est after adjective. N + be + the +
is more diligent than Reed. Adjective-est

b. Adjective in the second sentence

have more than a syllable, so, you need
C. Superlative Degree to add most before adjective.
a. Bromo Mountain is the highest N + be + the + most + Adjective
mountain that I everclimbed.
There are two comparisons in a
b. Physics is the most difficult lesson for
sentence. If the syllable of adjective is
me.
more than one, addmore before
adjective. The formula above used for
single syllable.
The + V-er + S + V, the + V-er + S + V
D. Double Comparison

The brighter a star shines, the hotter its

 Example: Rhonda works more hard than her other friends in the
class. A B C D
In this sentence, the best answer is B. The right answer is not more hard.
Hard is one syllable. So, the word "hard" is changed into harder.

E. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
Positive Comparative Superlative
Positive Comparative Superlative
Many More Most
Good Better Best
Much
Bad Worse Worst
Old Older Oldest
Far Farther Farthest Elder Eldest
Further Further Little Lesser Least
Late Later Latest

Exercise:
1. The Disney amusement park in Japan is……Florida or
California. a. the largest than the onesin
b. larger the onesin
c. larger than the onesin
d. the largest of the ones

2. The more he tried to help her, ……she seemed to appreciate

it. a. easier c. the less
b. easiest d. the lesser

3. The United States is the …… cheese producer making more than two
million tons of cheese.
a. world’s largest c. large world
b. world’s larger d. most world’s largest

4. The use of detail is …. method of developing a controlling idea, and almost

all students employ this method.
a. more common c. most common
b. common d. the most common

5. The grizzly bear, which can grow up to eight feet tall, has
beencalled A B C
a more dangerous animal of NorthAmerica.
D
6. Peter Abelard, a logician and theologian, wasthe controversialest
teacher A B
of his age.
 CD
7. Protein molecules are the most complex than the molecules of
carbohydrates. A B C D
8. No educational medium servers the good means of spatial
communication A
than the atlas that deal with such a valuable information.
BCD
9. Itisthemost Kangaroo crushes a vehicle on almostAustralia’road, the
better A B
government warns the drivers with the kangaroo-crossing signs along
the C D
road.
10. The books for my engineering course are expensive than the books for
my A B C
other courses.
D