NOUN CLAUSE

A. The meaning of Noun Clause

Noun clause is sub clause that has a function “as noun”. Noun clause is noun singular.
B. Types of Conjuction’s Noun Clause (NC)
1. NC of Question
a. Yes/No question
Conjuction : whether, if
Formula : CONJ + S + V
 The differences between whether and if:
1. If there is“or not”, conj whether can be put next to “or not”, or “or not”
can be put in the final sentence”, while conj if can’t be put next to “or
not”.
e.g : Abi knows whether or not Bella will come.
Abi knows whether Bella will come or not.
Abi knows if Bella will come or not.
2. “Whether” can be sit in the beginning of the sentence, while “if” can’t..
e.g : Whether/if he will come or not is still uncertain.
√ X
3. “If” can’t be object of preposition, whether can.
e.g : my decision depends on whether/if he will work harder or not.
√ X
b. WH-Question
1. As pronoun
Conjunction : who, whoever, what, whatever, whom, whomever, which.
 Function :
a. Subject : Who will come is my best friend.
S V V
NC as subject
b. Object : He will employ whoever will work hard.
S V
NC as object
2. As modifier
Conjuction :
- Whose + noun : possessive
- Which + noun : choice
- What + noun : situation/condition/type
e.g :
a. The police are investigating whose bag was left in the bus.
b. I don’t know which books I should read
c. I don’t know what countries he likes.
 3. As adverb
Conjuction : where, wherever, when, whenever, why, how, how many,
how much.
How much/many + noun + SV/V
e.g :
a. We have not decided where we will hold the event.
b. The question is when he will go to Pare.
c. I cannot understand why my parents give me much money.
d. I don’t know how we can repair this computer.
e. How many students did a scientific research was still uncertain.
f. Our health depends on how much water flows in our bodies.
2. NC of Statement
Conjuntion : “that”, “the fact that”
 The differences between that and the fact that :
a. That and the fact that can be a subject, but “the fact that” can’t be a subject
in “anticipatory it”.
e.g :
It is not generally known that the company is almost bankrupt.
That / the fact that the company is almost bankrupt is not generally known.
b. “The fact that” can be object of preposition, while “that” can’t.
e.g : He was irritated by the fact that his friend ate his cakes.
3. NC of Exclamation
Conjunction :
- What : what + a/an + adjective + nCsing
: what + a/an + adjective
: what + adjective + nCpl
: what + adjective + nU
- How : how + adjective/adverb
e.g : He realized what a hard problem I face.
I am amazed at how beautiful his wife is.
4. NC of Request
Conjunction : that
 Such clauses of request occur most frequently as objects of verbs that often
combine with the idea of requesting some degree of urgency, advisability,
or desirability.
 The verbs in noun clauses from requests usually take present subjunctive
(V1) form.

e.g : a. The doctor recommended that he take a vacation.

b. He is requesting that a company car be placed at the disposal.

  There are a number of verbs which can take NC of Request as an
object of verb, such as :
Advise Ask Beg Command

Demand Desire Forbid Insist

Move Propose Recommend Request

Require Stipulate Suggest Urge

C. The differences between AC and NC

1. The position of AC’s conjunction (“who, whom, which, when, where, and why”)
is after noun, while NC isn’t.
e.g : The girl who is singing the new song is my friend.
adjective clausa V CS
Who is singing the new song is my friend.
Noun clause V CS
2. The position of “that” in AC is after noun, while “that” in NC can be sit next to
noun, or not.
e.g: I borrow your book that is red. (AC)
It is an evidence that he is a thief. (NC)
I know that you are smart. (NC)
3. NC as subject is singular noun.
e.g : What you did hurts me.

D. Omitting and Abridgement in Noun Clause

1. Omitting
From all of the conjunctions in NC, “That” is the only conjunction that can be
omitted when “that” becomes “object”.
e.g : I agree that education is essential for our life.
I agree education is essential for our life.
2. Abridgement
Abridgement is changing noun clause to be “to infinitive”
 To infinitive
The requirements:
a. The conjunction is from question word
b. Subject in sub clause is similar to subject in main clause
c. In sub clause, there must be “modal” such as “can, must, should”
e.g : I don’t know what I should do
I don’t know what to do

TYPE OF COMPARISON
POSITIVE
it is a comparison to compare one
thing with another in the same level.
COMPARATIVE
it is to compare one thing with another
thing in the different level.
SUPERLATIVE
It is a kind of comparison to
compare the one thing with other
things (more than one thing)
COMPARISON DEGREE
FORMULA
As + Adjective + As
(Adjective describes Noun)
As + Adverb + As
(Adverb describes Verb)
Adjective/Adverb + er + than
More + Adjective/adverb + than
Less + ANA + than
The + Adjective + est + in/of
The + Most + Adjective + in/of
The + Least + ANA + in/of
EXAMPLE
1. B.J. Habibie is as diligent as Albert
Einstein.
2. B.J. Habibie studies as diligently as Albert
Einstein.
1. Surabaya is hotter than Kediri.
2. Sule is more popular than Tukul Arwana.
3. Grammar class is less interesting than
Listening class.
1. Semeru Mountain is the highest mountain
in East Java.
2. Bermuda Triangle is the most dangerous
place in the world.
3. The least damage of the Earthquake
occured in 1987.
PENGECUALIAN
1. One – Syllable Usually uses suffix (akhiran / -er)
Exception :
a. Adjective formed from Past Participle
e.g: Bored More bored boreder Prefix (awalan / more)
b. Several adjectives: fond, real, like, glad, wrong, right
e.g: Wrong More wrong wronger
c. Several adjectives: calm, cruel, quiet Prefix / suffix
e.g: Calm Calmer / More calm

2. Two – Syllables Usually uses prefix

Exception :
a. Adjective ending in –y and –le Suffix
e.g: Simple Simpler More simple
Happy Happier More happy
b. Several adjectives ending in –some, -ow, -er
e.g: Lonesome Lonesomer / more lonesome
Narrow More narrow / narrower Prefix / suffix
Eager More eager / eagerer
c. Several adjectives: common, obscure, polite, pleasant, stupid
Profound, remote, secure, severe, sincere
e.g: Polite Politer / more polite
3. Two – Syllables Usually uses prefix
e.g : Beautiful More beautiful
 Irregular Comparative and Superlative Form

No Word Comparative Superlative

1. Good Better The best
Well
2. Bad Worse The worst
Evil
Ill
Badly
3. Many More The most
Much
4. Little Less The least
5. Old Older The oldest
Elder The eldest
6. Late Later The latest
Latter The last
7. Far Farther The farthest
Further The furthest
8. Hind Hinder The hindmost
9. Fore Foremore The foremost
Former The first
How to use that and those in comparison degree :
1. The salary of the teacher is bigger than the storekeeper. (I)
2. The salary of the teacher is bigger than that of the storekeeper. (C)
THAT ---> THE SALARY

3. The Ears of the Elephant in South Africa are smaller than in India. (I)
4. The Ears of the Elephant in South Africa are smaller than those in India. (C)
THOSE ---> THE EARS
 CAUSATIVE VERB

We use causative verbs to show that someone or something caused something to happen. Causative
verbs are: get, have, make, let and help.

Make (menyuruh/membuat/meminta)
This means that you force someone/something to do something for you.
Active causative:
S + (Make) + Object + Verb (Bare Infinitive)
e.g : Tini made Rere clean this room.
Passive causative:
S + (make) + O + V3
e.g: Tini made this room cleaned (by Rere).

Have (meminta/menyuruh)
This means that someone does something for you because you pay or ask them to do it.
Active causative:
S + (Has/Have/Had) + Object + Verb (Bare Infinitive)
e.g : Tini had Rere return her book.
Passive causative:
S + (Has/Have/Had) + Object + V3
e.g : Tini had her book returned (by Rere).

Get (meminta/menyuruh/mendapati)
This means someone does something for you because you persuade (= encourage, tell them that you
would like themto do something) them to do it.
Active causative:
S + (Get) + Object + Verb (to infinitive)
e.g : Rianti gets Lionel to wash her car. (Rianti menyuruh Lionel mencuci mobilnya)
Passive causative:
S + (Get) + object + Verb (V3)
e.g : Rianti gets her car washed (by Lionel). (Rianti mendapati mobilnya dicuci)

Let (membiarkan/mengijinkan)
This means that you allow ( = let, give permission to do something) someone to do something or you
allow somethingto happen.
Active:
S + (Let/Lets) + Object + Verb (Bare Infinitive)
e.g : My mother lets me choose the dress. (Ibu saya mengizinkan saya memilih gaun)
 ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
A. The meaning of Adverbial Clause (AVC)
A clause which has function as adverb. The conjunction of AVC are followed by Subject
andVerb
B. Types of AVC
1. AVC of time
Conj : after, before,as soon as (segera setelah),by the time (menjelang), till/until (sampai),
when, whenever, while/as(ketika/sambil), since, as long as (selama), etc.
e.g : I will phone you as soon as I get home.
When I was watching TV, the telephone rang. Disturbing Event
Before Tommy sleeps, he prays. Sequence Event
I am listening to the radio while I am having breakfast. At-the-same-time Event
2. AVC of place
Conj : where (dimana), wherever (dimanapun), anywhere (that) (dimanasaja), everywhere
(that) (kemanapun), no place (that),etc
e.g : she lives where her parents used to live.
3. AVC of Contrast
a. Concessive clause (weak)
Conj : although/though/ even though (walaupun/meskipun), conceded that (meskipun).
e.g : Although she doesn’t enjoy her job, she works hard.
b. Adversative clause (strong)
Conj : while (sedangkan), whereas (padahal)
e.g : she is a thief whereas she is a kind person.
He is quiet and shy while his sister is talkative.
4. AVC of Reason / Cause
Conjunction : because/since/as/inasmuch as (karena), now that (karena sekarang), on the
ground(s) that, etc.
e.g : I made mistakes because I was tired.
5. AVC of Result/Effect
- So + adj/adv + that = sehingga
- Such + noun phrase + that = sehingga
- So that = sehingga
e.g : He spoke so fast that nobody can understand.
It was such a good coffee that I had another cup.
6. AVC of Purpose
a. AVC of Positive Purpose
Conjunction: - in order that = agar/supaya
- So that =agar/supaya
- In the hope that = agar/supaya/dengan tujuan untuk
- To the end that = agar/supaya/dengan tujuan untuk
b. AVC of Negative Purpose
- Lest = agar/supaya tidak
- For fear that = agar/supaya tidak
e.g : We left early so that we wouldn’t arrive late.
They kept watch all night lest robbers should come.
 The difference between “so that” in AVC of purpose and result
e.g :
He sit in the front of my lecturer so that he can hear every word of the lecturer.(purpose)
He sat in the front of my lecturer, so that he heard every word of the lecturer. (result)
7. AVC of Condition
A sentence that has patterns to show wishes or regret for occurence.
Conjunction: if (jika), even if (sekalipun), unless (jika...tidak), in case (jikalau), if only
(seandainya), provided that (asalkan), on condition that (dengan syarat), suppose that
(bagaimana jika).
e.g: If only raining would stop, we could go out.

TYPES OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCE:

a. Type 1
Showing probability. There is a will that will happen. (90%)
formula : If + simple present, simpel future/present
e.g : If I go out, I’ll buy newspaper.
Fact : perhaps I’ll go out, perhaps I won’t
 Modal “will“ can be replaced by:
1. Possibility “may/might”
If the fog gets thicker, the plane may/might be diverted.
2. Permission “may/can”
If it stops snowing, we can go out.
3. Comman, request, and advisability “must,should,may,would,etc“
If youwant to lose weight, you had better eat less bread.
b. Type 2
Unreal condition. Untrue (contrary to fact) in the present of future
Formula: if + simple past, past future
e.g: If he got up earlier, he wouldn’t be latefor work.
Fact: he doesn’t get up eralier, so he is late for work.
Note: “Be” in type2 must be replaced by “were”, although the subject is singular.
“Would” can be replaced by “could,might”
c. Type 3
Untrue (contrary to fact) in the past or giving “regret”in the past.
Formula: If + past perfect, past future perfect
e.g: If the weather had been nice yesterday, I would have gone to the beach.
Fact: the weather wasn’t nice yersterday,so I don’t go to the beach.
8. AVC of Manner
Conjunction: as if (seolah-olah), as though (seolah-olah), as (seperti), like(informal) (seperti).
Contoh: Nobodyloves you like I do.
She acted as though he had never met her.

C. Abridgement, Reducing, Omitting in AVC

For AVC of time, place, contrast, reason/cause, manner, we can use the patterns of
abridgement and reducing:
 Abridgement
Pattern:
o Conj + Ving = Verbal active
o Conj + V3 = Verbal passive
o Conj + ANA = Non Verbal
 Reducing
Pattern: Ving = Verbal active
V3 = Verbal passive
Being + ANA = Non Verbal
Note:
1. Subject in main clausa = sub clausa
2. There is no modal aux after conjuction.
 e.g Abridgement:
- Verbal aktif: When he is doing the housework,John turns onthe radio.
When doing the hoousework
- Verbal aktif:After he had finished his homework, Peter went to bed.
After having finished
- Verbal passive: When he was invited to my party, he brought teddy bear.
When invited to my party
- Non verbal: Although she is sick, Yola goes to school.
Although sick
- Non verbal:Even though She is in Pare, She cannot speak English Fluently.
Even though in Pare
e.g Reducing:
- Verbal active : When he was doing the housework, John turns on the radio.
Doing the housework
- Verbal passive : When he was invited to my party, he brought teddy bear
Invited to my party
Nevertheless, there is exception for:
 AVC of result/effect
a. Reducing
Formula :Adj/adv+ enough + to inf
Contoh : She is so old that she can travel on her town.
# She is old enough to travel on her town.
Formula : Too + adj/adv + to inf
Contoh : John is so young that he must not watch that movie.
# John is too young to watch that movie.
b. Abridgement
Formula : So + adj + as + to inf atau Such + noun + as + to inf
Contoh : Jack was so foolish that he leaves his car unlocked.
# Jack was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked.
# Jack was such a foolish person as to leave his car unlocked.
 AVC of purpose
Reducing :
Formula: “to, in order to, so as to”
Requirement: Subject in main clausa = subject in sub clausa and there is modal aux.
e.g: John is studying math in order that he can qualify for a better job.
# John is studying math to/in order to/so as to qualify for a better job.
# To/in order to/so as to qualify for a better job, John is studying math.
 AVC of condition
1. Omitting
This type can result inversion.
Type 1 can be omitted if there is modal “should”(sewaktu-waktu)
e.g Type 1:
If you should fall ill, we will pay your hospital expenses.
# Should you fall ill, we will pay your hospital expenses.
e.gType 2:
- If he were to ask her, she would surely help him.
# Were he to ask her, she would surely help him.
- If he should ask her, she would surely help him.
# Should he ask her, she would surely help him.
e.g Type 3:
If he had known about her, he would have come.
# Had he known about her, he would have come.
 INVERSION

The form of inversion  (V aux + Subject + V ord or ( V + S )

Not only Never I have seldom heard this beautiful music throughout my life.
Not until Seldom
Seldom have I heard this beautiful music throughout my life.
Not once Rarely

At no time Barely

By no means Scarcely We have never witnessed such cruel behaviour to children.

Nowhere No sooner Never have we witnessed such cruel behaviour to children.

Only in Only after You should crack the window and this exit only in an emergency.
Only on Only if
Only in an emergency, should you crack the window and this exit.
Only at Only until
Only by Only when You should call psychologist only if you have a serious problem.

Only once Only Recently Only if you have a serious problem, should you call psychologist.

So + Adjective The scenery which Lawu Mountain provides is wonderful.

Wonderful is the scenery which Lawu Mountain provides.

Or Adjective

“Ving & V3” The problems that we know in Indonesia are so complicated.
So complicated are the problems that we know in Indonesia.
(Adjective)

Religious and cultural diversity exist in Indonesia.

Adverb In Indonesia exist religious and cultural diversity.

Of

Place Titik Nol English Course is in front of Danis Bakery.

In front of Danis Bakery is Titik Nol English Course.

He looks as smart as Habibie (does)

Comparison He looks as smart as does Habibie.
(positive and
She is lazier than her sister (is)
comparative) She is lazier than is her sister.