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UNIT 1
REFLEXIVE AND EMPHATIC PRONOUNS

Possessive Possessive Reflexive

Subject Object
Adjective Pronoun Pronoun
I Me My Mine Myself
You You Your Yours Yourself
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its ---- Itself
You You Your Yours Yourselves

Example:
When you see the African lions in the park, you see them in their true
environment.

Both pronoun you are in the subject position. The pronoun them is the object
pronoun and refers to the lions. The pronoun their is in the possessive adjective form
because the environment discussed in sentence is that of the lions.
Possessive pronouns or adjectives are usually used with reference to parts of the
body.
Example:
1. She put the shawl over her shoulder
2. She lifted the boy and put the shawl in his shoulder.
3. She put a red hair on her head and a green one on his.

Observe the following example. Does the pronoun or possessive adjective agree with
the word it refers to?
Example:
The little girl put on her hat, and the little boy put on his hat.

If the hat girl put on belongs to the girl, the possessive adjective must agree with the
word girl. If the hat the boy put on belongs to the boy, the possessive pronoun must
agree with the word boy. If something in the sentence indicates that the hats they put on
belong to someone else, agreement must be made between the possessive pronoun or
adjective and that other person.

Exercise
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. When he comes back from vacation, Bob and me plan to look for another
apartment.
When he comes back from vacation, Bob and I plan to look for another apartment.

2. The bus leaves Ted and she at the corner

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The bus leaves Ted and her at the corner

B. Choose the Correct Answer

1. The jaw structure of a snake permits it to eat and digest animals much larger than
____
a. it c. itself
b. its d. it has

2. Sports medicine experts agree that ice should be applied immediately when an
athlete suffers an injury to______ leg
a. its c. the
b. an d. his

3. One property of radioisotopes is that _______decaying occurs in half-lives over a

long period of time.
a. they c. they’re
b. them d. their

4. Since the earth’s crust is much thicker under the continents, equipment would have
to be capable of drilling through 100,000 feet of rock to investigate the mantle
______
a. beneath them c. beneath its
b. beneath their d. beneath they

5. There are ten children playing in the yard near my house, but your child is not-
______
a. among them c. among their
b. among us d. among theirs
6. The policemen ordered the suspect not to remove _______ from the hood of the
car.
a. their hands c. them hands
b. his hands d. him hands

7. It was ________ who came running the into the classroom

a. I c. mine
b. me d. my

8. The company has so little money that ________ cannot hardly operate anymore.
a. it c. its
b. their d. they

9. The students were interested in taking a field trip to The National History Museum,
but _______ were not able to raise enough money.
a. them c. they
b. their d. theirs
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10. His father does not approve of _______ to the banquet without dressing formally.
a. his going c. he goes
b. him to go d. him going

C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct

1. According to the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, no person should be

A B C

compelled to be a witness against him own

U D

2. According to the theory of natural selection, the man who was able to use the
hand
A
and feet most freely to walk and grasp was the one who survived and evolved.
B C D

3. Although Barney Clark lived only a few months with that artificial heart, doctors
were
A
able to learn a great deal from him having used it.
B C D

4. According to Amazon legends, men were forced to do all of the household

tasks for
A B
the women warriors who governed and protected the cities for they.
C D

5. After she had bought himself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.
A B C D

6. Before my parents went home, she had bought me some food.

A B C D
7. Peter and Tom play tennis every morning with Mary and I
A B C D

8. A mosquito’s wings move about one hundred times per second. Their wing
A B C
movement is the sound we hear when a mosquito is humming in our ears.
D
9. The only teachers who were required to attend the meeting were George, Betty,
A B C
and me.
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D
10. Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work theirselves, they were
unwilling
A B C
to give the results to Joan.
D

UNIT 2
MODAL AUXILIARIES

The modal auxiliaries in English are: can, could, had better, may, might, must,
ought to, shall, should, will, would. Modal auxiliaries generally express a speaker’s
attitude, or “moods”. For example, modals can express that a speaker feels something is
necessary, advisable, permissible, possible, or probable and addition, they can convey
the strength of these attitudes.
Modal is used with a verb word. A verb word is the dictionary form of the verb.
In some grammar books, the verb word is called the bare infinitive. Verb words are very
important in many patterns, but they are used most often with modals.

Subject Modal Verb word Object

They Might Visit us

Must is also a modal. Must followed by the verb word have and a participle
expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that
happened in the past.

Remember that an observation in the present may serve as the basis for a
conclusion about something that happened in the past.

For example, “here is a message on my desk.”

It may be concluded that “my friend must have called last night”.

Subject Must have Participle Past time

My friend must have called last night

Avoid using should or can instead of must. Avoid using a verb word instead of have
and a participle when referring to events in the past.
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Must that is followed by be and an –ing form or an adjective expresses a logical

conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that is happening now.

Subject Must be -ing Present tense

My friend must be calling now

Subject Must be Verb word Present time

He must be upset now

Must followed by a verb word expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence.

The conclusion is about an event that happens repeatedly.

Subject Must Verb word Repeated time

My friend must call often

Remember that know followed by a noun expresses knowledge.

Subject Know Noun

I Know the answer

know how followed by an infinitive expresses ability

Subject Know How infinitive

My friend know How to answer the question

Used to is similar to modal. Used to with a verb means that a custom in the past has not
continued.

Subject Used to Verb word Phrase/ Noun

He used to live in the country

Be used to with an –ing form means to be accustomed to.

Subject be Used to –ing form Phrase/ Noun

He was used to living in the country

Had better is similar to a modal. Although had appears to be a past, had better
expresses advice for the future.

Subject Had better Verb word Phrase/Noun

You had better take Chemistry 600 this semester

Subject Had better Not Verb word Phrase/ Noun

You had better Not Take Chemistry 600 this semester

The phrase would rather is similar to a modal. Although would rather appears to be a
past, it expresses preference in present and future time
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Subject Would rather Verb

I would rather Drive

Subject Would rather Not Verb

I would rather Not drive

When the preference is for another person or thing, would rather that introduces a
clause. The other person or thing is the subject of the clause. Although the verb is past
tense, the preference is for present or future time.

Subject Would rather That Subject Verb (past)

I would rather That You drove

Avoid using a present verb or a verb word instead of a past verb. Avoid using should
and a verb instead of a past verb.

Subject Would rather That Subject Didn’t Verb word

I would rather That You didn’t drive

Exercises!
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. After you show me the way, I can to go by myself.
After you show me the way, I can go by myself

2. He was used to drink too much

He used to drink too much

3. You had better to hurry if you don’t want to miss the bus.
You had better hurry if you don’t want to miss the bus.

4. If you don’t mind, I’d rather not to serve on the committee.

If you don’t mind, I’d rather not serve on the committee.

5. Diane would rather that her husband doesn’t working so hard.

Diane would rather that her husband didn’t work so hard.

B. Choose the correct answer!

1. By the time a baby has reached his first birthday, he should, without the help of
an adult, _______sit up or even stand up.
a. to be able to c. able to
b. to be able d. be able to

2. The theory of Continental Drift assumes that there _______long term climatic
changes in many areas during the past.
a. must have been c. must be
b. must have d. must
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3. The general public________ a large number of computers now, because prices

are beginning to decrease
a. must buy c. must be buying
b. must have bought d. must buying

4. Since more than 50 percent of all marriages in the United States end in divorce,
about half of the children in America must _______.in single parent homes.
a. grow up c. growing up
b. to grow up d. have grown up

5. In a liberal arts curriculum, it is assumed that graduates will ______.about

English, languages, literature, history, and the other social sciences.
a. know c. know how
b. knowledge d. knowing

6. Harvard________ a school for men, but now it is coeducational, serving as many

women as men.
a. was used c. used to be
b. was used to d. was used to be

7. To check for acidity, one had better _______litmus paper.

a. use c. to use
b. to use d. useful

8. The great apes, a generally peaceful species, _______.in groups.

a. would rather living c. would rather live
b. would rather they live d. would rather lived

9. He told me a lot about the Philippines. He ________ there for a long time.
a. must have lived c. might be living
b. ought to be lived d. should be living

10. When we got home, we found the front door open. Somebody ______entered
the house while we were away.
a. must have c. ought to have
b. would have d. should have

C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct

1. It is said that the American flag has five-pointed stars because Betsy Ross told
A B
General Washington she would rather that he changing the six-pointed ones.
C D

2. Secretariat run the Kentucky Derby in 1.59 minutes, setting a record that has
A B C
remained unbroken since 1973.
D
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3. Because doctors are treating more people fro skin cancer, it is widely believed
that
A B
changes in the protective layers of the earth’s atmosphere must produced harmful
C D
effects.

4. Some astronomers contend that in ancient times, the Big Horn Medicine Wheel,
an
A
arrangement of stones in Wyoming, must have serve as sighting points for
B C D
observations of the sun.

5. The Amish people, descended from the Germans and Swiss, would rather using
A
horses than machines for transportation and farm work because they believe that
a
B C
simple life keeps them closer to God.
D

6. In today’s competitive markets, even small businesses had better to advertise

A B
on TV and radio in order to gain a share of the market.
C D

7. As television images of the astronauts showed, even for trained professionals who
A B
are used to move about in a lessened gravitational field, there are still problems.
C D

8. The Impressionists like Monet and Manet knew to use color in order to create an
A B C

image of reality rather than reality itself.

D

9. Sheep must have mate in fall since the young are born in early spring every year.
A B C D

10. When the weather becomes colder we know that the air mass must originated
A B C
in the Arctic rather than over the Gulf of Mexico.
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UNIT 3
CAUSATIVE VERBS

The causative verbs are used to show that one person causes second person to do
something for the first person. It means that he can cause another person to do
something for him by paying, asking, or forcing the person. The causative verbs
commonly used are: have, get, make.

(1) ACTIVE
S + have / make* + complement + verb in simple form .......
(any tense) (usually person)

e.g.:

 Gery had Tom clean the floor. ( Tom cleaned the floor) → active
 I have my husband buy me a new car.

* The causative verb make can be followed only by a clause in the active voice. It has
stronger sense than have and get. It means force

The robber made the teller give him the money.

(The robber forced the teller to give him the money.)
The president is making his cabinet members sign this document.
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(2) ACTIVE
S + get + complement + to infinitive ................
(any tense) (usually person)

e.g.:
 Gery got Tom to clean the floor. (Tom cleaned the floor) active
 I get my husband to buy me a new car.

(3) PASSIVE
S + have / get + complement + V3 (past participle) ............
(any tense) (usually thing)

e.g.:
 Gery got (had) the floor cleaned. (The floor was cleaned by somebody) →
passive
 I have/get the new car bought.
Other examples:

1. The lecturer had the students hand in the term paper on time.
The lecturer got the students to hand in the term paper on time.
The lecturer got/ had the term paper handed in.

2. Dick is having his sister make the bed.

Dick is getting his sister to make the bed.
Dick is getting/ having the bed made.

Exercise
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. The teacher made John to leave the class.
2. Ellen got Marley paint the wall.
3. The policeman made the robber lie on the ground.
4. Maria had Gene prepare the meal.
5. We have to have our children to study hard.

B. Choose the correct answer!

1. Nadia will have her friend______ her essay assignment next week.
a. submit c. submitting
b. submitted d. to submit

2. The students are getting the lecturer _______ the schedule.

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a. change c. to change
b. changing d. changed

3. The attorney had his client_______ the possibility of winning the case.
a. consider c. to consider
b. considering d. considered

4. All people make the new leader _______the need for justice and equality.
a. emphasize c. to emphasize
b. emphasizing d. emphasized

5. The instructor had the trainees _______a project report.

a. making c. made
b. make d. to make

6. The test administrator made us not _______our books until h told us to do so.
a. open c. opening
b. to open d. opened

7. Jack always gets me _______beside him.

a. not to smoke c. not smoking
b. no smoking d. not smoke
8. The speaker is getting the audience ______to his speech.
a. listen c. listening
b. listened d. to listen
9. The principal always has the students _______the school rules.
a. obey c. to obey
b. obeying d. obeyed

10. The new government will have the budget of education_______.

a. increased c. increase
b. to increase d.increasing

C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct

1. Luis got his sister read his class assignment, and then asked her to write the
report
A B
for him because he did not have enough time.
C D
2. The director had them to work in committees to plan a more effective
advertising
A B C
campaign for a new product.
D

3. James’ lecturer had him to rewrite his thesis many times before allowing him to
A B C
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present it to the committee.

D

4. I always go to the hairdresser’s to have my hair to cut every month.

A B C D

5. Why don’t you make her doing it herself.

A B C D

6. Hendry always gets the room cleanly every day.

A B C D

7. Father will have the mechanic repaired my car before I use it tomorrow.
A B C D

8. The police officer had the suspect to fill the form.

A B C D

9. Nadine usually gets the woman sweep the floor in the morning.
A B C D

10. Father will have the room clean before the guests arrive.
A B C D

UNIT 4
SUBJUNCTIVE

(a) The teacher demands that we be on  In (a): be is a subjunctive verb. The

time. subjunctive is used in a noun clause
(b) I insisted that he pay me the money that follows certain verbs and
(c) I recommended that she not go to expressions. The sentences generally
the concert stress importance. In this sentence, the
(d) It is important that they be told the subjunctive verb is used only in its
truth simple form. It does not have present,
past, or future form; it is neither
singular nor plural.
 Negative: not + simple form, as in (c).
 Passive: simple form of be + past
participle, as in (d)
(e) I suggested that she see a doctor Should is also possible after suggest and
(f) I suggested that she should see a recommend
doctor
Common verbs and expressions followed by the subjunctive in the noun clause

demand suggest it is important

insist recommend it is necessary
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request advise it is essential

ask propose it is vital
would rather it is imperative

Exercise
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. Mr. Adams insisted that we be careful in our writing.
2. It is essential that no one will be admitted to the room without proper
identification.
3. It is vital that no one else know about the secret government operation.
4. I requested that I permit to change my class.
5. Her advisor recommended that she takes five courses.

B. Choose the correct answer!

1. It is imperative that he_____ home immediately.
a. returns c. will return
b. return d. shall return

2. The government proposed that a new high way _____.

a. is built c. builds
b. will be built d. be built

3. She specifically asked that I ______anyone else about it.

a. not tell c. will not tell
b. does not tell d. do not tell

4. Most insurance agents would rather you _____anything about collecting claims
until they investigate the situation.
a. do c. not do
b. do not d. did not

5. It is necessary that calcium ______for the development of strong bones and teeth.
a. be used c. is used
b. will be used d. used

6. The judge insisted that the jury ________ a verdict immediately.

a. return c. returned
b. returning d. returns
7. The university requires that all its students _______ this course.
a. taking c. take
b. took d. are taking
8. Congress has recommended that the gasoline tax _______ abolished
a. be c. was
b. is d. to be
9. It is imperative that the committee ________ discussion on this issue
a. suspended c. suspend
b. suspending d. suspends
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10. It is advised that you ________ the prerequisites before registering for this
course.
a. takes c. take
b. took d. to take

C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct

1. It is essential that the temperature is not elevated to a point where the substance
A B
formed may become unstable and decompose into its constituent elements.
C D

2. When a patient’s blood pressure is much higher than it should be, a doctor
usually
A B C
insists that he will not smoke.
D

3. He insisted that the food is canned for later consumption.

A B C D

4. The instructor recommended that everyone takes the placement test.

A B C D

5. The government urged that all citizens will vote in the next election.
A B C D

6. It is most important that he speaks to the dean before leaving for his vacation.
A B C D
7. It was suggested that Pedro studies the materials more thoroughly before
A B
attempting to pass the exam.
C D
8. The doctor advised Mr. Andrew that he lies in bed for a few days as a precaution
A B C
against further damage to the tendons.
D
9. It is urgent that the committee will study the proposals before making a
decision.
A B C D
10. The director suggested that his staff to plan a more effective advertising
campaign
A B C
for the new product.
D
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UNIT 5
TENSES

THE SIMPLE TENSE

Tense Examples Meaning
Simple Present (b) It snows in Alaska In general, the simple
(c) I read newspaper every morning present expresses events or
situations that exist always,
usually, habitually. They
exist now, have existed in
the past, and probably will
exist in the future.
Present (d) John is eating dinner now This present progressive is
Progressive (e) We are leaving for the theater used to indicate present
(Continuous) at seven o’clock. time (now) with all (c).
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It is also used to indicate

future time (d).

Tense Examples Meaning

Simple Past (a) John went to Spain last year. The simple past is used for
(b) Bob bought a new bicycle a completed action that
yesterday. happened at one specific
(c) Maria washed the dishes last time in the past.
night It began and ended in the
past.
Past (d) When Mark came home, Martha Past progressive is used to
Progressive was watching television. indicate an action which
(Continuous) (f) Martha was watching was occurring in the past
television while John was and was interrupted by
reading a book. another action.(d)
It is also used to indicate
two actions occurring at
the same time in the past.
(e)

THE PERFECT TENSE

Tense Examples Meaning
Present Perfect (a) John has travelled around the The present perfect is used
world. to indicate an action that
(b) George has seen this movie three happened at an indefinite
times. time in the past (a)
(c) John has lived in the same house It is also used to indicate an
for twenty years. (he still lives action that happened more
there) than once in the past (b)
It is also used to indicate an
action began in the past and
is still occurring in the
present (c).
Present Perfect (a) I have been waiting for her since Present perfect continuous
Continuous you left is used to indicate an action
that began in the past and
still occurring in the present
(present perfect rules). It is
also possible to use the
present perfect progressive.

Tense Examples Meaning

Past Perfect (a) John had gone to the store before Past perfect is used to
he went home. indicate an action that
happened before another
action in the past; there
usually are two actions in
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the sentence.

Exercise
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. Please, be quiet. I am trying to concentrate.
2. Kathy is always washing her hair every other day.
3. I called Mary last night.
4. In her whole life time, I have never see snow.
5. She will probably attends the meeting.

B. Choose the correct answer!

1. A: ” How long has she been the principal of our school?”
B: “ Since I _____this school.”
a. was entering b. have entered
b. would entered d. entered

2. A: “ Can I borrow your magazine?”

B: “ I’ am sorry, my sister ______it.
a. is still reading b. has been reading
b. will still read d. still reads

3. “ Oh dear! I forgot to bring my dictionary”.

“ That’s all right. I ______you mine.”
a. am lending. c. am going to lend
b. will lend d. will be lending

4. “Where is my dictionary? It was on my desk.”

“Perhaps, somebody ______it.”
a. takes c. has taken
b. is taking d. had taken

5. Political demonstrations on American campuses have abated_______

a. after 1970 c. in 1970
b. for 1970 d. since 1970
6. People who have very little technical background have______ to understand
computer language.
a. learn c. learning
b. learned d. learns

7. Before the Angles and Saxons ______to England, the Ibarians had lived there.
a. came c. comes
b. had come d. has come

8. My nephew______ working for me about ten years ago.

a. begun c. begin
b. have begun d. began
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9. Doctoral students who are preparing to take their qualifying examinations have
been studying in the library every night _______the last three months.
a. since c. until
b. before d. after

10. The internal Revenue service ______their tax forms by April 15 every year.
a. makes c. make
b. is making d. has made

C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct

1. Before she died, Andrew Jackson’s daughter, who lives in the family mansion,
used
A B C
to take tourists through her home.
D

2. Aging in most animals can be readily modified when they will limit caloric
intake.
A B C D

3. Two of the players from the Yankees has been chosen to participate in All Star
A B C D
game.

4. The first electric lamp had two carbon rods from which vapor serves to conduct
A B C D
the current across the gap.

5. Before dinosaurs became extinct, plant life is very different on earth.

A B C D

6. When Columbus seen the new world, he thought that he had reached the East
A B C
Indies by way of a Western route.
D

7. Nerve impulses will send sensation to the brain at a speed of about one hundred
A B C
yards per second.
D

8. In 1970, according to the National Center for Health Statistics, the average life
A B
expectancy for people born during year is 72.4 years.
C D
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9. The professor had already given the homework assignment when he had
A B
remembered that Monday was a holiday.
C D

10. John lived in New York since 1990 to 2000, but he is now living in Detroit.
A B C D

UNIT 6
PASSIVE

A. Form
We make passive verb forms with the verb TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
To be includes: am, is, are, was, were, be, and been.
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B. Uses
o To focus on something that happens to someone rather than the person
who does the action.
Over 36% of Guatemalan workers are employed in the agricultural
sector.

o To talk about systems and processes

Many of the world’s diamond are mined in South Africa. The stones are
sent to Amsterdam, where they are sold to international dealers. The
stone are cut in Antwerp, and they are then sold on to jewelers.

o To have business correspondence, because it is less personal.

Compare:
Peter Jason, who opens our post at this branch, received your letter
yesterday. He has forwarded it to Head Office. (Active)
Thank you for your letter which was received at this branch yesterday. It
has been forwarded to Head Office, as complaints are dealt with there.
(Passive)

o To describe changes
The factory is completely different. The whole place has been
modernized and computerized, and a lot of people have been
made redundant.

o To have scientific writing or lab reports.

The new species of dinosaurs, one a quick-moving meet-eater and the
other a giant-plant-eater, have been discovered in Antarctica. The 70
million years old fossil of the carnivore would have rested for
millenniums at the bottom of the Antarctica sea, while the remains of the
30 meters long plant-eater were found in the top of mountain.

TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE

SIMPLE PRESENT Jim plays a toy. A toy is played by Jim.

SIMPLE PAST Jim played a toy. A toy was played by Jim.

SIMPLE FUTURE Jim will play a toy. A toy will be played by Jim.

PRESENT Jim is playing a toy. A toy is being played by Jim.

CONTINOUS
PAST CONTINOUS Jim was playing a toy. A toy was being played by Jim.
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BE GOING TO Jim is going to play a toy. A toy is going to be played by Jim.

PRESENT Jim has played a toy. A toy has been played by Jim.
PERFECT
PAST PERFECT Jim had played a toy. A toy had been played by Jim.

FUTURE PERFECT Jim will have played a toy. A toy will have been played by Jim.

MODAL Jim may play a toy. A toy may be played by Jim.

Exercise
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1. My wedding ring made of yellow and white gold

My wedding ring is made of yellow and white gold
2. Laura was born in Iowa
Laura born in Iowa
3. Most of us are sponsored from our parents
Most of us are sponsored by our parents
4. The car was inspected for customs
The car was inspected by customs
5. Her watch needed repaired
Her watch needed repairing

B. Choose the Correct Answer!

1. If more than five thousand dollars in monetary instruments is transported into
the United States, a report needs ________with the customs office.
a. file c. file
b. to file d. to be filed

2. The famous architect, Frank Wright, was greatly _______., who wanted him to
study architecture.
a. influenced by his mother c. from his mother’s influence
b. his mother influenced him d. influencing for his mother.

3. In the stringed instruments, the toners _______.by planting a bow across a set of
strings that may be made of wire or gut.
a. they produce c. producing
b. are produced d. that are producing
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4. ________.Java Man, who lived before the first Ice Age, is the first manlike
animal.
a. It is generally believed that c. Generally believed it is
b. Believed generally is d. That is generally believed

5. Hundreds of houses and other buildings ________ by the raging tropical storms
which later developed into a hurricane.
a. were developing c. were developed
c. are developing d. are developed

6. The biology class will _______into two sections to prevent overcrowding in his
classroom.
a. be divided c. be divide
b. divide d. be dividing

7. We arrived at the store to purchase the dishwasher which _________ in the local
newspaper.
a. has been advertised c. have been advertised
b. had been advertised d. is advertised

8. A great deal of property _______ by hurricanes each year.

a. is destroyed c. was destroyed
b. destroyed d. destroy

9. Next week, some new equipment _______ by the company to increase the
production.
a. will be ordered c. was ordered
b. is ordered d. ordered

10. These contracts _______ by the manager in the next meeting.

a. should be signed c. was signed
b. is signed d. signed

C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct

1. Work is often measure in units called foot pounds.

A B C D

2. In the ionosphere, gases have been partly ionize for high frequency radiation
from
A B C
the sun and other sources.
D

3. Because the interstate highway system linking roads across the country was built
A B
 Page 38

about thirty-five years ago, most of the roads in the system now need repaired.
C D

4. It is believe that most of the earthquakes in the world occur near the
A B C D
youngest mountain ranges-----the Himalayas, the Andes, and the Sierra Nevada.

5. With special enzymes that are call restriction enzymes, it is possible to spilt off
A B
segments of DNA from the donor organism.
C D

6. All the participants of the seminar have been informing by the committee.
A B C D

7. He is sent an e –mail last week to inform him about the new schedule
A B C D

8. We are suppose to read all of the chapter seven and answer the questions for
A B C
tomorrow’s class
D

9. The house were renovated by some workers several weeks ago.

A B C D

10. We should have been informed Janis about the change in plans regarding our
A B C
weekend trip to the mountains.
D
 Page 39

UNIT 7
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

In all patterns, there must be agreement of subject and verb. Avoid using a verb that
agrees with the modifier of a subject.

USING EXPRESSION OF QUANTITY (BE AS VERB)

SINGULAR VERB PLURAL VERB

(a) Some of the book is (c) Some of the books are The verb is determined by
good. good. the noun (or pronoun) that
(b) A lot of the (d) A lot of my friends are follows of in most
equipment is new. here. expressions of quantity.
Notice in (a) and (c)
Some of + singular noun
+ singular verb
Some of + plural noun +
plural verb
(e) One of my friends EXCEPTION:
is here one of, each of, every
(f) Each of my friends one of take singular
is here verbs.
(g) Every one of my
friends is here one of, each of, every one
of + plural noun +
singular verb
(h) None of the boys is (i) None of the boys Subjects with none of are
here are here. (informal) considered singular in
very formal English, but
plural verbs are often used
in informal speech and
writing.
((9 COMPARE:
(j) The number of (k) A number of In (j) the number is the
students in the class is students were late for subject. In (k) a number
fifteen. class of is an expression of
quantity, meaning “a lot
of.” It is followed by a
plural noun and a plural
verb.

Exercise: State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1. The facilities at the new research library, including an excellent microfilm file, is
among the best in the country.
 Page 40

The facilities at the new research library, including an excellent microfilm file, are
among the best in the country.
2. Since the shipment of supplies for our experiments were delayed, we will have
to reschedule our work.
Since the shipment of supplies for our experiments was delayed, we will have to
reschedule our work.

USING MAIN VERB

SINGULAR VERB PLURAL VERB

(a) The student always (d) The students If a main verb is used:
borrows the book. always borrow the Singular noun + main
(b) The book has a book. verb+ s/es
good story. (e) The books have Plural noun + main verb
(c) The child usually good story. (without s/es)
sleeps at 9 am. (f) The children
usually sleep at 9 am.

Exercise: State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1. Several pets, two dogs and a cat, needs to be taken care of while we are gone.
Several pets, two dogs and a cat, need to be taken care of while we are gone.
2. State University, the largest of the state-supported schools, have more than
50,000 students on main campus.
State University, the largest of the state-supported schools, has more than 50,000
students on main campus

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: SOME IRREGULARIES

SINGULAR VERB
(a) The news is interesting. Sometimes a noun that ends in –s is singular.
(b) Mathematics is easy for her. Notice the examples: If the noun is changed
Physics is easy for her, too. to a pronoun, the singular pronoun it is used
(c) Ghosts is the best film I have (not the plural pronoun they).
ever watched.
(d) The United Nations has its Note: Fields of study, as in (b), that end is -
headquarters in New York City. ics take singular verbs.
(e) Eight hours of sleep is Expression of time, money, and distance
enough. usually take a singular verb.
(f) Ten dollars is too much too
pay.
(g) Five thousand miles is too far
to travel.
 Page 41

PLURAL VERB
(h) Those people are from Canada People and police do not end in –s but are
(i) The police have been called. plural nouns and take plural verbs

SINGULAR VERB PLURAL VERB

(j) English is (l) The English drink In (j): English – language
spoken in many tea. In (l): the English – people
countries. (m) The Chinese have from England
(k) Chinese is his an interesting history Some nouns of nationality that
native language end in –sh, -ese, and –ch can
mean either language or
people.
E.g. English, Spanish,
Chinese, Japanese,
Vietnamese, Portuguese,
French
(n) The poor have A few adjectives can be
many problems. preceded by the and used as a
(o) The rich get plural noun (without final –s)
richer. to refer to people who have
this quality.
Other examples:
the young, the old, the living,
the dead, the blind, the deaf,
the handicapped.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: USING THERE + BE

There and here introduce verb-subject order. The verb agrees with the subject following
it.

There Verb Subject

There Are a lot of people in the park.

Here Verb Subject

Here Is the result of the discussion
Avoid using a verb that does not agree with the subject

EXERCISES
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. I think there was ten people in line.
I think there were ten people in line.

2. There has been very little rain this summer.

There have been very little rain this summer.
 Page 42

B. Choose the correct answer!

1. A group of tissues, each with its own function, ____ in the human body
a. it makes up the organs c. they make up the organs
b. make up the organs d. makes up the organs

2. Cupid, one of the ancient Roman gods, ____

a. were a little winged child
b. representing as a little winged child
c. was represented as a little winged child
d. a little winged child

3. In a suspension bridge ____ that carry one or more flexible cables firmly
attached at each end.
a. there is two towers on it c. two towers there are
b. there are two towers d. towers there are two

4. The Palo Verde tree ____ in spring.

a. has beautiful yellow blossoms c. having beautiful yellow
b. beautiful yellow blossoms blossoms
d. with beautiful yellow blossoms

5. Nine of every ten people in the world ____in the country in which they were
born.
a. living c. lives
b. they are living d. live

6. The average temperature of rocks on the surface of the earth ____55 degrees F.
a. be b. are c. is d. been

7. All of the people at the AAME conference are ____

a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacher
b. mathematics teachers d. mathematic’s teachers

8. Oscillatona, one of the few plants that can move about, ____ a wavy, gliding
motion.
a. having b. has c. being d. with

9. In the ocean, ____ more salt in the deeper water.

a. is there c. there is
b. it may be d. it is

10. The yearly path of the sun around the heavens ____
a. is known as the ecliptic c. it is known to be ecliptic
b. known as the ecliptic d. knowing as the ecliptic

C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct

 Page 43

1. Columbus, Ohio, the capital of the state, are not only the largest city in Ohio but
also a
A B C
typical metropolitan area, often used in market research.
D

2. There is about 600 schools in the United States that use the Montessori Method
to
A B C
encourage individual initiative.
D

3. A thunderhead, dense clouds that rise high in the sky in huge columns, produce
hail,
A B C D
rain, or snow.

4. Not one in one hundred children exposed to the disease are likely to develop
A B C D
symptoms of it.

5. Both a term paper and a final exam is required for Chemistry 320.
A B C D
6. Studies of job satisfaction are unreliable because there is so many variables and
because
A B C
the admission of dissatisfaction may be viewed as a personal failure.
D

7. The popularity of soccer in the United States were increased significantly by the
playing
A B C
of the World Cup in cities throughout the country in1994.
D

8. Two of the players from the Yankees has been chosen to participate in the All
Star
A B C D
game.

9. The information officer at the bank told his customers that there was several
different
A B C D
kinds of checking accounts available.

10. Never before has so many people in the United States been interested in soccer.
A B C D
 Page 44

UNIT 8
PARALLEL STRUCTURE

One use of a conjunction is to connect words or phrases that have the same grammatical
function in a sentence. This use of conjunctions is called parallel structure. The
conjunctions used in this pattern are and, but, or nor.

(a) Steve and his friend are coming to In (a): noun + and + noun
dinner.
(b) Susan raised her hand and In (b): verb + and + verb
snapped her fingers.
(c) He is wearing his arms and (is) In (c): verb + and + verb ( The second
shouting at us auxiliary may be omitted if it is the same
as the first auxiliary
(d) These shoes are old but In (d): adjective + but + adjective
comfortable In (e): infinitive + or + infinitive (the
(e) He wants to watch TV or (to) second to may be omitted)
listen to some music In (f): phrase or phrase
(f) They must put the book on the
table or the chair In (g) clause + and + clause
(g) We know where he went and what In (h): both ……..and ………….
he did
(h) Both my brother and my sister are In (i): neither ………nor …………
doctors
 Page 45

(i) Neither Paul nor Linda lives in In (j): either …………..or ……………
New York In (k): not only ……….but also ……….
(j) You can either sit there or wait
here
(k) Jane went to the post office not
only to buy stamps but also to
send letters.

(l) Steve, Joe, and Alice are coming to
dinner
(m)Susan raised her hand, snapped
her fingers, and asked a question.
(n) The colors in that fabric are red,
gold, black, and green.
A parallel structure may contain more
than two parts. In a series, commas are
used to separate each unit. The final
comma that precedes the conjunction is
optional but is customarily used. (No
commas are used if there are only parts
to a parallel structure).

Exercises
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1. We learned to read the passage carefully and underlying the main idea.
We learned to read the passage carefully and to underline the main idea.
2. She is not only famous in the United States, but also abroad.
She is famous not only in the United States, but also abroad.
B. Choose the correct answer
1. In a hot, sunny climate, acclimatizes by eating less, drinking more liquids, wearing
lighter clothing, and ________
a skin changes that darken c. his skin may darken
b experiencing a darkening of the skin d darkens his skin

2. Both historically and _______, Ontario is the heartland of Canada

a. in its geography c. also its geography
b. geographically d. geography

3. He knows where she lives and ________

a. what she does c. she does
b. her address d. her job

4. Peter is not reading a novel but ________

a. to wait her c. type a report
b. writing a letter d. wash his car

5. A vacuum will neither conduct heat nor ________.

a. transmit sound waves c. sound waves are transmitted
b. transmitting sound waves d. the transmission of sound waves
 Page 46

6. North Carolina is well known not only for the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
________.for the Cherokee Indian settlements.
a. also c. but also
c. and d. because of

7. To generate income, magazine publishers must decide whether to increase the

subscription price or ________.
a. to sell advertising c. selling advertising
b. if they should sell advertising d. sold advertising

8. When teenagers finish high school, they have several choices: going to college,
getting a job, or ___________.
a. joining the army c. joins the army
b. to join the army d. join the army

9. Collecting stamps, playing chess, and _______ beautiful butterflies are Derrick’s
hobbies.
a. to mount c. mounting
b. mounts d. mount

10. The chief of police demanded from his assistants an orderly investigation, a well-
written report, and _______
a. that they work hard c. working hard
b. hard work d. work hard

C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct

1. The essay which Paul wrote is rather short but impressively.

A B C D

2. They want to know where she went and did two days ago.
A B C D

3. My friend is interested not in books but in watching films.

A B C D

4. I think they can explain clearly neither when they go nor they do.
A B C D

5. The books and the magazine might be the bag or under the chair.
A B C D

6. Both Linda or Mary usually go to the cinema on Saturdays.

A B C D
7. Either Elisa nor Eriana really wanted to see them last week.
A B C D
 Page 47

8. They can go there either at the end of July or they can go there at the end of August.
A B C D

9. The aims of the Common Market are to eliminate tariffs member countries;
developing
A
common policies for agriculture, labor, welfare, trade, and transportation; and to
B C
abolish trust and cartels.
D
10. The puppy stood up slowly, wagged its tail, blinking its eyes, and barked
A B C D

UNIT 9
COMPARATIVES

1. exact comparison
The same as and the same have the same meaning, but the same as is used between
the two nouns compared, and the same is used after the two nouns or a plural noun.

noun The same as Noun

This coat Is the same as that one

noun Noun the same

This coat and that one Are the same

Noun (plural) the same

These coats Are the same
 Page 48

Avoid using like instead of as. Avoid using the same between the two nouns compared.

2. general similarity and general difference

The words like and alike have the same meaning, but like is used between the two
nouns compared, and alike is used after the two nouns or a plural noun. And avoid
using as instead of like and avoid using like after the two nouns compared.

noun Be like noun

This coat Is like that one

noun be noun alike

This coat and that one are alike

noun (plural) be alike

These coats Are alike

noun Be different from noun

This coat Is different from that one

3. comparative estimate

subject +verb multiple as many/ many as noun/clause

Fresh fruit twice as much as canned fruit
costs
We have half as many as we need

subject +verb more (less) than Number noun/clause

Steve has more than a thousand Coins in his
collections

subject/verb as many as Number noun

We should have as many as five hundred applications

4. degrees of comparison

subject + Verb more(less) adjective (two than noun

syllables)
adjectives-er (one syllables)
adjective –er (two syllables
ending in –y)
An essay test is more difficult than an objective test
 Page 49

harder
easier

subject +verb The most(least) adjective(two syllables

adjectives –est (one syllables)

An essay test is The most difficult

hardest

5. double comparison

the comparativ S V the comparative S V

e
The hotter it Is the the more miserable I feel

Exercise:

A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1. The car is almost the same like mine

2. The watch in the window is a little different than this one.
3. This one is better, but it costs three times as much as the other one.
4. This field is larger than the other one.
5. She is most prettiest of all the girls in our class.

B. Choose the correct answer!

1. Although we often use “speed” and “velocity” interchangeably, in technical
sense, “speed” is not always _______”velocity”
c. alike c. the same as
d. similar d. as

2. Although they are smaller, chipmunks are_______ most other ground squirrels.
a. like to c. like with
b. like as d. like

3. A nursery school is ______ a day care center.

a. different from c. different than
b. different d. different as

4. The rent at College Apartment is only half ________ you pay here.
 Page 50

a. than c. as many as
b. as much as d. from

5. The main library has_______ one millions volumes.

a. more as c. more than
b. most than d. least than

6. There are ______fifteen thousand students attending summer school.

a. as many as c. as many
b. as much as d. as much

7. The bill which we received was________ than the estimate.

a. more higher c. higher
b. the higher d. more higher

8. The Disney amusement park in Japan is _______Florida or California.

a. the largest than the ones in c. larger than the ones in
b. larger the ones in d. the largest of the ones

9. The greater the demand, _______the price.

a. higher c. high
b. the higher d. the high

10. The teacher gave Mike a failing grade on her term paper because it was______
Ardian’s.
a. the same as c. the same with
b. same like d. the same with

C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct

1. When two products are basically the same as, advertising can influence the
public’s
A B C D
choice.

2. The first living structure to appear on earth thousands of years ago were alike
A B C D
viruses.

3. Although business practices have been applied successfully to agriculture,

farming
A B C
is different other industries.
D

4. With American prices for sugar at three times as much the world price,
A
manufacturers are beginning to use fructose blended with pure sugar, or sucrose.
 Page 51

B C D

5. It is generally accepted that the common cold is caused by as much as forty

strains
A B C
of viruses that may be present in the air at all times.
D

6. The diesel engine that runs on oil is efficient than most other engines because it
A B C
converts the useful energy stored up in the fuel.
D

7. The books for my engineering course are expensive than the books for my other
A B C
courses.
D

8. The more important theorem of all in plane geometry is the Pythagorean

Theorem.
A B C D

9. Although there are a number of interesting findings, a most significant results

are in
A B C D
the abstract.

10. The climate here is more milder than that of New England.
A B C D

UNIT 10
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1. REAL CONDITIONS (POSSIBLY TRUE)

FUTURE TIME → type 1

 Page 52

If + subject + simple present tense ….+ will + (verb in simple form)

can

Example
1. If I have enough time, I will write to my parents every week
2. If she has the money, she will buy a new car.

2. UNREAL CONDITIONS (NOT TRUE)

PRESENT OR FUTURE TIME → type 2

If + subject + simple past tense ….+ would + (verb in simple form)

could

Example
1. If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.
Fact: ( I don’t have the time) (I’m not going to the beach with you)

2. He would tell you about it if he were here.

Fact: (He won’t tell you about it.) (He’s not here)

3. If he didn’t speak so quickly, you could understand him.

Fact: (He speaks very quickly.) ( You can’t understand him).

PAST TIME → type 3

If + subject + past perfect ….+ would + have + (verb in past participle)

could

Example

1. If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
Fact: (We didn’t know that you were there.) (We didn’t write you a letter.)
2. She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer.
Fact: (She didn’t sell the house.) (She didn’t find the right buyer.)
3. If we hadn’t lost our way, we would have arrived sooner.
Fact: (We lost our way) (We didn’t arrive sooner)

Exercises
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. a. If water freezes, it has become a solid
b. If water freezes, it becomes a solid
 Page 53

2. a. If children are healthy, they learn to walk at about eighteen months old.
b. If children be healthy, they learn to walk at about eighteen months old.
3. a. We will wait if you wanted to go
b. We will wait if you want to go
4. a. If you made your bed in the morning, your room looks better when you got
back in the afternoon
b. If you made your bed in the morning, your room would look better when you
got back in the afternoon
5. a. If we had had the money, we would have bought a new stereo system
b. If we had the money, we would have bought a new stereo system

B. Choose the Correct Answer!

1. If water is heated to 212 degrees F ______as team
a. it will boil and escape c. it is boiling and escaping
b. it boils and escape d. it would boil and escape

2. If services are increased, taxes________

a. will probably go up c. probably go up
b. probably go up d. going up probably

3. If American are fewer foods with sugar and salt, their general health
______better
a. be c. is
b. will be d. would be

4. According to some historians, if Napoleon had not invaded Russia, he ______the

rest of Europe.
a. had conquered c. would conquer
b. would have conquered d. conquered

5. If humans were deprived of sleep, they _______.hallucinations, anxiety, coma,

and eventually death.
a. would experience c. would have experienced
b. experience d. had experienced

6. If footballs teams play in the Superbowl Championship, ______ either the

National or the American Conference
a. they win c. they won
b. they will win d. they have won

7. If I had known her address, I _____her.

a. could see c. would have visited
b. would visit d. will visit
 Page 54

8. If I were Jane, I ______leave the man

a. am c. have
b. would d. will

9. If I have time, I ______visit you.

a. would c. would have
b. will d. would be

10. If you _______ the plant in a cooler location, the leaves would not have burned.
a. had set c. has set
b. have set d. set

C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct

1. Boys can become Cub Scouts if they completed the second grade
A B C D

2. If dinosaurs would have continued roaming the earth, man would have evolved
quite
A B C
differently.
D

3. If we were to consider all of the different kinds of motion in discussing the

A
movement of an object, it is very confusing, because even an object at rest is
B C
moving as the earth turns.
D

4. If drivers obeyed the speed limit, fewer accidents occur.

A B C D

5. If you sat in that position for too long, you may get a cramp in your leg.
A B C D

6. If you don’t register before the last day of regular registration, you paying a late
fee.
A B C D

7. If you start doing it now, you might finished it in time.

A B C D

8. We would have bought a new car if we have had a lot of money

A B C D
 Page 55

9. If biennials were planted this year, they will be likely to bloom next year.
A B C D

10. If Monique had not attended the conference, she never would meet her old
friend
A B
Dan, whom she had not seen in years.
C D
 Page 56

UNIT 11
ANTICIPATORY IT

It is believed It is thought
It is hypothesized It is true
It is known It is written
It is said

It +be+V 3 that Subject Verb Noun

It is believed that all mammals experience dreams

Avoid using an –ing form, a noun, or an infinitive instead of a subject and verb after an
anticipatory it clause.

EXERCISES
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1. It is thought that our ancestors building this city

It is thought that our ancestors built this city

2. It is believed that a horseshoe brings good luck

It is believed that a horseshoe bringing good luck

3. It is hypothesized that the subjects in the control group will not score as well.
It is hypothesized that the subjects in the control group not to score as well.

4. It is said that a buried treasure near here

It is said that a buried treasure was hidden near here

B. Choose the correct answer!

1. _____.Giant Ape Man, or biggest and probably one of our first human ancestors,
was just about the size of a male gorilla.
a. It is believed that c. That is believed
b. That it is d. That believing

2. _______the formation of the Sun, the planets, and other stars began with the
condensation of an interstellar cloud.
a. It is accepted that c. It is accepted
b. Accepted d. That is accepted
 Page 57

3. It is now known that Saturn _______not the only planet in our solar system with
rings
a. which
b. be
c. so
d. is
4. ________Java Man, who lived before the first Ice Age, is the first manlike
animal.
a. It is generally believed that
b. Generally believed it is
c. Believed generally is
d. That is generally believed

C. Choose the incorrect word or phrase.

That it is believed that most of the earthquakes in the world occur near the youngest
A B C D
mountain ranges-the Himalayas, the Andes, and the Sierra Nevadas.
 UNIT 12
CONJUNCTIONS

Because of is a prepositional phrase, it introduces a noun or a noun phrase.

Because is a conjunction, it introduces a clause with a subject and a verb..

Clause Because Subject Verb

They decided to stay at home because the weather was bad

or

Clause Because of Subject Verb

They decided to stay at home because of the weather was bad

Avoid using because of before a subject and verb. Avoid using because before a noun
which is not followed by a verb.

Despite and in spite of have the same meaning. They introduce a contradiction in a
sentence or clause- and- result.

Despite noun Clause

Despite his denial we knew that he was guilty

or

In spite of noun Clause

In spite of his denial we knew that he was guilty

Avoid using of with despite. Avoid omitting of after in spite

Exercises
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1. A. Classes will be cancelled tomorrow because a national holiday.

B. Classes will be cancelled tomorrow because of a national holiday.

2. A. she was absent because of her cold was worse

B. she was absent because her cold was worse

3. A. John’s family is very happy because his being awarded a scholarship

B. John’s family is very happy because of his being awarded a scholarship
 4. A. She didn’t buy it because of the price was too high
B. She didn’t buy it because the price was too high

5. A. It was difficult to see the road clearly because the rain.

B. It was difficult to see the road clearly because of the rain.

6. A. Despite of the light rain, the baseball game was not cancelled.
B. Despite the light rain, the baseball game was not cancelled.

7. A. Dick and Sarah are still planning to get married despite of their disagreement.
B. Dick and Sarah are still planning to get married despite their disagreement.

B. Choose the correct answer.

1. …………………..in the cultivation of a forest, trees, need more than careful

planning than any other crop does.
a. Because the time and area involved
b. For the time and area involving
c. Because of the time and area involved
d. As a cause of the time and area involved

2. ……………..under Chief Tecumseh, the Shawnees lost most of their lands to

whites and were moved into territories.
a. despite of resistance c. although resistance
b. in spite of resistance d. in spite resistance

3. ………..his good performance as a student, he is always nervous when doing

exams.
a. unless c. despite
b. even though d. although

C. Choose the incorrect word or phrase.

1. Many roads and railroads were built in the 1880s because of the industrial
S B C
cities needed a network to link them with sources of supply.
D

2. Despite of the Taft-Hartley Act which forbids unfair union practices some unions
A B
such as the air traffic controllers have voted to strike even though this action
C D
might endanger the national security.

3. Despite of the fact that backgammon is easy to learn, it is as difficult to play

A B C
 as chess.
D
KUNCI STRUCTURE
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
B. C.
1. D 6. C 1. A 6. A
2. C 7. B 2. A 7. A
3. B 8. B 3. D 8. B
4. A 9. C 4. B 9. D
5. D 10. A 5. B 10. A

REFLEXIVE AND EMPHATIC PRONOUNS

B. C.
C B D C
D A A D
D A C C
A C D ?
A A B B

TENSE
B. C.
D B B A
A A D A
B D B D
C A C B
D A B B

PARALLEL STRUCTURE
B. C.
B C D A
B A C A
A A C C
B C D C
A B C C

COMPARATIVES
B. C.
1. C 6. A B B
2. D 7. C D B
3. A 8. C D A
4. B B A C
5. C A C C
MODAL AUXILIARIES
B. A A A
D C. B
A C D C
C A A B
A C D C
A C C

PASSIVE
B. C A A
C. C
D
A C A
A
B B A
B
A D A
A
A A A

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
B. C.
A B C C
A C A D
B B B C
B B D A
A A A B

CAUSATIVE VERBS
B. C.
A A A C
C A A B
A D A D
A A C C
B A C B

SUBJUNCTIVE
B. C.
B A A B
D C D A
A A B A
C C C B
A C C B

ANTICIPATORY IT
1. A
2. A
3. D
4. A
1. A

CONJUNCTIONS
1. C
2. B
3. C

1. C
2. A
3. A