UNIT 4

SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT

Subject-verb agreement consists of subject and verb in a sentence. if the subject is

singular, you must add –s after the verb. But if the subject is plural, you don’t need to
add –s after the subject.
a.Andrew plays basket ball. Andrew is singular because there is only a
S + Vs/es subject. So, you must add –s after play.
b.Andrew and Peter go to China. There are two subjects in sentence b, Andrew
Ss + V and Peter. If there are two subjects, you don’t
need to add –s after play.
c. Scientists from all fields of the The word "from" in that sentence is preposition.
studies meet in the international There are four prepositions in/from/on/of. If you
Convention to discuss about the find a sentence like the example just focus on
climate changes. the subject to decide the verb
d. The tetracyclines, a family of This sentence is an appositive sentence. The
antibiotics, are used to treat phrase "a family of antibiotics" explains "the
infection. tetracylines". So, you must focus with the
subject, the tetracyclines to put to be, are.
e.The Mediterranean Sea, which The sentence after and before comma is a
means ‘in the midst of lands’ in connector which explain the word in front of the
Latin, is surrounded by Europe, first comma. There are the connector that can
Asia, and Africa. used; what / where / whose / when / what / that
/ which / how.
Example: Teacher in the practicum laboratory …… students reproduction organs.
a. to teach c. teaching
b. teach d. teaches
The correct answer is D because Teacher is a singular subject, so this sentence needs a
singular verb by adding –es at the end of the word.

Exercise:
1. Oscillatona, one of the few plants that can move about, …… a wavy, gliding motion.
a. having c. being
b. has d. with

2. Each of the doctors in the building …….. to have a separate reception area.
a. Need c. they need
b. Needs d. needed they

3. ..........of economic cycles have been helpful in predicting turning points in cycles, they
would have been used more consistently.
a. Psychological theories c. Had psychological theories
b. Psychological theories have d. Psychologists have theories

4. Most of Musicians involving in the orchestra …..the beauty of the music

arrangement.
a. prioritize c. which prioritze
b. prioritizes d. they prioritize

5. On the rim of the Kilauea volcano in the Hawaiian Island are a hotel called the
A B C D
Volcano Hotel.
6. The great digital advances of the electronic age, such as integrated circuitry and
A B
a microcomputer, has been planted in tiny chips.
C D
7. There is about 600 schools in the United States that use the Montessori Method
A B C
to encourage individual initiative.
D

A. PARALLEL STRUCTURE

One of the conjunction is to connect words, phrases, or clauses with identical

grammatical in a particular sentence. Conjunction has two types; those which do not
need other conjunctions and those which always need other conjunctions (paired
conjunction).
Regular Conjunction Paired Conjunction
…..and….. Both ….. and ….. Either …….or…….
…..or…… Not only…… but also…. Neither …….nor…..
…..but….. Whether…..or…..

These are examples of sentences using conjunction:

a. I like singing and dancing. a. This sentence is an example of parallel
b. I able to play basketball, structure with two forms.
football, and cricket. b. Sentence b is an example of parallel structure
with more than two forms.
c. The form in the sentence must have the same
forms (e.g. Noun, Noun, and Noun)
c. I will go to Jakarta either by Paired conjunction is connecting two forms of the
train or by plane. same function.
Example:
According to the syllabus, you can either write a paper or you can take an exam.
A B C D
In this sentence the right answer is D because "you can take an exam" is not parallel
with "write a paper". This sentence will correct if u change the words "you can take an
exam" become "take an exam".
Exercise:
1. The legal systems of most countries can be classified ….. common law or civil law.
a. as either c. either to
b. either as d. to either

2. One difference between mathematics and language is that mathematics is precise…..

a. language is not c. but language is not
b. and language is not d. while is language
3. In a hot, sunny climate, acclimatizes by eating less, drinking more liquids, wearing
lighter clothing, and ……..
a. Skin changes that darken c. His skin may darken
b. Experiencing a darkening of the skin d. Darkens his skin

4. The essay which Paul wrote is rather short but also impressive.
A B C D
5. The RIAA is the trade organization that supports and promote the creative and
A B C
financial vitality of the major music companies.
D
 UNIT 5
MODAL AND CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
A.MODAL
MODAL USAGE EXAMPLES
1. Strong necessity 1. You must study hard.
2. Prohibition 2. You mustn’t leave the class.
Must
3. 95% certainty 3. He isn’t in the office now. He must have
something to do outside.
1. Polite request 1. May I have a glass of water?
2. Formal permission 2. May I go to the rest room?
May
3. Less than 50% 3. He may be learning in his room.
certainty
Might Less than 50% certainty Robert might be sleeping now.
1. Ability 1. I can speak English.
2. Informal polite 2. Can I borrow your car?
Can
request
3. Informal permission 3. Can I leave my bag here? Yes, you can.
1. Past ability 1. I could play piano when I was young.
2. Polite request 2. Could you do me a favor?
3. Suggestion 3. You could see a doctor to get better.
Could 4. Less than 50% 4. Sara could be at home.
certainty
5. Impossible thing 5. James never studies, he couldn’t pass the
exam
1. 100% certainty 1. I will be in the office before 8 am.
Will 2. Willingness 2. Someone’s knocking the door. I’ll open it.
3. Polite request 3. Will you lend me your book?
1. Polite request 1. Would you lend me your phone?
2. Preference 2. I would rather study in a library than
Would watch TV.
3. Repeated action in 3. I would play tennis every morning when I
the past was a kid.
1. Polite request to 1. Shall I close the window? It’s chilly.
make suggestion
Shall
2. Future with I and we 2. We shall visit her soon.
as subject
1. Advisability 1. If you want to pass the exam, you should
study harder.
Should
2. 90% certainty 2. I have done all my works, I should be at
home very soon.
Exercise:
1. It’s a hospital. You … not smoke here.
a. can b. must c. should d. may

2. I .... speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Morocco.
a. can b. could c. should d. might

3. The teacher said we .... read this book for our own pleasure as it is optional.
a. could b. should c. can d. must

4. You … look at me when I’m talking.

a. should b. must c. can d. may
B. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
Conditional If Clause Main Clause
Usage
Type Dependent Clause Independent Clause
she will get good
If she studies hard This type is used for
score.
Type 1 possible situation or
S + will (preset
If + S + V1 real condition.
modal) + V1
This condition is used
If I had much
I could go to Italia. for impossible or
money
unreal situation.
Type 2
The fact: I don’t have
S + could (past
If + S + V2 enough money so I
modal) + V1 can’t go to Paris.
If I had gone to the I could have met
The fact: I didn’t go to
party him.
Type 3 party so I couldn’t
S+ would (past meet him.
If +S + had + V3
modal) + have+ V3
Example :
If I had known her address, I …….her.
a. could see c. would have visited
b. would visit d. will visit
The best answer is C because from the first sentence, we know that the sentence
uses type 3.

Exercise:
1. If water is heated to 212 degrees F….. as steam.
a. it will be boiled and escaped c. it is boiling and escaping
b. it boils and escape d. it would boil and escape

2. If American are fewer foods with sugar and salt, their general health…..better.
a. be c. is
b. will be d. would be

3. If you…..the plant in a cooler location, the leaves would not have burned.
a. Had set c. has set
b. Have set d. set

4. The report would have been accepted ……in checking its accuracy.
a. If more care c. had taken more care
b. More care had been taken d. had more care been taken

5. If dinosaurs would have continued roaming the earth, man would have evolved
A B C
quite differently.
D

6. Boys can become Cub Scouts if they completed the second grade.
A B C D

7. If biennials were planted this year, they will be likely to bloom next year.
A B C D