REFLEXIVE AND EMPHATIC PRONOUNS

Subject I You They We He She It You Object Me You Them Us Him Her It You Possessive Adjective My Your Their Our His Her Its Your Possessive Pronoun Mine Yours Theirs Ours His Hers ---Yours Reflexive Pronoun Myself Yourself Themselve s Ourselves Himself Herself Itself Yourselves

Example: When you see the African lions in the park, you see them in their true environment. Both pronoun you are in the subject position. The pronoun them is the object pronoun and refers to the lions. The pronoun their is in the possessive adjective form because the environment discussed in sentence is that of the lions. Possessive pronouns or adjectives are usually used with reference to parts of the body. Example: 1. She put the shawl over her shoulder 2. She lifted the boy and put the shawl in his shoulder. 3. She put a red hair on her head and a green one on his. Observe the following example. Does the pronoun or possessive adjective agree with the word it refers to? Example: The little girl put on her hat, and the little boy put on his hat. If the hat girl put on belongs to the girl, the possessive adjective must agree with the word girl. If the hat the boy put on belongs to the boy, the possessive pronoun must agree with the word boy. If something in the sentence indicates that the hats they put on belong to someone else, agreement must be made between the possessive pronoun or adjective and that other person. Exercise A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect. 1. When he comes back from vacation, Bob and me plan to look for another apartment.

When he comes back from vacation, Bob and I plan to look for another apartment. 2. The bus leaves Ted and she at the corner The bus leaves Ted and her at the corner

B. Choose the Correct Answer 1. The jaw structure of a snake permits it to eat and digest animals much larger than ____ a. it c. itself b. its d. it has 2. Sports medicine experts agree that ice should be applied immediately when an athlete suffers an injury to______ leg a. its c. the b. an d. his 3. One property of radioisotopes is that _______decaying occurs in half-lives over a long period of time. a. they c. theyre b. them d. their 4. Since the earths crust is much thicker under the continents, equipment would have to be capable of drilling through 100,000 feet of rock to investigate the mantle ______ a. beneath them c. beneath its b. beneath their d. beneath they 5. There are ten children playing in the yard near my house, but your child is not______ a. among them c. among their b. among us d. among theirs 6. The policemen ordered the suspect not to remove _______ from the hood of the car. a. their hands c. them hands b. his hands d. him hands 7. It was ________ who came running the into the classroom a. I c. mine b. me d. my 8. The company has so little money that ________ cannot hardly operate anymore.

a. b.

it their

c. its d. they

9. The students were interested in taking a field trip to The National History Museum, but _______ were not able to raise enough money. a. them c. they b. their d. theirs 10. His father does not approve of _______ to the banquet without dressing formally. a. his going c. he goes b. him to go d. him going

C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct 1. According to the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, no person should be A B C compelled to be a witness against him own U D 2. According to the theory of natural selection, the man who was able to use the hand A and feet most freely to walk and grasp was the one who survived and evolved. B C D 3. Although Barney Clark lived only a few months with that artificial heart, doctors were A able to learn a great deal from him having used it. B C D 4. According to Amazon legends, men were forced to do all of the household tasks for A B the women warriors who governed and protected the cities for they. C D 5. After she had bought himself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.

6. Before my parents went home, she had bought me some food. A B C D 7. Peter and Tom play tennis every morning with Mary and I A B C D 8. A mosquitos wings move about one hundred times per second. Their wing A B C movement is the sound we hear when a mosquito is humming in our ears. D 9. The only teachers who were required to attend the meeting were George, Betty, A B C and me. D 10. Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work theirselves, they were unwilling A B C to give the results to Joan. D

MODAL AUXILIARIES
The modal auxiliaries in English are: can, could, had better, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would . Modal auxiliaries generally express a speakers attitude, or moods. For example, modals can express that a speaker feels something is necessary, advisable, permissible, possible, or probable and addition, they can convey the strength of these attitudes. Modal is used with a verb word. A verb word is the dictionary form of the verb. In some grammar books, the verb word is called the bare infinitive. Verb words are very important in many patterns, but they are used most often with modals. Subject They Modal Might Verb word visit Object Us

Must is also a modal. Must followed by the verb word have and a participle expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that happened in the past. Remember that an observation in the present may serve as the basis for a conclusion about something that happened in the past. For example, here is a message on my desk. It may be concluded that my friend must have called last night. Subject My friend Must have must have Participle called Past time last night

Avoid using should or can instead of must. Avoid using a verb word instead of have and a participle when referring to events in the past. Must that is followed by be and an ing form or an adjective expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that is happening now. Subject My friend Subject He Must be must be Must be must be -ing calling Verb word upset Present tense Now Present time Now

Must followed by a verb word expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that happens repeatedly. Subject My friend must Must Verb word call Repeated time often

Remember that know followed by a noun expresses knowledge. Subject I Know Know Noun the answer

know how followed by an infinitive expresses ability Subject My friend Know know How How infinitive to answer the question

Used to is similar to modal. Used to with a verb means that a custom in the past has not continued. Subject He Used to used to Verb word live Phrase/ Noun in the country

Be used to with an ing form means to be accustomed to. Subject He was be Used to used to ing form living Phrase/ Noun in the country

Had better is similar to a modal. Although had appears to be a past, had better expresses advice for the future. Subject You Subject You Had better had better Verb word take Phrase/Noun Chemistry semester Verb word Take 600 this

Had Not better had better Not

Phrase/ Noun Chemistry semester 600 this

The phrase would rather is similar to a modal. Although would rather appears to be a past, it expresses preference in present and future time Subject I Subject I Would rather would rather Would rather would rather Verb Drive Not Not Drive Verb

When the preference is for another person or thing, would rather that introduces a clause. The other person or thing is the subject of the clause. Although the verb is past tense, the preference is for present or future time. Subject I Would rather would rather That That Subject you Verb (past) Drove

Avoid using a present verb or a verb word instead of a past verb. Avoid using should and a verb instead of a past verb. Subje ct I Would rather would rather That That Subject You Didnt didnt Verb word Drive

Exercises! A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect. 1. After you show me the way, I can to go by myself. After you show me the way, I can go by myself 2. He was used to drink too much He used to drink too much 3. You had better to hurry if you dont want to miss the bus. You had better hurry if you dont want to miss the bus. 4. If you dont mind, Id rather not to serve on the committee. If you dont mind, Id rather not serve on the committee. 5. Diane would rather that her husband doesnt working so hard. Diane would rather that her husband didnt work so hard. B. Choose the correct answer! 1. By the time a baby has reached his first birthday, he should, without the help of an adult, _______sit up or even stand up. a. to be able to c. able to b. to be able d. be able to 2. The theory of Continental Drift assumes that there _______long term climatic changes in many areas during the past. a. must have been c. must be b. must have d. must 3. The general public________ a large number of computers now, because prices are beginning to decrease a. must buy c. must be buying b. must have bought d. must buying 4. Since more than 50 percent of all marriages in the United States end in divorce, about half of the children in America must _______.in single parent homes. a. grow up c. growing up b. to grow up d. have grown up

5. In a liberal arts curriculum, it is assumed that graduates will ______.about English, languages, literature, history, and the other social sciences. a. know c. know how b. knowledge d. knowing 6. Harvard________ a school for men, but now it is coeducational, serving as many women as men. a. was used c. used to be b. was used to d. was used to be 7. To check for acidity, one had better _______litmus paper. a. use c. to use b. to use d. useful 8. The great apes, a generally peaceful species, _______.in groups. a. would rather living c. would rather live b. would rather they live d. would rather lived 9. He told me a lot about the Philippines. He ________ there for a long time. a. must have lived c. might be living b. ought to be lived d. should be living 10. When we got home, we found the front door open. Somebody ______entered the house while we were away. a. must have c. ought to have b. would have d. should have C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct 1. It is said that the American flag has five-pointed stars because Betsy Ross told A B General Washington she would rather that he changing the sixpointed ones. C D 2. Secretariat run the Kentucky Derby in 1.59 minutes, setting a record that has A B C remained unbroken since 1973. D 3. Because doctors are treating more people fro skin cancer, it is widely believed that A B

changes in the protective layers of the earths atmosphere must produced harmful C D effects. 4. Some astronomers contend that in ancient times, the Big Horn Medicine Wheel, an A arrangement of stones in Wyoming, must have serve as sighting points for B C D observations of the sun.

5. The Amish people, descended from the Germans and Swiss, would rather using A horses than machines for transportation and farm work because they believe that a B C simple life keeps them closer to God. D 6. In todays competitive markets, even small businesses had better to advertise A B on TV and radio in order to gain a share of the market. C D 7. As television images of the astronauts showed, even for trained professionals who A B are used to move about in a lessened gravitational field, there are still problems. C D 8. The Impressionists like Monet and Manet knew to use color in order to create an A B C image of reality rather than reality itself. D 9. Sheep must have mate in fall since the young are born in early spring every year.

10. When the weather becomes colder we know that the air mass must originated A B C in the Arctic rather than over the Gulf of Mexico. D

TENSES THE SIMPLE TENSE

Tense Simple Present Examples Meaning (b) It snows in Alaska In general, the simple (c) I read newspaper every present expresses morning events or situations that exist always, usually, habitually. They exist now, have existed in the past, and probably will exist in the future. (d) John is This present eating dinner now progressive is used to (e) We are indicate present time leaving for the theater at (now) with all (c). seven oclock. It is also used to indicate future time (d). Examples (a) John went to Spain last year. (b) Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday. (c) Maria washed the dishes last night (d) When Mark came home, Martha was watching television. (f) Martha was watching television while John was reading a book. Meaning The simple past is used for a completed action that happened at one specific time in the past. It began and ended in the past. Past progressive is used to indicate an action which was occurring in the past and was interrupted by another action.(d) It is also used to indicate two actions occurring at the same time in the past. (e)

Present Progressive (Continuous )

Tense Simple Past

Past Progressive (Continuous )

THE PERFECT TENSE

Tense Present Perfect Examples (a) John has travelled around the world. (b) George has seen this movie three times. (c) John has lived in the same house for twenty years. (he still lives there) Meaning The present perfect is used to indicate an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past (a) It is also used to indicate an action that happened more than once in the past (b) It is also used to indicate an action began in the past and is still occurring in the present (c). (a) I have been waiting for Present perfect her since you left continuous is used to indicate an action that began in the past and still occurring in the present (present perfect rules). It is also possible to use the present perfect progressive. Examples Meaning (a) John had gone to the Past perfect is used to store before he went indicate an action home. that happened before another action in the past; there usually are two actions in the sentence.

Present Perfect Continuous

Tense Past Perfect

Exercise A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect. 1. Please, be quiet. I am trying to concentrate. 2. Kathy is always washing her hair every other day. 3. I called Mary last night. 4. In her whole life time, I have never see snow. 5. She will probably attends the meeting.

B. Choose the correct answer! 1. A: How long has she been the principal of our school? B: Since I _____this school. a. was entering b. have entered b. would entered d. entered 2. A: Can I borrow your magazine? B: I am sorry, my sister ______it. a. is still reading b. has been reading b. will still read d. still reads 3. Oh dear! I forgot to bring my dictionary. Thats all right. I ______you mine. a. am lending. c. am going to lend b. will lend d. will be lending 4. Where is my dictionary? It was on my desk. Perhaps, somebody ______it. a. takes c. has taken b. is taking d. had taken 5. Political demonstrations on American campuses have abated_______ a. after 1970 c. in 1970 b. for 1970 d. since 1970 6. People who have very little technical background have______ to understand computer language. a. learn c. learning b. learned d. learns 7. Before the Angles and Saxons ______to England, the Ibarians had lived there. a. came c. comes b. had come d. has come 8. My nephew______ working for me about ten years ago. a. begun c. begin b. have begun d. began 9. Doctoral students who are preparing to take their qualifying examinations have been studying in the library every night _______the last three months. a. since c. until b. before d. after

10. The internal Revenue service ______their tax forms by April 15 every year. a. makes c. make b. is making d. has made C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct 1. Before she died, Andrew Jacksons daughter, who lives in the family mansion, used A B C to take tourists through her home. D 2. Aging in most animals can be readily modified when they will limit caloric intake. A B C D 3. Two of the players from the Yankees has been chosen to participate in All Star A B C D game. 4. The first electric lamp had two carbon rods from which vapor serves to conduct A B C D the current across the gap. 5. Before dinosaurs became extinct, plant life is very different on earth. A B C D 6. When Columbus seen the new world, he thought that he had reached the East A B C Indies by way of a Western route. D 7. Nerve impulses will send sensation to the brain at a speed of about one hundred A B C yards per second. D 8. In 1970, according to the National Center for Health Statistics, the average life

A B expectancy for people born during year is 72.4 years. C D 9. The professor had already given the homework assignment when he had A B remembered that Monday was a holiday. C D 10. John lived in New York since 1990 to 2000, but he is now living in Detroit. A B C D

PASSIVE
A. Form We make passive verb forms with the verb TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE To be includes: am, is, are, was, were, be, and been. B. Uses o To focus on something that happens to someone rather than the person who does the action. Over 36% of Guatemalan workers are employed in the agricultural sector. o To talk about systems and processes Many of the worlds diamond are mined in South Africa. The stones are sent to Amsterdam, where they are sold to international dealers. The stone are cut in Antwerp, and they are then sold on to jewelers. o To have business correspondence, because it is less personal. Compare: Peter Jason, who opens our post at this branch, received your letter yesterday. He has forwarded it to Head Office. (Active) Thank you for your letter which was received at this branch yesterday. It has been forwarded to Head Office, as complaints are dealt with there. (Passive)

o To describe changes The factory is completely different. The whole place has been modernized and computerized, and a lot of people have been made redundant. o To have scientific writing or lab reports. The new species of dinosaurs, one a quick-moving meeteater and the other a giant-plant-eater, have been discovered in Antarctica. The 70 million years old fossil of the carnivore would have rested for millenniums at the bottom of the Antarctica sea, while the remains of the 30 meters long plant-eater were found in the top of mountain.

TENSE SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE FUTURE PRESENT CONTINOUS PAST CONTINOUS BE GOING TO PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT MODAL

ACTIVE Jim plays a toy. Jim played a toy. Jim will play a toy. Jim is playing a toy. Jim was playing a toy.

PASSIVE A toy is played by Jim. A toy was played by Jim. A toy will be played by Jim. A toy is being played by Jim. A toy was being played by Jim.

Jim is going to play a toy. A toy is going to be played by Jim. Jim has played a toy. Jim had played a toy. A toy has been played by Jim. A toy had been played by Jim.

Jim will have played a toy. A toy will have been played by Jim. Jim may play a toy. A toy may be played by Jim.

Exercise A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect. 1. My wedding ring made of yellow and white gold My wedding ring is made of yellow and white gold 2. Laura was born in Iowa Laura born in Iowa

3. Most of us are sponsored from our parents Most of us are sponsored by our parents 4. The car was inspected for customs The car was inspected by customs 5. Her watch needed repaired Her watch needed repairing B. Choose the Correct Answer! 1. If more than five thousand dollars in monetary instruments is transported into the United States, a report needs ________with the customs office. a. file c. file b. to file d. to be filed 2. The famous architect, Frank Wright, was greatly _______., who wanted him to study architecture. a. influenced by his mother c. from his mothers influence b. his mother influenced him d. influencing for his mother. 3. In the stringed instruments, the toners _______.by planting a bow across a set of strings that may be made of wire or gut. a. they produce b. are produced c. producing d. that are producing

4. ________.Java Man, who lived before the first Ice Age, is the first manlike animal. a. It is generally believed that c. Generally believed it is b. Believed generally is d. That is generally believed

5. Hundreds of houses and other buildings ________ by the raging tropical storms which later developed into a hurricane. a. were developing c. were developed c. are developing d. are developed 6. The biology class will _______into two sections to prevent overcrowding in his classroom. a. be divided c. be divide b. divide d. be dividing

7. We arrived at the store to purchase the dishwasher which _________ in the local newspaper. a. has been advertised c. have been advertised b. had been advertised d. is advertised 8. A great deal of property _______ by hurricanes each year. a. is destroyed c. was destroyed b. destroyed d. destroy 9. Next week, some new equipment _______ by the company to increase the production. a. will be ordered c. was ordered b. is ordered d. ordered 10. These contracts _______ by the manager in the next meeting. a. should be signed c. was signed b. is signed d. signed C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct 1. Work A is B often measure in units called foot pounds. C D

2. In the ionosphere, gases have been partly ionize for high frequency radiation from A B C the sun and other sources. D 3. Because the interstate highway system linking roads across the country was built A B about thirty-five years ago, most of the roads in the system now need repaired. C D 4. It is believe that most of the earthquakes in the world occur near the A B C D youngest mountain ranges-----the Himalayas, the Andes, and the Sierra Nevada.

5. With special enzymes that are call restriction enzymes, it is possible to spilt off A B segments of DNA from the donor organism. C D 6. All the participants of the seminar have been informing by the committee. A B C D 7. He is sent an e mail last week to inform him about the new schedule A B C D 8. We are suppose to read all of the chapter seven and answer the questions for A B C tomorrows class D 9. The house were renovated by some workers several weeks ago. A B C D 10. We should have been informed Janis about the change in plans regarding our A B C weekend trip to the mountains. D

PARALLEL STRUCTURE
One use of a conjunction is to connect words or phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence. This use of conjunctions is called parallel structure. The conjunctions used in this pattern are and, but, or nor. (a) Steve and his friend are In (a): noun + and + noun coming to dinner. (b) Susan raised her hand and In (b): verb + and + verb snapped her fingers. (c) He is wearing his arms and In (c): verb + and + verb ( The (is) shouting at us second auxiliary may be omitted if it is the same as the first (d)These shoes are old but auxiliary comfortable In (d): adjective + but + (e) He wants to watch TV or adjective

(to) listen to some music (f) They must put the book on the table or the chair (g)We know where he went and what he did (h) Both my brother and my sister are doctors (i) Neither Paul nor Linda lives in New York (j) You can either sit there or wait here (k) Jane went to the post office not only to buy stamps but also to send letters. (l) Steve, Joe, and Alice are coming to dinner (m) Susan raised her hand, snapped her fingers, and asked a question. (n)The colors in that fabric are red, gold, black, and green.

In (e): infinitive + or + infinitive (the second to may be omitted) In (f): phrase or phrase In (g) clause + and + clause In (h): both ..and . In (i): neither nor In (j): either ..or In (k): not only .but also . A parallel structure may contain more than two parts. In a series, commas are used to separate each unit. The final comma that precedes the conjunction is optional but is customarily used. (No commas are used if there are only parts to a parallel structure).

Exercises A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect. 1. We learned to read the passage carefully and underlying the main idea. We learned to read the passage carefully and to underline the main idea. 2. She is not only famous in the United States, but also abroad. She is famous not only in the United States, but also abroad. B. Choose the correct answer 1. In a hot, sunny climate, acclimatizes by eating less, drinking more liquids, wearing lighter clothing, and ________ a skin changes that darken c. his skin may darken b experiencing a darkening of the skin d darkens his skin 2. Both historically and _______, Ontario is the heartland of Canada a. in its geography c. also its geography b. geographically d. geography

3. He knows where she lives and ________ a. what she does c. she does b. her address d. her job 4. Peter is not reading a novel but ________ a. to wait her c. type a report b. writing a letter d. wash his car 5. A vacuum will neither conduct heat nor ________. a. transmit sound waves c. sound waves are transmitted b. transmitting sound waves d. the transmission of sound waves 6. North Carolina is well known not only Mountains National Park ________.for settlements. a. also c. and for the Great Smoky the Cherokee Indian c. but also d. because of

7. To generate income, magazine publishers must decide whether to increase the subscription price or ________. a. to sell advertising c. selling advertising b. if they should sell advertising d. sold advertising 8. When teenagers finish high school, they have several choices: going to college, getting a job, or ___________. a. joining the army c. joins the army b. to join the army d. join the army

9. Collecting stamps, playing chess, and _______ beautiful butterflies are Derricks hobbies. a. to mount c. mounting b. mounts d. mount 10. The chief of police demanded from his assistants an orderly investigation, a well-written report, and _______ a. that they work hard c. working hard b. hard work d. work hard

C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct 1. The essay which Paul wrote is rather short but impressively. A B C D

2. They want to know where she went and did two days ago. A B C D 3. My friend is interested not in books but in watching films. A B C D 4. I think they can explain clearly neither when they go nor they do. A B C D 5. The books and the magazine might be the bag or under the chair. A B C D 6. Both Linda or Mary usually go to the cinema on Saturdays. A B C D 7. Either Elisa nor Eriana really wanted to see them last week. A B C D 8. They can go there either at the end of July or they can go there at the end of August. A B C D 9. The aims of the Common Market are to eliminate tariffs member countries; developing A common policies for agriculture, labor, welfare, trade, and transportation; and to B C abolish trust and cartels. D 10. The puppy stood up slowly, wagged its tail, blinking its eyes, and barked A B C D

COMPARATIVES
1. exact comparison The same as and the same have the same meaning, but the same as is used between the two nouns compared, and the same is used after the two nouns or a plural noun. Noun This coat Noun This coat Is And The same as the same as Noun that one Are Noun that one the same the same

Noun (plural) These coats

Are

the same the same

Avoid using like instead of as. Avoid using the same between the two nouns compared.

2. general similarity and general difference The words like and alike have the same meaning, but like is used between the two nouns compared, and alike is used after the two nouns or a plural noun. And avoid using as instead of like and avoid using like after the two nouns compared. Noun This coat Noun This coat Be Is be And Are Be Is like noun that one be Alike different from different from Noun that one are like Noun that one alike Alike Alike

noun (plural) These coats Noun This coat

3. comparative estimate subject multiple +verb Fresh fruit twice costs We have half subject +verb Steve has as as as many/ many much many number a thousand number five hundred as as as we need more (less) than more than noun/clause Coins in collections Noun Applications his noun/clau se canned fruit

subject/verb as many as We should as many as have

4. degrees of comparison more(less) adjective (two syllables) adjectives-er (one syllables) adjective er (two syllables ending in y) An essay test more difficult is harder easier subject +verb The subject + Verb than Noun

than

an test

objective

most(least) adjective(two syllables adjectives est (one syllables) most difficult hardest

An essay test The is

5. double comparison the The compara tive Hotter S it V Is the the comparative the more I miserable S V feel

Exercise: A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect. 1. The car is almost the same like mine 2. The watch in the window is a little different than this one. 3. This one is better, but it costs three times as much as the other one. 4. This field is larger than the other one. 5. She is most prettiest of all the girls in our class. B. Choose the correct answer! 1. Although we often use speed and velocity interchangeably, in technical sense, speed is not always _______velocity

c. alike d. similar

c. the same as d. as

2. Although they are smaller, chipmunks are_______ most other ground squirrels. a. like to c. like with b. like as d. like 3. A nursery school is ______ a day care center. a. different from c. different than b. different d. different as 4. The rent at College Apartment is only half ________ you pay here. a. than c. as many as b. as much as d. from 5. The main library has_______ one millions volumes. a. more as c. more than b. most than d. least than 6. There are ______fifteen thousand students attending summer school. a. as many as c. as many b. as much as d. as much 7. The bill which we received was________ than the estimate. a. more higher c. higher b. the higher d. more higher 8. The Disney amusement park in Japan is _______Florida or California. a. the largest than the ones in c. larger than the ones in b. larger the ones in d. the largest of the ones 9. The greater the demand, _______the price. a. higher c. high b. the higher d. the high 10. The teacher gave Mike a failing grade on her term paper because it was______ Ardians. a. the same as c. the same with b. same like d. the same with C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct

1. When two products are basically the same as, advertising can influence the publics A B C D choice. 2. The first living structure to appear on earth thousands of years ago were alike A B C D viruses. 3. Although business practices have been applied successfully to agriculture, farming A B C is different other industries. D 4. With American prices for sugar at three times as much the world price, A manufacturers are beginning to use fructose blended with pure sugar, or sucrose. B C D 5. It is generally accepted that the common cold is caused by as much as forty strains A B C of viruses that may be present in the air at all times. D 6. The diesel engine that runs on oil is efficient than most other engines because it A B C converts the useful energy stored up in the fuel. D 7. The books for my engineering course are expensive than the books for my other A B C courses. D 8. The more important theorem of all in plane geometry is the Pythagorean Theorem. A B C D

9. Although there are a number of interesting findings, a most significant results are in A B C D the abstract. 10. The climate here is more milder than that of New England. A B C D LISTENING

EXERCISE 1: TOPICS
In some dialogues in the Listening Section, you will be asked to identify the main topic from among several secondary subjects in the conversations. Choose the best answer. 1 . a. A b. A c. A d. A health club class game dentist 6. a. The professors lecture b. The womans children c. The chairs they are sitting in d. The size of the lecture room 7. a. The womans computer b. The womans paper c. The mans hometown d. The mans job 8. a. The campus b. Registration week c. The parking situation d. The womans class 9. a. The b. The c. The d. The professor, Dr. Smith lab reports attendance policy teaching assistant

2 .

a. Food and grocery items b. Gasoline prices c. Weights and measures d. Money

3 a. A vacation . b. The mail c. The newspaper d. The office 4 a. A new doctor . b. A party they attended c. Their friend Mary d. A graduate program 5 . a. An exchange program b. The mans trip to England c. The mans illness d. Their friend Nancy

1 a. The chemistry 0. department b. The womans house c. The mans employer d. Having lunch on campus

EXERCISE 2: DETAILS

In some dialogues in the Listening section, you will be asked to remember details that are directly stated. Choose the best answer. 1 . a. b. c. d. He He He He is is is is tired drunk thirsty busy 6. a. b. c. d. Steves girlfriend Steves sister Steve Mary Anne

2 .

3 .

a. She wants to pay by check b. She prefers to use a credit card c. She has cash d. She will need a loan a. He was too short b. She didnt know him very well c. The expensive gift made her uncomfortable d. The man never gave her gifts a. He thought she was a thief b. He wanted to secure it for her c. His job was to check everyones belongings d. He was looking for a standard size

7. a. The door is locked b. The woman doesnt have the right key c. The door is stuck d. The doorknob is broken 8. a. Check the calculators b. Use a calculator to do his test c. Purchase a calculator d. Borrow a calculator

4 .

9. a. She thinks the man should ask b. She thinks the man should ask his family for help c. She thinks the man should contact his roommates family for money d. She thinks the man should leave 1 a. By filling out forms 0. b. By filling his taxes c. By advising him about students loans d. By completing his application

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a. b. c. d.

Study with her Help her on the test Take a break Lend her his notebook

EXERCISE 3: PROBLEMS

In some dialogues is the Listening Section, you will be asked to identify the problem that the speakers are discussing. This may be more difficult because different aspects of the problem may be included in the conversation. Choose the best answer. 1 a. He does not have a 6. a. She has to wait for the . checking account telephone to be installed b. He does not have any b. She does not have a checks telephone c. He does not have the c. She has already seen money to pay his rent the movie d. There is a line at the d. She cannot go to the cashiers window movie because she has company 2 a. She does not like to live 7. a. He has gained weight . alone b. The sweatshirt is too big b. Her roommate will be c. He does not have the moving out receipt c. She wants to get married d. The clerk cannot d. She does not have any authorize exchanges messages 3 a. He needs his advisor to 8. a. She needs child care . sign the registration form that is closer to the b. He does not have an university academic advisor b. She needs someone to c. He does not know how to take care of her children register for next semester while she is in class d. He cant find his c. She needs the man to registration help her more with the children d. She needs to spend

more time children 4 . a. b. c. d. She She She She does not have a car needs a ride is late to class has to go shopping 9.

with

the

a. He does not like his job b. He wants to work more hours c. He cannot change jobs d. He needs to spend more studying a. She needs to get more sleep b. She is starting to feel sick c. She did not finish her papers and projects. d. She is tired of schoolwork

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a. They dont have a good 10 book for their class . b. They dont like Professor Jones c. The professor changed the book this semester d. Books are very expensive

EXERCISE 5: CONVERSATION FRIENDS IN CAMPUS

In some conversation in the Listening Section on the Paper, you will be asked to recall information exchanged in conversations among friends in a variety of setting on campus. Choose the best answer. Conversation One 1 . a. The mans graduation. b. The couples engagement. c. The mans smoking. d. The mans stress. a. That the man rethink their plans. b. That the man see a family Conversation Two 1 a. Bill got hungry. . b. John noticed the time. c. John had an exam. d. John decided to go home. a. He has a test that night. 2 b. He plans to go home for . the weekend. c. He has not studied during

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doctor. c. That the man see a psychiatrist. d. That the man concentrate on his studies. a. Get a patch to help him stop smoking. b. Stop smoking immediately on his own. c. Smoke less than usual for next week. d. Think about the womans suggestions. a. Patient. b. Surprised. c. Worried. d. Irritated. a. She has stopped smoking. b. She does not want to get married to the man. c. She has asked the man to quit smoking many times. d. She is not in love with the man.

the semester. d. He is helping his friend. a. At six oclock. b. At six thirty. 3 c. Over the weekend. . d. On Monday a. Bill wants John to study with him in the dormitory. b. Bill wants John to go 4 home with him for the . weekend. c. Bill wants John to let him know if he orders a pizza. d. Bill wants John to find out what is being served in the cafeteria. a. Continue studying. b. Go to the cafeteria. 5 c. Cook dinner at home. . d. Eat pizza.

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EXERCISE 6: CONVERSATION SERVICE PERSONNEL/STUDENTS

In some conversation in the Listening section, you will be asked to recall information exchanged in conversation between service personnel and students in a variety of setting off campus. Choose the best answer. Conversation One 1 a. The man wants to place a . classified ad in the Conversation Two 1 a. To help the woman make a . purchase.

newspaper. b. The woman wants to find an apartment close to school. c. The man wants to pay for a newspaper subscription. d. The woman wants to fill out an application for 2 employment. . a. Furniture. b. Books. c. Garden supplies. d. An apartment. 3 . a. Martin. b. Martyn. c. Wynn. d. Wartin. 4 a. He will pay by check. . b. He will have the amount billed to his home address. c. He will give the woman cash. d. He will come back to pay when he is billed. 5 a. To make it clearer to . understand. b. To make it longer to read. c. To make it cheaper to print. d. To make it easier to use.

b. To request the womans identification. c. To show the woman how to make out a check. d. To register the woman for a course at City College. 2 a. Money. . b. Money or credit cards. c. Credit cards or checks. d. Checks or money. a. 3 b. . c. d. Credit card. Money. Debit card. Check.

a. She used her student ID card and a charge card. 4 b. She used her credit card. . c. She used her drivers license and her student ID card. d. She used her telephone number and her student ID card. a. b. 5 c. . d. A clerk. The womans husband. A police officer. A bank teller