Meeting 11 & 12

The form of structure on the paper TOEFL

test

1. Structure (question 1 – 15):

- each sentences has been replaced with a blank.
- each sentences is followed by four answer choices (A, B, C, D).
- choose the correct answer to replaced the blank.

2. Written Expression (question 16 – 40):

- four words/groups of words have been underlined.
- choose the underlined word or group of words that is
NOT CORRECT/WRONG
EXAMPLE
STRUCTURE (Question Number 1 – 15)

1. _________ is taking a trip to New York.

(A) They
(B) When
(C) The woman
(D) Her

*Choose the CORRECT word/words!

EXAMPLE
WRITTEN EXPRESSION (Question Number 16 – 40)

The books that I read was interesting.

A B C D

*Choose the WRONG word!

Part 1: A sentence
It is generally defined as a group of words that
expresses a thorough idea by giving a statement, or
asking a question, or exclaiming.
 S P O/C
Noun/
Noun Verb In
On
To be At
Is, am, are Which
Was, That
*S = subject
were, have Who
*P = predicate/verb
*O = object etc
*C = complement
Subject Predicate
Singular Singular
He, She, It To be: Is, was, has
Singular thing Verb + s/es

Plural Plural
I, You, They, We to be: am, are, have
Plural things Verb
EXAMPLE
She writes a letter.
1.She writes a letter.
2.He writes a novel.
3.They write a letter He writes a letter.
4.We write a novel.
I write a letter.
You
They
We
EXAMPLE
She wrote a letter.
1.She wrote a letter.
2.He wrote a novel.
3.They wrote a letter He wrote a letter.
4.We wrote a novel.
I wrote a letter.
You
They
We
EXAMPLE
She is writing a letter.
1.She is writing a letter.
2.He was writing a novel.
3.They are writing a letter He was writing a letter.
4.We were writing a novel.
You were writing a letter.

I was writing a letter. They were writing a letter.

Let’s Practice 3. John and his brother usually________ to
campus by car.
(A) goes
1. We ________ to Jakarta last week. (B) go
(A) go (C) is
(B) went (D) are
(C) going
(D) goes 4. The boys is playing in the park now.
A B C D
2. She ________ in the room last night.
(A) was
5. The books that I read was interesting.
(B) is
(C) were A B C D
(D) are
Let’s Practice
1.Each group should make 2 different types of grammar
questions (structure & written expression) and share
to other groups.

2.Other groups should answer by choosing the best

answer.
 Page 45
Part 2: Appositive
An appositive is a noun or a noun phrase that sits next to
another noun to rename it or to describe it in another way.

appositive
Noun/S

My sister, Annie, Likes to watch horror movie.

describes
EXAMPLE
Appositives are usually offset with commas (,).

1. My car, a small SUV, is completely full.

2. Tom, my brother, is an English teacher.
3. Former Vice President, Walter Mondale, died at the age of 93.
4. Davey, my youngest nephew, is feeling sick.

Appositives can also be offset with parentheses (round brackets) or

dashes.
1. Yolanda (my mate from school) won the English competition.
2. For the last decade, prices in Alton – a small town only 25 minutes from
London – have been soaring.
Let’s Practice
1. Mr Grey, _______ is coming to class now.
(A) an English teacher
(B) an English teacher,
(C) it is an English teacher
(D) who teaching English

2. The Duncan sofa, ________ is highly valued in today’s antique furniture market.
(A) A colonial masterpiece,
(B) A colonial masterpiece which
(C) It is a colonial masterpiece that
(D) Whose colonial masterpiece

3. Walter, the smart boy has a very good relationship with his parents.
A B C D
4. Anna - the beautiful lady is a smart and humble person.
A B C D
Let’s Practice
1.Each group should make 3 sentences with appositives.
2.Do exercise 3, page 47.
 Page 181
Part 3: Passive Voice
The passive voice is used when we want to emphasize
the action (the verb) and the object of a sentence
rather than subject.

(Verb 3)
 Page 181
Part 3: Passive Voice

(Verb 3)

1. The ball is kicked by the boy.

2. This laptop is produced in Italy.
3. This book was written by Angela Davis.
4. The suspect will be released tomorrow.
5. This product has been tested on animals.
NOTE:
Only the form of be changes to make the tense. The past participle stays
the same. Here are examples of the passive in its most common tenses.
Let’s Practice
Exercise 1
Let’s Practice
Do exercise 2 (page 182)

No 1 - 7
 Page 195
Part 4: Parallelism
Parallelism is the matching of the forms of words,
phrases, or clauses within a sentence.

*Conjoined items in a sentence must be in the same

grammatical form.

Coordinating conjunction Coordinating conjunction

I like reading and writing I like to read and writing

V V V V
correct incorrect
Words, phrases, and clauses need to have parallel grammatical
construction when they are joined by:
Words, phrases, and clauses need to have parallel grammatical
construction when they are joined by:
Let’s Practice
Let’s Practice
1. Tom and Jeany is dancing in the Yard, while Paul is singing a rock music.
A B C D

2. The surface of Mars is very complex and consists of a mixture of

A B
flat deserts, craters, volcanoes, and mountainous.
C D

3. Technology today is interesting, informative, and it is easy to use.

A B C D
 Page 210
Part 5: Degree of Comparison
Degrees of Comparison is a kind of a comparison used to
compare one person or thing with another person or thing
using adjective and adverb to compare.
Comparative = Perbandingan
N + to be
+
Adj+er
More+adj + than + N
¢ Surabaya is bigger than Malang.
¢ Steak is more expensive than Bakso.

Superlative = Paling
S + to be + the + Adj+est
Most+adj + N
¢ Jakarta is the biggest city in Indonesia.
¢ Bali is the most beautiful island in Indonesia.
*If an adjective ends in a vowel + consonant, double the last
letter before adding -er or -est (unless it ends in -w).

Adjective big hot new

Comparative bigger hotter newer
Superlative biggest hottest newest

*If an adjective or adverb has three or more syllables, use

more in the comparative, and most in the superlative.

Adjective/adverb expensive fluently

Comparative more expensive more fluently
Superlative most expensive most fluently
 *To form the comparative and superlative of two-syllable adjectives
or adverbs that end in -y, change the ‘y’ to ‘i’ before adding -er/-
est.
Adjective/adverb busy early
Comparative busier earlier
Superlative busiest earliest

*Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative and

superlative forms.

Adjective good bad far little Adjective well badly

Comparative better worse further less Comparative better worse
Superlative best worst furthest least Superlative best worst
*Take note: (not) as ... as
To say that two things or people are similar in some way,
use as + adjective/adverb + as.

1. Mario is as clever as his brother.

2. Juliana shouted as loudly as the others but the teacher
didn’t choose her.
3. He was as quiet as a mouse.
4. The material was as thin as ice.
5. Her hands were as warm as toast.
Let’s Practice
1. She is ________ than her sister. 3. China is _________ than India.
a. pretty a. big
b. prettier b. bigger
c. prettiest c. biggest

2. Aisyah is the ________ girl in the class.

a. intelligent
b. more intelligent
c. most intelligent

4. This is most interesting book I have ever read.

A B C D
5. When Anna heard the news, she turned white as a sheet.
A B C D