TOEFL Book

SECTION 1 :
LISTENING COMPREHENSION
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PART A
SHORT DIALOGUES
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
What is the topic of the conversation for questions 6-10?
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What is the topic of the conversation for questions 11-15?
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1. BEFORE LISTENING
Read the options as many as possible to be more familiar with the words, phrases,
and sentences used in the talks, and to:
A. Anticipate how many and what kinds of topics will be discussed.
B. Anticipate what kinds of question will be asked.
2. WHILE LISTENING
Read the options sequently to:
A. Determine the topic.
B. Draw conclusions about who, what, when, and where.
C. Listen for answers in order
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19
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SECTION TWO :
STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION
PART OF SPEECH
In English language, part of speech is generally divided into 5 types. They are:
1. Noun (N)
It often has –ian, -ist, -ee, -er, -or, -ogy, -ic(s), -ation, -y, -ce, -ism, -ment, -ship, -ness, -acy, -
age, -ant, -ate, -ation, -ion ending.
Example : development, marriage, corruption, sickness, difference, pianist, player,
employee, etc.
2. Adjective (Adj)
It often has –ial, -able, -less, -ish, -y, -ic, -ful ending.
Example : musical, natural, jobless, peaceful, healthy, trainable, fishy, … etc.
3. Adverb (Adv)
It often has –ly, -ward, -wise ending.
Example : bravely, rapidly, willingly, …. etc.
4. Verb (V)
It often has –are, -en, -ing, -ed, -er, -ize ending.
Example : singing, developed, criticize, eaten …etc.
5. Conjunction
For example : and, but, or, how, not only ……. but also, what, who, which, ….etc
Exercise
1. What I need is not your money but your assist to finish this project.
A B C D
2. Bureaucrat still becomes a big problem in Indonesian government.
A B C D
3. My friend is going to get married, it will be his second married.
A B C D
4. I like my English teacher, Mrs. Blue, because she is patient and smart.
A B C D
5. Parents love their children very much, so that they are sometimes very protect.
A B C D
6. The man sitting beside Jane in the meeting always speaks slow.
A B C D
7. I like my father. He is tall, handsome, politeness, and very intelligent.
A B C D
8. I am excited with my good marks this semester.
A B C D
9. People say that Arizona is very different with New York.
A B C D
10. If you want to meet John, just go to the canteen because he is have lunch there now.
A B C D
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SUBJECT
Sentence is a set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate
conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and
sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.
There are six groups that can be a subject in a sentence. They are:
1. Noun
Noun is a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or
things (common noun), or to name a particular one of these (proper noun).
Example:
Teachers are important persons in a country.
Happiness creates a huge effect for someone’s psychology.
2. Pronoun
Pronoun is a word that can function by itself as a noun phrase and that refers either to the
participants in the discourse or to someone or something mentioned elsewhere in the
discourse.
Example:
They were transferred to English department.
She will give a speech about environment.
3. Noun Phrase
Noun phrase is word or group of words that functions in a sentence as subject, object, or
prepositional object.
Example:
Our different concepts gave confusion for the boss.
Her TOEFL score is great.
4. Gerund
Gerund is a form that is derived from a verb but that function as a noun, in English ending in
-ing.
Example:
Playing games wastes our time.
Reading improves our knowledge much.
5. To infinitive
To infinitive is to added by the basic form of a verb.
Example:
To play games wastes our time.
To read improves our knowledge much.
6. Noun Clause
A noun clause is a group of words acting together as a noun. This clause is always dependent
clause. That is, it does not form a complete sentence.
Example:
Who gives you affection is your family.
What makes you happy makes me happy.
Note :
It is not allowed to have more than one subject or verb without conjunction. Each conjunction will
have its own verb.
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Example : Indonesia has many beautiful islands are beautiful.
Indonesia has many beautiful islands which are beautiful.
A house which is decorated it is mine.
A house which is decorated is mine.
Exercise
Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the following sentences. Then, indicate if
the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. For three weeks at the beginning of the semester students with fewer than the maximum
number of units can add additional courses.
2. Those applicants returning their completed forms at the earliest date have the highest
priority.
3. The fir trees were grown for the holiday season were harvested in November.
4. Construction of the housing development it will be underway by the first of the month.
5. With a sudden jerk of his hand threw the ball across the field to one of the players.
Choose the letter of the word or group of words that completes the sentence.
1. The North Plate River __________ from Wyoming into Nebraska.
a. It flowed c. flowing
b. Flows d. with flowing water
2. ___________ Biloxi received its name from a Siaoux word meaning “first people”.
a. The city of c. it is in
b. Located in d. the tour included
3. ____________ tea plant are small and white.
a. The c. having flowers the
b. On the d. the flowers of the
4. The tetracylines, __________ antibiotics, are used to treat infections.
a. Are a family of c. a family of
b. Being a family d. their family is
5. Any possible academic assistance from taking stimulants ____________ marginal at best.
a. It is c. is
b. There is d. as
6. I am talking about ________ the project together after lunch.
a. Do c. to do
b. Doing d. did
7. The novel ____ by Charles Conrad has become a best-selling novel.
a. Writing c. writes
b. To write d. written
8. Ellen Swallow became the first woman to enter, graduate from, and ___ at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
a. Teach c. a teacher
b. Who taught d. to teach
9. A medical emergency is a sudden or unexpected condition ___ immediate care to prevent
death or serious harm.
a. It requires c. to require
b. That requires d. a requirement of
10. Daniel Webster, Thadeus Steveus, and many others ___ prominent in public life began their
careers by teaching school.
a. They became c. once they became
b. Became d. who became
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11. American actress and director Margaret Webster___for her production of Shakespearean
plays.
a. who became famous c. becoming famous
b. famous as she became d. became famous
12. ____almost impossible to capture the beauty of the aurora borealis in photographs.
a. Being c. There is
b. It is d. Is
13. ____gas tanks connected to welding equipment, one full of oxygen and the other full of
acetylene.
a. It is two c. There are two
b. Of the two d. Two
14. On the moon, ___air because the moon’s gravitational field is too weak to retain an
atmosphere.
a. there is no c. no
b. where no d. is no
15. The first American novelist to have a major impact on world literature _____.
a. who was James Fenimore Cooper c. it was James Fenimore Cooper
b. James Fenimore Cooper was d. was James Fenimore Cooper
16. ____ for their strong fiber include flax and hemp.
a. Plants are grown c. Plants that grow
b. Plants grown d. To grow plants
17. ____ in front of a camera lens changes the color of the light that reaches the film.
a. Placed a filter c. A filter placed
b. A filter is placed d. When a filter placed
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SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT
Subject verb agreement simply means the subject and verb must agree in number. This means both
need to be singular or both need to be plural.
Example:
The keys on the tables are yours.
The development of some countries is great.
some of the students are my friend.
Some of the water is needed.
All of the people know the truth.
All of the sugar was sold.
My father, along with his friends, is walking to the west.
Nothing was important.
Exercise
Identify if these sentences are correct or incorrect!
1. Any houses built in that development before 1970 have to be upgraded to meet current
standards.
2. The interrogation, conducted by three police officers, have lasted for several hours.
3. The tenants in the apartment next to mine is giving a party this evening.
4. The witnesses saw that most of the fire in the hills was extinguished.
5. I was sure that all of the questions on the test were correct.
6. Some of the animals from the zoo was released into the animal preserve.
7. Manufacture of the items that you requested have been discontinued because of lack profit
or other items.
8. Half of the food that we are serving to the guest are still in the refrigerator.
9. It is impossible to believe that somebody actually admire that man.
10. Each of the doctors in the building needs to have a separate reception area.
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ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
An adjective clause, also known as an adjectival clause, is a type of dependent clause that works to
describe a noun in a sentence.
 Conjunction
After person : who, whom, that, whose
After non-person : which, that, whose, when, where, why,
prepositional which
 Pattern
Who + V + O
Whom + S + V
Which + S + V or + V + 0
That + S + V or + V + 0
Whose + S + V or + N + S + V
Where + S + V
When + S + V
Why + S + V
Prep which + S + V
Example :
1. We know a man who killed our neighbor.
2. John whom I talk with is my friend.
3. The children that were vaccinated did not get sick.
4. That is a topic which is interesting.
5. This is the hour when the children usually go to bed.
6. Mr. Collin is the man whose house I rented.
7. Here is the site where the bank plans to build its new headquarters.
8. I am in the room in which my brother is sleeping.
9. Tell me the reason why you leave him.
`
 Reducing and Omitting
Reducing is the deletion of conjunction, and then the verb will be changed.
It happens in verbal sentence in adjective clause.
The verb form will be present participle if it is active
past participle if it is passive
Example : Indonesia which has many cultures is my country.

Having
Timor- Timor which was released by Indonesia in 1988 is beautiful.
released
Omitting is the deletion of conjunction, and there will be no change for the subject and verb in the
omitted sentence.
It happens in both verbal and nominal sentence.
Omitting in nominal and verbal sentence: Con + S + V
S+V
Example : The police caught a man whom I am proud of.
I am proud of
My father whom I love very much fells happy in
I love very much his life.
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Exercise
1. The girl ____ the softball team is a great stop.
(A) joining (C) joined
(B) who joined (D) joins
2. I have ____ about when the meeting is supposed to start.
(A) no idea (C) idea that
(B) not idea (D) idea that is
3. We have to compile some papers that are explained about global warming ____.
(A) is dangerous (C) are dangerous
(B) that dangerous (D) dangerous
4. The building ___ now is a museum.
(A) being renovated (C) renovated
(B) to renovate (D) renovating
5. The book ____ by Ann is very good.
(A) Borrowing (C) is borrowing
(B) borrow (D) borrowed
6. Most folk songs are ballads ___ simple words and tell simple story.
(A) what (C) having
(B) that have (D) that
7. After its introduction in 1969, the float process ___ the world’s principal method of
manufacturing flat sheets of glass.
(A) By which it became (C) it became
(B) Became (D) which became
8. A keystone species is a species of plants or animals ___ absence has a major effect on an
ecological system.
(A) That is (C) its
(B) Whose (D) with its
9. She would like to live in Indonesia ___ it never snows.
(A) When (C) that
(B) Where (D) which
10. Mary introduced me to her former lecturer ___ she married after she had graduated.
(A) Of whom (C) whose
(B) Of which (D) whom
1. The Good Earth ___ is a novel set in China.
(A) Which by Pearl Buck (C) which was written by Pearl Buck
(B) Was written by Pearl Buck (D) Pearl Buck being the one who wrote
2. He admires Mother Teresa so much because she was the woman ___
(A) That she didn’t recognize me
(B) who dedicated her life to the poor
(C) Whom the governor met at the party
(D) of which house was very expensive
3. A friend of mine ___ father is the manager of a company helped me to get a job.
(A) Whose (C) whom
(B) Which (D) who
4. Most folk songs are ballads ____ have simple words and tell simple stories.
(A) what (C) when
(B) although (D) that
5. After its introduction in 1969, the float process ___ the world’s principal method of
manufacturing flat sheets of glass.
(A) by which it became (C) it became
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(B) became (D) which became
6. In 1850, Yale University established Sheffield Scientific School, ____
(A) engineers were educated there (C) in which were engineers educated
(B) where engineers were educated (D) where were engineers educated
7. Most beans _____ are a form of kidney bean.
(A) that are cultivated in the United States (C) are cultivated in the United States they
(B) their cultivation in the United States (D) they are cultivated in the United States
8. In addition to being a naturalist, Stewart E. White was a writer ___ the struggle for survival on
the American frontier.
(A) whose novels describe (C) his novels describe
(B) he describes in his novels (D) who, describing in his novels
9. The instrument panel of a light airplane has at least a dozen instruments ____
(A) the pilot must watch (C) that the pilot must watch them
(B) what the pilot must watch (D) such that the pilot must watch them
10. A keystone species is a species of plants or animals ___ absence has a major effect on an
ecological system.
(A) that its (C) whose
(B) its (D) with its
11. The size and shape of a nail depends primarily on the function ___ intended.
(A) which it is (C) which it is for
(B) for which it is (D) for which is
12. In geometry, a tangent is a straight line _____ a curve at only one point.
(A) it touches (C) its touching
(B) whose touching (D) that touches
13. Gene Krupa had one of the few big band that was centered on a drummer.
A B C D
14. There are many species of plants and animals that they are peculiar to Hawaii.
A B C D
15. The Pritzker Prize is given every year to architects their work benefits humanity
A B C
and the environment.
D
16. Active stocks are stocks they are frequently bought and sold.
A B C D
17. The Ringling Brothers were five brothers which built a small group of performers
A B
into the world’s largest circus.
C D
18. There are thousands of kinds of bacteria, many of whom are beneficial.
A B C D
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NOUN CLAUSE
A noun clause is a group of words acting together as a noun. It can be a subject and an object in a
sentence.
 Conjunction
Who What Whose
Whom Which Whenever
How Wherever Why
Whether/ if That
 Pattern Conjunction + S + V + (O)

Example
 They have to know who killed the police officer last night.
 She doesn’t care whom you met.
 How you get it is not my business.
 I do not know whether he will come or not.
 I am confused of what you are talking.
 We are curious which girl he loves
 I looked for where you live yesterday.
 That coffee grows well in Brazil is well known.
 I know whose car it is.
 When the seminar begins must be informed to everyone.
 "How we remember, what we remember, and why we remember form the most
personal map of our individuality."
Exercise
Identify if these sentences are correct or incorrect!
1. When the season starts is determined by the weather.
2. The manual how the device should be built.
3. You should find out which the best physics department.
4. The game show contestant was able to respond to whatever was asked.
5. The scheduled indicated if the teams would be playing in the final game.
6. The employee was unhappy about what was added to his job description.
7. He always talked with whomever he pleased and did whatever he wanted.
8. You should buy whatever the cheapest and most durable.
9. The contract will be awarded is the question to be answered at the meeting.
10. That the professor has not yet decided when the paper is due to.
Choose the correct answer!

1. ____ begin their existence as ice crystals over most of the earth seems likely.
a. Raindrops c. What if raindrops
b. If raindrops d. The raindrops
2. Scientists cannot agree on ___ related to other orders of insects.
a. that fleas are c. how are fleas
b. how fleas are d. fleas that are
3. It was in 1875 ____ joined the staff of the astronomical observatory at Harvard University.
a. that Anna Winlock c. as Anna Winlock
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b. Anna Winlock, who d. Anna Winlock then
4. ____ is a narrow strip of woods along a stream in an open grassland.
a. Ecologists use the term “gallery forest”
b. What do ecologists call a “gallery forest”
c. “Gallery forest” is the term ecologists use
d. What ecologists call a “gallery forest”
5. _____developed so rapidly in Alabama primarily because of its rich natural resources.
a. That heavy industry c. Heavy industry that was
b. Heavy industry d. When heavy industry
6. _____ so incredible is that these insects successfully migrate to places that they have never
even seen.
a. That makes the monarch butterflies’ migration
b. The migration of the monarch butterflies is
c. What makes the monarch butterflies’ migration
d. The migration of the monarch butterflies, which is
7. In order to grow vegetables properly, gardeners must know ____.
a. what the requirements for each vegetable are
b. that the requirements for each vegetable
c. what are each vegetable’s requirements
d. that is required by each vegetable
8. For many years people have wondered ____ exists elsewhere in the universe.
a. that life c. whether life
b. life which d. life as it
9. ___ contained in the chromosomes, and they are thought of as the units of heredity.
a. Genes which are c. When genes
b. Genes are d. Because of genes
10. if a food label indicates that a food is mostly carbohydrate, it does not mean ____ is a good
food to eat.
a. and it c. that it
b. and d. when
Choose the underlined word that is incorrect!

11. Although geologists have a clearly understanding of why earthquakes occur, they
A B C
cannot reliably predict when they will take place.
D
12. Art critics do not all agree on what are the qualities that make a painting great.
A B C D
13. Exactly when was the wheel invented is not known.
A B C D
14. A test pilot tries out new kinds of aircraft to determine if are they safe.
A B C D
15. The money needed to start and continue operating a business know as capital.
A B C D
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ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
An adverbial clause is a group of words which plays the role of an adverb.

This following table is the kinds of adverbial clause.
common
kind of clause Function Example
conjunctions
when, before, after, These clauses are used to say

since, while, as, as when something happens by Her goldfish died when
time clauses
long as, until, till, referring to a period of time or she was young.
once, as to another event.
These clauses are used to talk

If they lose weight during
conditional if, unless, even if, if about a possible or
an illness, they soon
clauses only, in case counterfactual situation and its
regain it afterwards.
consequences.
These clauses are used to They had to take some of

purpose in the hope that, so
indicate the purpose of an his land so that they could
clauses that, in order that
action. extend the churchyard.
These clauses are used to I couldn't feel anger

reason
because, since, as, indicate the reason for against him because I
clauses
something. liked him too much.
My suitcase had become

These clauses are used to so damaged on the
result clauses so...that
indicate the result of something. journey home that the lid
would not stay closed.
These clauses are used to make

although, though, I used to read a lot
concession two statements, one of which
even though, while, although I don't get much
clauses contrasts with the other or
even if. time for books now.
makes it seem surprising.
where, wherever, These clauses are used to talk

He said he was happy
place clauses anywhere, about the location or position of
where he was.
everywhere, nowhere something.
Clause of As/so …….as , more Adverbs is a clause which states Johan can speak English
Comparison …..than, less …… than. comparison. as fluently as his teacher.
These clauses are used to talk I was never allowed to do

clauses of
As if, as though, as about someone's behavior or things as I wanted to do
manner
the way something is done. them.
Exercise:
Indicate if the sentences are correct or incorrect!
1. Though was surprised at the results, she was pleased with what she has done.
2. Wearing only a light sweater, she stepped out into the pouring rain.
3. The family stopped to visit many relatives while driving across the country.
4. The application will at least be reviewed if submitted by the fifteenth of the month.
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5. Before decided to have surgery, you should get a second opinion.
Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes.
1. When ___ nests during spring nesting season, Canadian geese are fiercely territorial.
a. building c. are building
b. built d. are built
2. In 1870, Calvin, along with Adirondack hunter Alvah Dunning, made the first
known ascent of Seward Mountain, ___ far from roads or trails.
a. a remote peak c. it is a remote peak
b. a remote peak is d. which a remote peak
3. Kokanee salmon begin to deteriorate and die soon ___ at the age of four.
a. they spawn c. after spawning
b. spawn d. spawned the salmon
4. Until ___ incorrect, astronomers had assumed that the insides of white dwarfs were
uniform.
a. they c. The astronomers recently proven
b. their proof d. recently proven
5. ___ artifacts from the early Chinese dynasties, numerous archeologists have explored the
southern Silk Road.
a. They were searching for c. Searched for
b. It was a search for d. Searching for
6. Small sailboats can easily capsize ___ they are not handled carefully.
a. but c. if
b. which d. so
7. ____ advertising is so widespread in the United States, it has had an enormous effect on
American life.
a. Why c. On account of
b. The reason d. Since
8. ____ together in one place, they form a community.
a. When people who live c. Whenever people live
b. When people living d. Whenever living people
9. ____ toward shore, its shape is changed by its collision with the shallow sea bottom.
a. During a wave rolls c. A wave rolls
b. As a wave rolls d. A wave’s rolling
10. Natural silk is still highly prized ___ similar artificial fabrics.
a. although is available c. in spite of the availability of
b. despite there are available d. even though an availability of
Choose the underlined word that is incorrect!

11. Despite cats cannot see in complete darkness, their eyes are much more sensitive to
A B C
light than humans’ eyes.
D
12. Snakebirds were not given their name because they eat snakes, but because of their
A B C D
long, slender necks resemble snakes.
13. During lava cools exceptionally fast, it forms a natural glass called obsidian.
A B C D
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14. Although Adlai Stevenson was never elected president, he was one of the preeminent
A B
American politics of the mid-twentieth century.
C D
15. In the sixteenth century, it was thought that a compass needle pointed north because
A B C D
some mysterious influence of the stars.
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SECTION THREE: READING COMPREHENSION
B. READING SKILLS
1. Questions about the Ideas of the Passage
SKILL 1 : Answer main idea questions correctly

SKILL 2 : Recognize the organization of ideas
2. Directly Answered Questions
SKILL 3 : Answer stated detail questions correctly

SKILL 4 : Find “unstated” details
SKILL 5 : Find pronoun referents
3. Indirectly Answered Questions
SKILL 6 : Answer implied detail questions correctly

SKILL 7 : Answer transition questions correctly
4. Vocabulary Questions
SKILL 8 : Find definitions from structural clues

SKILL 9 : Determine meanings from word parts
SKILL 10 : Use context to determine meanings of difficult words
SKILL 11 : Use context to determine meanings of simple words
5. Overall Review Question
SKILL 12 : Determine where specific information is found
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I. QUESTION ABOUT THE IDEAS OF THE PASSAGE
SKILL 1 : ANSWER MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS CORRECTLY
How to identify the main idea questions
1. What is the Topic of the passage?

2. What is the Subject of the passage?
3. What is the Main idea of the passage?
4. What is the author’s Main point in the passage?
5. Which of the following would be The best title?
6. ......... primarily/ mainly / mostly/ best described, discussed, concerned?
How to find the answers
1. Read the first line of each paragraph.

2. Look for a common theme or idea in the first two lines.
3. Pass your eyes quickly over the rest of the passage to check that you really found
the topic sentences.
Sample passage and questions

Carbon tetrachloride is a colourless and inflammable liquid that can be produced by combining
carbon disulfide and chlorine. This compound is widely used in industry today because of its
effectiveness as a solvent as well as its use in the production of propellants.
Despite its widespread use in industry, carbon tetrachloride has been banned for home use. In
the past, carbon tetrachloride was a common ingredient in cleaning compounds that were used
throughout the home, but it was found to be dangerous: when heated, it changes into a poisonous
gas that can cause severe illness and even death if it is inhaled. Because of this dangerous
characteristic, The United State revoked the permission for the home use of carbon tetrachloride in
1970. The United State has taken similar action with various other chemical compounds.
1. The main point of this passage is that

A. Carbon tetrachloride is dangerous when it is heated.
B. The government banned carbon tetrachloride in 1970.
C. Although carbon tetrachloride can legally be used in industry, it is not allowed in home
products.
D. Carbon tetrachloride used to be a regular part of cleaning compounds
TOEFL EXERCISE FOR SKILL 1 :

Passage 1
The next artist in this survey of American artists is James Whistler, he is included in this survey
of American artists because he was born in The United Stated, although the majority of artwork was
completed in Europe. Whistler was born in Massachusetts in 1834, but nine years later his father
move the family to St. Petersburg, Russia to work on the construction of a railroad. The family
returned to The United Stated in 1849, Two years later Whistler entered the U.S. military academy at
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West Point, but he was unable to graduate. At the age of twenty one, Whistler went to Europe to
study art despite familial objections, and he remained in Europe until his death.
Whistler worked in various art forms, including etchings and lithographs. However, he is most
famous for his paintings, particularly Arrangement in Gray and Black No.1 : portrait of the artist’s
mother or Whistler’s mother, as it is more commonly known. This painting shows a side view of
Whistler’s mother, dressed in black and posing against a gray wall. The asymmetrical nature of the
portrait, with his mother seated off – centre, is highly characteristic of Whistler’s work.
1. Which of the following best describes the information in the passage?

A. Several artists are presented.
B. Various paintings are contrasted.
C. One artist’s life and works are described.
D. Whistler’s family life is outlined.
Passage 2
The locations of stars in the sky relative to one another do not appear to the naked eye to
change, and as a result stars are often considered to be fixed in position. Many unaware stargazes
falsely assume that each star has its own permanent home in the night time sky.
In reality, though, stars are always moving, but because of the tremendous distances between
the stars themselves and from stars to earth, the changes are barely perceptible here. An example of
a rather fast moving start demonstrates why this misconception prevails; it takes approximately 200
years for a relatively rapid star like Bernard’s star to move a distance in the skies equal to the
diameter of the earth’s moon. When the apparently negligible movement of the stars is contrasted
with the movement of the planets, the stars are seemingly unmoving.
1. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?

A. What the eye can see in the sky.
B. Bernard’s Star.
C. Planetary movement.
D. The ever moving star.
Passage 3
Hurricanes generally occur in the North Atlantic from May through November with the peak of
hurricane season in September, only rarely will they occur from December through April in that part
of the ocean. The main reason for the occurrence of hurricanes during this period is that the
temperature on the water surface is at its warmest and the humidity of the air is at the highest.
Of the tropical storms that occur each year in the North Atlantic, only about five, on the
average, are powerful enough to be called hurricanes. To be classified as a hurricane, a tropical
storm must have winds reaching speed of 117 kilometers per hour, but the winds are often mush
stronger than that ; the winds of intense hurricanes can easily surpass 240 kilometers per hour.
1. The passage mainly discusses about

A. How many hurricanes occur each year .
B. The strength of hurricanes.
C. The weather in the North Atlantic.
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D. Hurricanes in one part of the world.
2. The best title for this passage would be

A. The North Atlantic ocean.
B. Storms of the Northern Atlantic.
C. Hurricanes : The damage and destruction.
D. What happens from May through November.
Passage 4
A solar eclipse occurs when the moon moves in front of the sun and hides at least some part of
the sun from the earth. In a partial eclipse, the moon covers part of the sun; in an annular eclipse,
the moon covers the centre of the sun, leaving a bright ring of light around the moon. In a total
eclipse, the sun is completely covered by the moon.
It seems rather improbable that a celestial body the size of the moon could completely block
out the tremendously immense sun as happens in a total eclipse, but this is exactly what happens.
Although the moon is considerably smaller in size than the sun, the moon is able to cover the sun
because of their relative distances from the earth. A total eclipse can last up to 7 minutes, during
which the moon’s shadow moves across earth at a rate of about 6 kilometers per second.
1. This passage mainly discusses about

A. How long the eclipse will last.
B. Gives facts about the moon.
C. Explains how the sun is able to obscure the moon.
D. Informs the readers about the solar eclipse.
Passage 5
Most people think of deserts as a dry, flat areas with little vegetation and little or no rainfall,
but this is hardly true. Many deserts have varied geographical formations ranging from soft, rolling
hills to stark, jagged cliffs, and most deserts have a permanent source of water. Although deserts do
not receive a high amount of rainfall to be classified as a desert, an area must get less twenty five
centimeters of rainfall per year. There are many plants that thrive on only small amount of water,
and deserts are often full of such plant life.
Desert plants have a variety of mechanisms for obtaining the water needed for survival. Some
plants, such as cactus, are able to store large amount of water in their leaves or stems. After a
rainfall, these plants absorb a large supply of water to last until the next rainfall. Other plants, such
as mesquite, have extraordinarily deep root systems that allow them to obtain water from far below
the desert’s arid surface.
1. What is the main topic of the passage?

A. Deserts are dry, flat areas with few plants.
B. There is little rainfall in the desert.
C. Many kinds of vegetation can survive with little water.
D. Deserts are not really flat areas with little plant life.
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SKILL 2 : RECOGNIZE THE ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS
How to identify the main idea questions
1. How is the information in the passage organised?

2. How is the information in the second paragraph related to the information in the first
paragraph?
1. Read the first line of each paragraph.

2. Look for words that show relationships among the paragraphs.
3. choose the answer that best expresses the relationship.

If asked who invented the game of baseball, most Americans would probably reply that it was
their belief that Abner Doubleday did. They believe this because the story about Doubleday is part of
the tradition of baseball.
Doubleday was given credit for this invention early in the twentieth century when sporting
goods manufacturer Spaulding inaugurated a commission to research the question of who invented
baseball. In 1908, a report was published by the commission in which Abner Doubleday, a U.S Army
officer from Cooperstown, New York, was given credit for the invention of the game. The National
Baseball Hall of Fame was established in Cooperstown in honor of Doubleday.
Today, most sports historians are in agreement that Doubleday really did not have much to do
with the development of baseball. Instead, baseball seems to be a close relation to the English game
of rounders and probably has English rather than American roots.
1. How is the information in the second and third paragraph related to the information in the first
paragraph?
A. A belief is supported with reasons.
B. A cause is followed by an effect.
C. A concept is followed by examples.
D. An idea is presented and then refuted.
TOEFL EXERCISE FOR SKILL 2

Passage 1
Conflict within an organization is not always viewed as undesirable, various managers have
widely divergent ideas on the value that conflict can have.
According to the traditional view of conflict, conflict is harmful to an organization. Managers with
this traditional view of conflict see it as their role in an organization to rid the organization of any
possible sources of conflict.
The interactionist view of conflict on the other hand, holds that conflict can serve an important
function in an organization by reducing complacency among workers and causing positive changes to
occur. Managers who hold an interactionist view of conflict may actually take steps to stimulate
within the organization.
40
1. How is the information in the passage organized?
A. The origin of ideas about conflict is presented.
B. Contrasting views of conflicts are presented.
C. Two theorists discuss the strength and weaknesses of their views on conflict.
D. Examples of conflict within organizations are presented
Passage 2
IQ, or intelligence Quotient as the radio of a patron’s mental age to chronological age, with the
radio multiplied by 100 remove the decimal. Chronological age is easily determined; mental age is
generally measured by some kind of standard test and is not so simple to define.
In theory, a standardized IQ test is set up to measure an individual’s ability to perform
intellectual operations such as reasoning and problem solving. These intellectual operations are
considered to represent intelligence.
In practice, it has been impossible to arrive at consensus at to which types of intellectual
operations demonstrate intelligence. Furthermore, it has been impossible to devise a test without
cultural bias, which is to say that any IQ tests so far proposed have been shown to reflect the culture
of the test makers. Test makers from that culture would, it follows, score higher on such a test than
test takers from a different culture with equal intelligence.
1. What type of information is included in the first paragraph?
A. An argument
B. A definition
C. An opinion
D. A theory
TOEFL EXERCISE ( Skills 1 – 2 )

Common types of calendars can be based on the sun or the moon. The solar calendar is based on
the solar year since it is 365.2422 day long. Solar calendar consists of regular years of 365 days and
have an extra day every fourth year or leap year to make up for the additional fractional amount. In
a solar calendar, the waxing and waning of the moon can take place at various stages of each month.
The lunar calendar is synchronized to the lunar month rather than the solar year since the lunar
month is a twenty nine and a half day long, and most lunar calendar have alternating months of
twenty nine and thirty days. A twelve month lunar year thus has 354 days, 11 days shorter than a
solar year.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. All calendars are the same.
B. The solar calendar is based on the sun.
C. Different calendar have dissimilar bases.
D. The lunar month is twenty nine and a half days long.
2. How is the information in the passage organized?

A. Characteristics of the solar calendar are outlined.
B. Two types of calendar are described.
C. The strengths and weakness of the lunar calendar are described.
D. The length of each existing calendar is contrasted.
41
II. DIRECTLY ANSWERED QUESTIONS
SKILL 3 : ANSWER STATED DETAIL QUESTIONS CORRECTLY
How to identify the questions

1. According to the passage .................
2. It is stated in the passage that ..........
3. The passage indicates/ states that ...............
4. Which of the following is true ........

1. Choose a key word in the question.
2. Skim in the appropriate part of the passage for the key word or idea.
3. Read the sentences that contain the key word or idea.

Despite its widespread use in industry, carbon tetrachloride has been banned for home use.
In the past, carbon tetrachloride was a common ingredient in cleaning compounds that were used
1. According to the passage that before 1970, carbon tetrachloride was...

A. used by its self as a cleaner.
B. banned in industrial use.
C. not allowed in home cleaning products.
D. often used as a component of cleaning products.

Passage 1
Ice age, those periods when ice covered extensive areas of the Earth, are known to have
occurred at least six times. Past ice ages can be recognized from rock strata that show evidence of
foreign materials deposited by moving walls of ice or melting glaciers. Ice ages can also be
recognized from land formation that have been produced from moving walls of ice, such as U-
shaped valleys, sculptured landscapes, and polished rock faced.
1. According to the passage, what happens 2. The passage covers how many different
during an ice age? methods of recognizing past ice ages?
A. Rock strata are recognized by geologists A. One
B. Evidence of foreign materials is found B. Two
C. Ice covers a large portion of the C. Three
Earth’s surface. D. Four
D. Ice metls six times
42
Passage 2
The human heart is divided into four chambers, each of which serves its own function in the
circle of pumping blood. The atria are the thin-walled upper chambers gather blood as it flows from
the veins between heartbeats. The ventricles are the thick-walled lower chambers that receive blood
from the atria and push it into the arteries with each contraction of the heart. The left atrium and
ventricle work separately from those on the right. The role of the chambers on the right side of the
heart is to receive oxygen-depleted blood from the body tissues and send it on the lungs; the
chambers on the left side of the heart than receive the oxygen-enriched blood from the lungs and
send it back out to the body tissues.
1. The passage indicates that the ventricles

A. Have relatively thin wall.
B. Send blood to the atria.
C. Are above the atria.
D. Force blood into the arteries.
2. According to the passage, when is blood pushed into the arteries from the ventricles?
A. As the heart beats.
B. Between the heart beats.
C. Before each contraction of the heart.
D. Before it is received by the atria.
Passage 3
A solar eclipse occurs when the moon moves in front of the sun and hides at least some part of
the sun from the earth. In a partial eclipse, the moon covers part of the sun; in an annular eclipse,
the moon covers the centre of the sun, leaving a bright ring of light around the moon. In a total
eclipse, the sun is completely covered by the moon.
It seems rather improbable that a celestial body the size of the moon could completely block
out the tremendously immense sun as happens in a total eclipse, but this is exactly what happens.
Although the moon is considerably smaller in size than the sun, the moon is able to cover the sun
because of their relative distances from the earth. A total eclipse can last up to 7 minutes, during
which the moon’s shadow moves across earth at a rate of about 6 kilometers per second.
1. According to the passage, how can the moon hide the sun during a total eclipse?
A. The fact that the moon is closer to earth than the sun makes up for the moon’s
smaller size.
B. The moon can only obscure the sun because of the moon’s great distance from the earth.
C. Because the sun is relatively close to earth, the sun can be eclipsed by the moon.
D. The moon hides the sun because of the moon’s considerable size.
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Passage 4
1. According to the passage, the distances between the stars and the earth are
A. Barely perceptible
B. Huge
C. Fixed
D. Moderate
2. The passage states that in 200 years Bernard’s star can move
A. Around earth’s moon.
B. Next to earth’s moon.
C. A distance equals to the distance from earth to the moon.
D. A distance seemingly equal to the diameter of the moon.
Passage 5
Most people think of deserts as a dry, flat areas with little vegetation and little or no rainfall,
but this is hardly true. Many deserts have varied geographical formations ranging from soft, rolling
hills to stark, jagged cliffs, and most deserts have a permanent source of water. Although deserts do
not receive a high amount of rainfall to be classified as a desert, an area must get less twenty five
centimeters of rainfall per year. There are many plants that thrive on only small amount of water,
and deserts are often full of such plant life.
Desert plants have a variety of mechanisms for obtaining the water needed for survival. Some
plants, such as cactus, are able to store large amount of water in their leaves or stems. After a
rainfall, these plants absorb a large supply of water to last until the next rainfall. Other plants, such
as mesquite, have extraordinarily deep root systems that allow them to obtain water from far below
the desert’s arid surface.
1. According to the passage, what causes an area to be classified as a desert?

A. The type of plants.
B. The geographical formations.
C. The amount of precipitation.
D. The source of water.
44
SKILL4 : FIND “UNSTATED” DETAILS
1. Which of the following is not stated ........?
2. Which of the following is not mentioned ...?
3. Which of the following is not discussed ....?
4. Which of the following is not true ....?
5. All of the following are true except ....?

2. Scan the appropriate place in the passage for the key word or idea.
3. Read the sentence that contains the key word carefully.
4. Look for answers that are definitely true according to the passage.
5. Choose the answer that is not true or not discussed in the passage.

While the bald eagle is one national symbol of The United States, it is not the only one. Uncle Sam, a
bearded gentleman costumed in red, white and blue stars and stripes of the nation’s flag, is another
well known national symbol.
1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about Uncle Sam’s appearance?

A. He wears facial hair.
B. There is some in his clothing.
C. He is bald.
D. His clothes have stripes in them.

Passage 1
1. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A. Starts do not appear to the eye to move.
B. The large distances between stars and the earth tend to magnify.
C. Bernard’s star moves quickly in comparison with other stars.
D. Although starts move, they seem to be fixed.
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Passage 2
The next artist in this survey of American artists is James Whistler, he is included in this survey
of American artists because he was born in The United Stated, although the majority of artwork was
completed in Europe. Whistler was born in Massachusetts in 1834, but nine years later his father
move the family to St. Petersburg, Russia to work on the construction of a railroad. The family
returned to The United Stated in 1849, Two years later Whistler entered the U.S. military academy at
West Point, but he was unable to graduate. At the age of twenty one, Whistler went to Europe to
study art despite familial objections, and he remained in Europe until his death.
Whistler worked in various art forms, including etchings and lithographs. However, he is most
famous for his paintings, particularly Arrangement in Gray and Black No.1 : portrait of the artist’s
mother or Whistler’s mother, as it is more commonly known. This painting shows a side view of
Whistler’s mother, dressed in black and posing against a gray wall. The asymmetrical nature of the
portrait, with his mother seated off – centre, is highly characteristic of Whistler’s work.
1. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A. Whistler worked in a variety of art forms.
B. Whistler’s mother is not the official name of his paintings.
C. Whistler is best known for his etchings.
D. Whistler’s mother is painted in somber tones.
Passage 3
In English there are many different kinds of expressions that people use to give a name to
anything whose name is unknown or momentarily forgotten. The word gadget is one such word. It
was first used by British sailors in the 1850’s and probably came from the French word gachette,
which was a small hook. In everyday use, the word has a more general meaning. Other words are
also used to give a name to something, unnamed or unknown and these words tend to be somewhat
imaginative. Some of the more commonly used expressions are a what-d’ye-call-it, a whatsis, a
thingamabob, a thingamajig, a doodad, or a doohickey.
1. Which of the following is NOT true about the word “gadget” ?

A. It is used to name something when the name is not known
B. It was used at the beginning of the nineteenth century
C. It most likely came from a word in the French language.
D. It’s first known use was by British sailors.
2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as an expression for something that is
not known?
A. A thingamabob
B. gadget
C. A doohickey
D. A what-is-it
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Passage 4
Blood plasma is a clear, almost colorless liquid. It consists of blood from which the red and
white blood cells have been removed. It is often used in transfusions because a patient generally
needs the plasma portion of the blood more than the other components.
Plasma differs in several important ways from whole blood. First of all, plasma can be mixed for
all donors and does not have to be from the right blood group, as whole blood does. In addition,
plasma can be dried and stored, while whole blood cannot.
1. All of the following are true about blood plasma EXCEPT……

A. It is a deeply colored liquid
B. Blood cells have taken out of it
C. Patients are often transfused with it
D. It is generally more important to the patient than other part of whole blood.
2. Which of the following is NOT stated about whole blood?
A. It is different from plasma
B. It cannot be dried
C. It is impossible to keep in storage for a long time.
D. It is a clear, colorless liquid.
Passage 5
Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman was an American journalist at the turn of the century who wrote for
the newspaper New York World under the pen name Nellie Bly, a name which was taken from the
Stephen, Foster song Nellie Bly. She achieved fame for her exposes and in particular for the bold and
adventure some way that she obtained her stories.
She felt that the best way to get the real story was from the inside rather than as an outside
observer who could be treated to a prettified version of reality. On one occasion she pretended to
be a thief so that she would get a nested and see for herself how female prisoners were really
treated. On another occasion she faked mental illness in order to be admitted to a mental hospital to
get the real picture on the treatment of mental patients.
1. Which of the following is NOT true about Nellie Bly?

A. Nelly Bly’s real name was Elizabeth Cochrane seaman.
B. Nellie Bly was mentally ill
C. The name Nellie Bly came from a song.
D. The name Nellie Bly was used on articles that Seaman wrote.
2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as something that Nellie Bly did to get a good story?
A. She acted like a thief
B. She got arrested by the police.
C. She pretended to be ill.
D. She worked as a doctor in a mental hospital.
47
SKILL 5 : FIND PRONOUN REFERENTS
1. The pronoun “ ......... “ in line ....... refers to which of the following?

1. Locate the pronoun in the passage.
2. The noun is generally found before the pronoun.
3. Try each of the nouns in the contexts in place of the pronoun.

Carnivorous plants, such as the sundew and the Venus Flytrap are generally found in the humid
areas where there is an inadequate supply of nitrogen in the soil. In order to survive, these plants
have developed mechanisms to trap insects within their foliage. They have digestive fluids to obtain
the necessary nitrogen from the insects. These plants trap the insects in a variety of ways. The
sundew has sticky hairs on its leaves; when an insect lands on these leaves, it gets caught up in the
sticky hairs, and the leaf wraps itself around the insect. The leaves of the Venus-Flytrap function
more like a trap, snapping suddenly and forcefully shut around an insect.
1. The pronoun ‘they’ in line 3 refers to …

A. Humid areas
B. These plants
C. Insects
D. Digestive fluids
2. The pronoun ‘it’ in line 6 refers to …
A. A variety
B. The sundew
C. An insect
D. The leaf

Passage 1
The full moon that occurs nearest the equinox of the Sun has become known as the harvest
moon. It is bright moon which allows farmer to work late into the night for several nights; they can
work when the moon is at its brightest to bring in the fall harvest. The harvest moon of course,
occurs at different times of the year in the northern and southern hemispheres. In the northern
hemisphere, the harvest moon occurs in September at the time of the autumnal equinox. In the
southern hemisphere, the harvest moon occurs in March at the time of the vernal equinox.
2. The pronoun “it” in line 2 refers to

A. The equinox
B. The Sun
C. The harvest moon
D. The night
3. The pronoun “they” in line 3 refers to
A. Farmers C. Full moon
B. Several nights D. Harvest moon
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III. INDIRECTLY ANSWERED QUESTIONS
SKILL 6 : ANSWER IMPLIED DETAILED QUESTIONS CORRECTLY

1. It is implied in the passage that .....
2. It is inferred / it can be inferred from the passage that .....
3. It is most likely that .......
4. What probably happened ..........

2. Scan the passage for the key word.
3. Carefully read the sentence that contains the key word.
4. Look for an answer that could be true according to that sentence.

Despite its widespread use in industry, carbon tetrachloride has been banned for home use.
In the past, carbon tetrachloride was a common ingredient in cleaning compounds that were used
1. It can be inferred from the passage that one rule of the U.S government is to
A. Regulate product safety.
B. Prohibit any use of carbon tetrachloride.
C. Instruct industry on cleaning methodologies.
D. Ban the use of any chemicals.

Passage 1
The Hawaiian language is a melodious language in which all words are derived from an Alphabet
of only twelve letters, the five vowels, A,E,I,O,U and the seven consonants H,K,L,M,N,P,W. Each
syllable in the language ends in a vowel, and two consonants never appear together, so vowels have
a much higher frequency in the Hawaiian language than they do in English.
This musical sounding language can be heard regularly by visitors to the islands. Most Hawaiians
speak English, but it is quite common to hear English that is liberally spiced with words and
expressions from the traditional language of the culture. A visitor may be greeted with the
expression aloha, and may be referred to as a malihini because he is a new comer to the island. This
visitor may attend an outside luau where everyone eats too much and be invited afterwards to
dance the hula.
49
1. Which of the following is probably NOT a Hawaiian word?
A. Mahalo
B. Mahimahi
C. Meklea
D. Moana
2. It is implied a luau is …
A. A dance
B. A feast
C. A concert
D. A language
Passage 2
Eskimos need efficient and adequate means to travel across water in that the areas where they
live are surrounded by oceans, bays, and inlets and dotted with lakes and seas. Two different types
of boats have been developed by the Eskimo, each constructed to meet specific needs.
The Kayak is something like a canoe that has been covered by deck. A kayak is generally
constructed with one opening in the deck for one rider, however, some kayaks are made for two,
Because the deck of a kayak is covered over except for the hole (or holes) for its rider (or riders), a
kayak can tip over in the water and roll back without filling with water and sinking. One of the
primary uses of the kayak is for hunting.
The umiak is not closed over, as is in the kayak, instead it is an open boat that is built to hold
ten to twelve passengers. Eskimos have numerous uses for the umiak which reflect the size of the
boat; e.g. the umiak is used to haul belongings from campsite to campsite, and it is used for hunting
larger animals that are too big to be hunted in a kayak.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that an example of the animal mentioned in lines 12-13
might be
A. A kangaroo
B. A snake
C. A whale
D. A salmon
Passage 3
Two types of trees from the same family of trees share honors in certain respects as the
most impressive of trees. Both evergreen conifers, the California redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)
and the giant sequoia (Sequoiandendrom gigantteum) are found growing natively only in the state of
California. The California redwood is found along the northern coast of the state, while the giant
sequoia is found inland and at a higher elevations, along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas.
The California redwood is the tallest living tree and is in fact the tallest living thing on the
face of the earth; the height of the tallest redwood on the record is 385 feet (120 meters). Though
not quite as tall as the California redwood, with the height of 320 feet ( 100 meters), the giant
sequoia is nonetheless the largest and the most massive of living things ; giant sequoias have been
measured at more than 100 feet (30 meters) around the base, with weights of more than 6,000 tons.
1. It is implied in the passage that
A. The leaves of only California redwood turn brown in the autumn
B. The leaves of only the giant sequoia turn brown in the winter
50
C. The leaves of both types of trees in the passage turn brown in the winter
D. The leaves of neither types of tree in the passage turn brown in the winter
2. It can be inferred from the passage that the Siera Nevadas are …
A. type of giant redwood
B. A coastal community
C. A group of lakes
D. Mountain range
Passage 4
The hippopotamus is the third largest land animal, smaller only than the elephant and the
rhinoceros. Its name comes from two Greek words which mean “river horse”. The long name of this
animal is often shortened to the easier to handle term “ hippo “.
The hippo has natural affinity for the water. It does not float on top of the water; instead, it can
easily walks along the bottom of a body of water. The hippo commonly remains under water for
three to five minutes and has been known to stay under for up to half an hour before coming up for
air.
In spite of its name, the hippo has relatively little in common with the horse and instead has a
number of interesting similarities in common with the whale. When a hippo comes up after a stay at
the bottom of a lake or river, it releases air through a blowhole, just like a whale. In addition, the
hippo resembles the whale in that they both have thick layers of blubber for protection and they are
almost completely hairless.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that the rhinoceros is

A. Smaller then the hippo
B. Equal in size to the elephant
C. A hybrid of the hippo and the elephant
D. One of the two largest types of land animal
SKILL 7 : ANSWER TRANSITION QUESTION CORRECTLY

1. The paragraph preceding the passage probably ...
2. What is most likely in the paragraph following the passage?

1. Read the first line for a preceding question.
2. Read the last line for a following question.
3. Draw a conclusion about what comes before or after.
4. Choose the answer that is reflected in the first or last line of the passage.

Another myth of the oceans concerns Davy Jones, who in folklore is the mean-spirited
sovereign of the ocean’s depths. The name “Jones” is thought by some etymologists to have been
derived from the name “Jonah” the Hebrew prophet who spent three days in a whales belly.
According to tradition, any object that goes overboard and sinks to the bottom of the ocean
is said to have gone to Davy Jones’s locker, the ocean sized, mythical receptacle for anything that
51
falls into the water, needless to say, any sailor on the seas is not so eager to take a tour of Davy
Jones’s locker, although it might be a rather interesting trip considering all the treasures located
there.
1. The paragraph preceding this passage most probably discusses
A. The youth of Davy Jones
B. Davy Jones career as a sailor
C. A different traditional story from the sea
D. Preparing to travel on the ocean
2. The topic of the paragraph following the passage most likely is
A. Valuable items located of the bottom of the ocean.
B. Where Davy Jones is found today
C. Jonah and the whale
D. Preventing objects from failing overboard
IV. VOCABULARY QUESTIONS

SKILL 7 : FIND DEFINITIONS FROM STRUCTURAL CLUES
One of the leading schools of psychological thought in the twentieth century is behaviorism –
the belief that the role of the psychologist is to study behavior, which is observable, rather than
conscious and unconscious thought, which is not. Probably the best known proponent of
behaviorism is B.E Skinner, who is famous for his research on how rewards and punishment
influence behavior. He came to believe that positive reinforcements such as praise, food, or money
were more effective in promoting good behavior than negative reinforcement or punishment.
1. In “behaviorism” In line 2, a psychologist is concerned with

A. Unconscious thought patterns
B. Observable actions
C. Unobservable actions
D. Uunobservable actions
2. What is “positive reinforcement” in line 7
A. A gift
B. A reward
C. A bribe
D. A penalty
3. What is “negative reinforcement” in line 9?
A. A promotion
B. A reward
C. A surprise
D. A punishment
SKILL 8 : DETERMINE MEANINGS FROM WORD PARTS

Ring lardner himself was born into a wealthy, educated, and cultured family. For the book of his
carrier, he worked as a reporter for newspapers in South Bend, Boston, Santa Louis, and Chicago.
However, it is for his short stories of lower middle – clash Americans that ring lardner is perhaps best
52
known. In these stories, Lardner vividly creates the language and the ambiance of this lower class,
often using the misspelled words, grammatical errors and incorrect diction that typified the language
of the lower middle class.
1. The word “vividly” in line 6 is closest in meaning to …
A. In a cultured way
B. In a correct way
C. In a lifelike way
D. In a brief way
2. The word “misspelled” in line 7 is closest in meaning to …
A. Highly improper
B. Vulgar
C. Incorrectly written
D. Slang
3. The word “diction” in line 8 is closest in meaning to …
A. Writing
B. Sentence structure
C. Form
D. Speech
SKILL 9 : USE CONTEXT TO DETERMINE MEANINGS OF DIFFICULT WORDS

… The barges headed across the lake …
1. A “barge” is probably, which of the following?
A. A train
B. A plane
C. A bicycle
D. A boat
SKILL 10 : USE CONTEXT TO DETERMINE MEANINGS OF SIMPLE WORDS
He put his answer this way …

1. The word “put” is closest meaning to which of the following?
A. Placed
B. Set
C. Expressed
D. Handed
TOEFL EXERCISE FOR SKILL 10
Passage 1
Cardamon is not as widely used as a spice in the United States as it is in other parts of the world.
This fruit of the ginger plant provides an oil that basically has been used solely as a stimulant in
American and English medicines. Other cultures have recognized the multipurpose benefits of this
aromatic fruit. In Asia it is used to season sauces such as curry; in Middle Eastern countries it is
seeped to prepare a flavorful golden colored tea; in parts of northern Europe it is used as spice in
various types of pastry.
53
1. The word “solely” in line 2 could best be replaced by ...
A. Initially
B. Only
C. Reportedly
D. Healthfully
2. The word “multipurpose” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
A. Health
B. Singular
C. Recognized
D. Varied
3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “season” in line 4?
A. Divide
B. Forecast
C. Spice
D. Put a time limit
4. “Curry” in line 4 is …
A. The fruit of ginger plant
B. A spicy type of sauce
C. A culture in the area of the Middle East
D. A type of golden-colored tea
5. The word “seeped” in line 5 is closest in meaning to …
A. Steamed
B. Dried
C. Stored
D. Grown
Passage 2
The life-span of an elephant that dies from natural causes is about sixty-five years. Of course, an
elephant can perish from a number of” unnatural causes”; e.g it can be killed by hunters, most
probably for the valuable ivory in its tusks; it can die from deases that spread throughout an
elephant herd; or it can die from drought or from the lack of food that almost certainly accompanies
the inadequate supply of water.
If, however, an elephant survives disasters, it falls prey to old age in its mid-sixties. Around this
age, the cause of death is attributed to the loss of the final set of molars. When this last set of teeth
is gone, the elephant dies from malnutrition because it is unable to obtain unadequate nourishment.
In old age, elephant tend to search out a final home where there is shade for comfort from the sun
and soft vegetation for cushioning; the bones of many old elephants have been found in such places.
6. The word “perish in line 2 means …

A. Fall ills
B. Shoot
C. Die
D. Get rich
7. The word “unnatural” in line 2 is closest meaning to …
A. Wild
B. Violent
C. Domesticated
D. Abnormal
8.
54
9. The word “drought” in line 4 means …
A. A drowning
B. A lack of food
C. An inadequate supply of water
D. An overabundance of animals
10. Which of the following could be used to replace the word “survives” in line 6?
A. Rises to
B. Succumbs to
C. Denies
D. Lives through
IV. OVERALL REVIEW QUESTION

SKILL 12 : DETERMINE WHERE SPECIFIC INFORMATION IS FOUND
1. Where in the passage ...?
How to find the answer
1. Choose a key word or an idea in the question.

2. Skim the appropriate part (s) of the passage looking for the key word or the idea.
3. Choose the answer that contains the key word or idea.

Meteor crater, a great crater approximately forty miles east of flagstaff, Arizona, is generally
thought by scientists to have formed as a result of the impact of a 60,000 ton meteor about 50,000
years ago. The meteor, made of nickel and iron, disintegrated on impact and spread half a billion
tons of rock over the surface of the land. The massiveness of the meteor cab only be imagined from
the mammoth size of the crater, which measures a mile in a diameter and three miles around the
top. The rim of the crater rises more than 150 feet above the plain where the meteor impacted and
is visible for more than ten miles on a clear day.
1. Where in the passage does the author discuss the composition of the meteor?
A. Lines 1 – 3
B. Lines 4 – 5
C. Lines 6 – 8
D. Lines 9 – 11
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
The Alaska pipeline starts at the frozen edge of the Arctic Ocean. It stretches southward across
the largest and northernmost state in the United States, ending at a remote ice-free seaport village
nearly 800 miles from where it begins. It is massive in size and extremely complicated to operate.
The steel pipe crosses windswept plain and endless miles of delicate tundra that tops the
frozen ground. It weaves through crooked canyons, climbs sheer mountains, plunges over rocky
crags, makes its way through thick forests, and passes over or under hundreds of river and streams.
The pipe is 4 feet in diameter, and up to 2 barrels (or 84 million gallons) of crude oil can be pumped
through it daily.
55
Resting on H-shaped steel racks called “bents,” long sections of the pipeline follow a zigzag
course high above the frozen earth. Other long sections drop out of sight beneath spongy or rocky
ground and return to the surface later on. The pattern of the pipeline’s up-and-down route is
determined by the often harsh demands of the arctic and subarctic climate, the tortuous lay of the
land, and the varied composition of soil, rock, or permafrost (permanently frozen ground). A little
more than half of the pipeline is elevated above the ground. The reminder is buried anywhere from
3 of 12 feet, depending largely upon the type of terrain and the properties of the soil.
One of the largest in the word, the pipeline cost approximately s 8 billion and is by far the
biggest and most expansive contraction project ever under taken by private industry. In fact, no
single business could raise that much money, so 8 major oil companies formed a consortium in order
to share the costs. Each company controlled oil rights to particular share s of lands in the oil fields
and paid into the pipeline-construction fund according to the size of its holdings. Today, despite
enormous problem of climate, supply shortages, equipment breakdowns, labor disagreements,
treacherous terrain, a certain amount of mismanagement, and even theft, the Alaska pipeline has
been completed and is operation.
Questions 1 - 10
1. The passage primarily discusses the pipeline’s
A. Operating cost
B. employed
C. consumer
D. construction
2. The word “it” in line 5 refers to
A. pipeline
B. ocean
C. state
D. village
3. According to the passage, 84 million gallons of oil can travel through the pipeline each
A. day
B. week
C. month
D. year
4. The phrase “Resting on” in line 15 is closest in meaning to
A. consisting of
B. supported by
C. passing under
D. protected with
5. The author mentions all of the following as important in determining the pipeline’s route
EXCEPT the
A. climate
B. lay of the land itself
C. local vegetation
D. protected with
56
6. The word “undertaken” in line 31 is closest in meaning to
A. remove
B. selected
C. transported
D. attempted
7. How many companies shared the costs of constructing the pipeline?
A. three
B. four
C. eight
D. twelve
8. The word “particular” in line 35 is closest in meaning to
A. peculiar
B. specific
C. exceptional
D. equal
9. Which of the following determined what percentage of the construction costs each member of
the consortium would pay?
A. How much oil field land each company owned
B. How long each company had owned land in the oil fields
C. How many people worked for each company
D. How many oil wells were located on the company’s land
10. Where in the passage does the author provide a term for an earth covering that always remains
frozen
A. Line 4
B. Line 15
C. Line 23
D. Line 37
Questions 11 - 20
Although freshwater freezes at 0ºC, typical seawater resists freezing until it is cooled to -
1,9ºC. As sea is forms, it rejects almost all the salt in the seawater. Because sea ice is less dense than
seawater, it floats on top of the salty ocean.
When sea ice form, it seals off the underlying ocean from interaction with the atmosphere.
This change is vital to regional climates. Without an ice cover, oceans at high latitudes transfer larges
amount of heat to the atmosphere, especially in winter, when air temperatures are low. This heat
transfer keeps temperatures in the lower atmosphere close to those of the ocean surface. But if an
ice cover is present, this heat release stops, and the reflective ice surface absorbs little incoming
solar radiation. Because of the changes, winter air temperatures can cool by 30ºC or more in regions
that develop a sea-ice cover. In effect, an ice-covered ocean behaves like a snow-covered continent
Many ocean surfaces in the colder latitudes are only partially ice covered. Gaps produced in
the ice by changing winds allow some heat exchange with the atmosphere and moderate the
climatic effects of a full sea ice cover. Also, in summer, melt water pools may form on the ice
surface, and this water, along with a gradual darkening of the melting ice, may absorb more solar
radiation.
57
The formation and melting of sea ice are driven mainly by seasonal changes in solar heating.
In the southern ocean, most of the sea ice melts and forms again every year, over an area
comparable in size to the entire Antarctic continent it surrounds. This annual ice cover averages one
meter in thickness, except where strong winds cause the ice to buckle and pile up n the ridges. In
contrast, the landmasses surrounding the Arctic Ocean at the north pole constrain the movement of
sea ice and allow it to persist for four or five years. Older sea ice in the center of the Arctic may
reach four meters in thickness, while annually formed ice around the margins is about one meter
thick.
11. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. The physical properties of sea ice
B. The relationship between sea ice and regional climates
C. The capacity of ice to absorb or reflect solar radiation
D. The effect of wind on the sea-ice cover
12. The passage mention all of the following as true of ice formed from seawater EXCEPT:
A. it freezes at a lower temperature than freshwater
B. It retains very little salt
C. It typically sink below the surface of the ocean
D. It density is less than that of seawater
13. The word “vital” in line 5 is closest in meaning to
A. dangerous
B. essential
C. permanent
D. disruptive
14. According to the second paragraph, the presence of sea ice on an ocean surface does which of
the following?
A. It affects climates every where on earth
B. It slows down the loss of heat from the atmosphere
C. It prevents the transfer of heat from the ocean to the atmosphere
D. It keeps air temperatures close to those of the ocean surface
15. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about snow-covered continents?
A. They are usually surrounded by ice-covered oceans
B. They absorb large amount of incoming solar radiation
C. They have very low air temperatures
D. They transfer large amount of heat to the atmosphere.
16. The word “allow” in line 14 is closest in meaning
A. collect
B. permit
C. break up
D. react to
17. According to the passage, an ocean with ice cover will absorb the most solar radiation where
the ice
A. has a smooth surface D. is partially melted
B. covers the broadest region
C. is piled up in ridges
58
18. It can be inferred the passage that sea ice that is exposed to heavy winds will
A. last longer than ice in less windy regions
B. be more expansive than ice in less windy regions
C. be older than ice in less windy regions
D. be less uniform in thickness than ice in less windy regions
19. According to the passage, how does the land bordering the Arctic Ocean affect sea ice?
A. It restricts the movement of the ice
B. It prevents the ice from thickening
C. It causes fluctuations in ice temperature
D. It causes gaps to be produced in the ice
20. The word “margins” in the line 25 is closest in meaning to
A. uneven surface
B. edges
C. spaces
D. masses
Questions 21 - 30
Before Gutenberg created his method of printing from movable type in the
Fifteenth century, artists survived through subsidies from the wealthy classes. Novelists, poets, and
painters would dedicated their work and sometimes also deliver it to those who could afford to
patronize, or support, them. This is how the term “patron of the arts” was derived. With the rise of
mass literacy, when many people were able to read and write, came a new kind of patron and a
change in the relationship between patron and artists. Artists were at the beck and call of not one
patron but thousands. The newly literate consumer had testes that were perceptibly different from
those of the wealthy elite. If the artist were to profit, these tastes had to be satisfied-hence the
arrival of the “commercial,” or popular, artist and the popular arts.
Print was the first medium available to the commercial artist; eventually film, radio, and
television followed. These newer mass media have been almost exclusively given over to the popular
arts. Electronic media are in the businesses of attracting an calculates the wants catering to public
taste. The popular artists, now as always, calculates the wants and need of the audience, creates
work in response to those needs, and then delivers it to millions of patrons through mass media
channels. What is more, this done very quickly. The fifteenth-century writer may have taken years to
complete a book. The modern mystery novelist may take only a few weeks. Some television scripts
are written in even less time.
Researcher have long debated whether the mass media create popular culture or simple act as
a mirror reflecting popular tastes and value. Actually, television and all mass media probably reflect
reality. The mediated reality we see in many commercial is the United States is similar to real life, yet
destroyed. It is United States of America filtered through the eyes and minds of producer, director,
and scriptwriters. It “imitates” life while creating a separate reality for the mass audience. Critics of
popular culture believe this distortion may be harmful.
21. What is the passage mainly about?

A. The similarities and differences among the arts
B. The causes and effects of changing audiences for art
C. The ways in which television has changed the arts
59
D. The harmful effects popular culture has on the arts
22. According to the first paragraph, artists made a living in all of the following ways before the
fifteenth century EXCEPT by
A. being funded by wealthy member of society
B. dedicating a particular work of art to a patron
C. delivering art that appealed to the tastes of the wealthy
D. attracting broad- based support from fellow novelists, poets, and painters
23. According to the first paragraph, which of the following was the main cause of the new
relationship between patron and artist?
A. The choice by artists to make popular work
B. The expansion of the wealthy class of patrons
C. The appearance of consumers who also produced art
D. The growth of mass literacy
24. The word “ perceptibly” in line 8 is closest in meaning to
A. barely
B. completely
C. noticeably
D. increasingly
25. The word “those” in line 8 refer to
A. tastes
B. literate consumers
C. the popular arts
D. artists
26. According to the second paragraph, popular art first appeared in which of the following?
A. Books
B. Movies
C. Paintings
D. Television
27. The phrase “given over to” in line 13 is closest in meaning to
A. supported by
B. used for
C. attracted by
D. free for
28. The word “ calculates” in line 15 closest in meaning to
A. influences
B. expresses
C. responds to
D. determines
29. Why does the author mention “ the modern mystery novelist” (line 18)?
A. To illustrate how quickly popular art is created
B. To compare the speed of writing a book with that of a script
C. To indicated how quickly the tastes of the public can change
D. To show that works can be delivered rapidly electronically
60
30. What will the author probably discuss next?
A. The power of producers, directors, and scriptwriter to improve society
B. Negative ways that mass media can influence the values and tastes of society
C. Filtering of programs so that they contain appropriate content for young audiences
D. How people are persuade unnecessary things through television commercials
Questions 31 - 40
The honey has long been of economic importance, and for many thousands of years,
beekeeping has been an established occupation. Until about 200 years ago honey was
the only significant source of sugar. Mead, which is produced from fermenting honey,
was a very popular beverage in northern Europe long before the inhabitants learned of
wine. Beeswax, a substance secreted by the bees themselves, and the propolis the resinous sap
gathered from tress, were also items of importance. Bees use propolis to fill any gaps or cracks
in the hive. Early people obtained this useful substance as a by-product of honey gathering,
using it as an adhesive for the attachment of handles to tools. Both wax and propolis became
important ingredients of many medicines. However, the most importance technological use of
beeswax in ancient times was for writing tablets.
The bees’ requirements for a hive have always been shelter from the elements and an
entrance small enough to be defended. Any cavity fulfilling these conditions, such as a hollow
tree or a rock crevice, normally provides both darkness, a prerequisite for the building of
honeycombs, and an upper surface from which the honeycombs can be hung. The first
beekeepers, therefore collected hollow branches containing honeycombs and kept them in a
protected place.
The first horizontal, tubular hive that early beekeepers used was derived from the hollow
branch. This could be opened at the back in order to blow in smoke, deriving the bees out
through the entrance hole; thus the honey could be taken without difficulty. In ancient Egypt,
where wood was scarce, the same principle was used with clay cylinders, and this practice, with
the cylinders piles up to form large walls, still continues in parts of the world.
The beehive was thus not a unique invention, but an adaptation of some other hollow
container. Cork and bark cylinders were variants of the long hive, and other hives were simply
baskets of woven wicker or coiled straw originally devised for general agricultural purposes.
31. What the first paragraph mainly discuss?

A. Beekeeping in northern Europe
B. The use of honey as a food
C. The practical uses of the products of beekeeping
D. The role of beeswax in the development of writing
32. The word “inhabitants” in line 4 is closest in meaning to
A. residents
B. merchants
C. insects
D. inventors
33. What do “beeswax” and “propolis” have in common (line 5)?
A. Both were used in making tool handles
B. Both were important in the writing of tablets
61
C. Both have been used in the preparation of medicines
D. Both are secreted by honeybees
34. What does the author mean by stating that propolis was obtained as a “by-product of honey
gathering” ( line 8)?
A. Propolis was a necessary ingredient in honey
B. Honeybees use propolis to attach their hives to tress
C. Propolis is used to separate the honey from the hive
D. Propolis was taken from hives at the same time that honey was taken
A. Beeswax
B. Propolis
C. Hive
D. Honey gathering
36. The passage mentions all of the following as requirements of a beehive EXCEPT
A. Protection from the elements
B. Darkness
C. An upper surface
D. An appropriate size
37. The word “derived” in line 18 is closest in meaning to
A. Originated
B. Broken
C. Chosen
D. Lowered
38. The passage supports which of the following statements about the construction of tubular
hives?
A. They were always made of wood
B. Clay was a superior substance to wood for a beehive
C. Tubular hives had an entrance hole and could be opened from the back
D. Tubular hives were designed to prevent smoke from entering the hives
39. The word “scarce” in line 21 is closest in meaning to
A. soft
B. damp
C. rare
D. damaged
40. which of the following statements best describes the development of different types of
beehives by beekeepers?
A. Beekeepers in different places used similar materials
B. Beekeepers modified objects that originally had other uses
C. Beekeepers found that wooden beehives were not very useful
D. Modern beekeepers use smaller hives, which are easier to maintain
Questions 41 - 50
Desertification is caused by human activities that turn productive land into poorly productive
or non productive land. It is a process of land degradation that leads to a reduction in or
destruction of the land’s ability to sustain plant and animal life, including human life. It often
62
occurs in the semiarid margins of deserts, sometimes even extending into the moister, sub
humid lands.
Several different types of land abuse, each involving damage to vegetative cover, can start
desertification. These include overgrazing, disruption of the vegetation cover by plowing, and
damage to it by road construction and mining operations. The results include the appearance of
undesirable plants, exposure of the soil to erosion, loss of soil moisture, increase of salts in the
soil, and lowered fertility of the land.
One of the mistaken beliefs about desertification is that it spreads from a desert centre.
Actually, the close presence of a desert has little direct relation to the process. It can start in a
semiarid or sub humid climate because of land abuse and spread outward with continued abuse.
A second misconception about desertification is that it is caused by droughts. Droughts increase
the vulnerability of land, but well-tended land will survive a drought and recover. A combination
of land abuse during good years and continued abuse during drought years will inevitably lead to
desertification.
All the continents, except America, are affected to a greater or lesser extent by
desertification. Although reliable estimates of the total land surface involved are difficult to
gather, at least a hundred countries are directly affected. The United Nations estimates that
desertification, from slight to severe, affects 45 million square kilometres of the world land
surface, an area totalling approximately the size of North America and Australia combined. The
United Nations also estimates that each year about 210,000 square kilometres of formerly
productive land becomes essential useless, and that another 60,000 square kilometres is
converted to barren desert.
41. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. The spread of deserts in North America and Australia
B. The process of desertification and its consequences
C. The conversion of desert land into productive land
D. Ways of avoiding desertification
42. According to the second paragraph, the various types of land abuse have which of the
following in common?
A. They start slowly but then rapidly progress
B. They are caused by particular plowing methods
C. They are made worse by particular mining operations
D. They involve changes to the plant life of the area
A. land abuse
B. abuse
C. overgrazing
D. vegetative cover
44. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the second paragraph as a result of the land
abuse?
A. The transformation of coarse soil into fine soil
B. The decrease in the amount of water in the soil
C. Changes in the chemical composition of the soil
D. The wearing away of soil by forces of nature
63
45. The word “misconception” in line 15 is closest in meaning to
A. problem
B. recent idea
C. incorrect understanding
D. disagreement
46. According to the passage, all of the following statements about desertification are true
EXCEPT
A. It can occur in moist as well as dry areas
B. It can be prevented during droughts if land is cared for properly
C. It sometimes results in the growth of new kinds of plants in the affected area
D. It is usually caused by expansion of a desert centre
47. The word “ inevitably” in line 18 is closest in meaning to
A. necessarily
B. usually
C. potentially
D. supposedly
48. The author mentions “North America and Australia” in lines 23 – 24 in order to
A. provide an idea of the amount of land affected by desertification
B. show how climatic changes affect desertification in specific continents
C. provide examples of areas where desertification has been successfully reversed
D. provide examples of continents greatly affected by desertification
49. The word “ formerly” in line 25 is closest in meaning to
A. normally
B. practically
C. highly
D. previously
50. where in the passage does the author list different human activities that caused land abuse?
A. Lines 1 – 2
B. Lines 7 – 9
C. Lines 17 – 18
D. Lines 24 – 26
64

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SECTION 1 :

Example : Indonesia which has many cultures is my country.

Who What Whose

Whom Which Whenever

How Wherever Why

 Pattern Conjunction + S + V + (O)

Choose the correct answer!

Choose the underlined word that is incorrect!

An adverbial clause is a group of words which plays the role of an adverb.

when, before, after, These clauses are used to say

These clauses are used to talk

These clauses are used to They had to take some of

These clauses are used to I couldn't feel anger

My suitcase had become

These clauses are used to make

where, wherever, These clauses are used to talk

These clauses are used to talk I was never allowed to do

Choose the underlined word that is incorrect!

1. Questions about the Ideas of the Passage

SKILL 1 : Answer main idea questions correctly

2. Directly Answered Questions

SKILL 3 : Answer stated detail questions correctly

3. Indirectly Answered Questions

SKILL 6 : Answer implied detail questions correctly

SKILL 8 : Find definitions from structural clues

5. Overall Review Question

SKILL 12 : Determine where specific information is found

1. What is the Topic of the passage?

How to find the answers

1. Read the first line of each paragraph.

Sample passage and questions

1. The main point of this passage is that

TOEFL EXERCISE FOR SKILL 1 :

1. Which of the following best describes the information in the passage?

1. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?

1. The passage mainly discusses about

2. The best title for this passage would be

1. This passage mainly discusses about

1. What is the main topic of the passage?

How to identify the main idea questions

1. How is the information in the passage organised?

How to find the answers

1. Read the first line of each paragraph.

Sample passage and questions

TOEFL EXERCISE FOR SKILL 2

TOEFL EXERCISE ( Skills 1 – 2 )

1. What is the main idea of the passage?

2. How is the information in the passage organized?

How to identify the questions

How to find the answers

Sample passage and questions

1. According to the passage that before 1970, carbon tetrachloride was...

TOEFL EXERCISE FOR SKILL 3 :

1. The passage indicates that the ventricles

1. According to the passage, what causes an area to be classified as a desert?

How to find the answers

Sample passage and questions

1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about Uncle Sam’s appearance?

TOEFL EXERCISE FOR SKILL 4 :

1. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

1. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

1. Which of the following is NOT true about the word “gadget” ?

1. All of the following are true about blood plasma EXCEPT……

1. Which of the following is NOT true about Nellie Bly?