B B A A: Thermal Physics Thermal Physics - The Study of Temperature, Heat and How They Affect Matter

Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
Pablo Borbon Main II, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
THERMAL PHYSICS
Thermal Physics – the study of temperature, heat and how they affect matter
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BHbJ_gBOk0
Temperature
 Commonly associated with how hot or cold an object feels when we touch it – qualitative
indications of temperature (unreliable and often misleading)
 The definition of temperature is based on the concept of thermal equilibrium. Suppose
two objects or systems are allowed to exchange energy. The net flow of energy is always
from the object at the higher temperature to the object at the lower temperature. As
energy flows, the temperatures of the two objects approach each other. When the
temperatures are the same, there is no longer any net flow of energy; the objects are said
to be in THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM. Thus, temperature is a quantity that determines
when objects are in thermal equilibrium. (The objects do not necessarily have the same
energy when in thermal equilibrium). The energy that flows between two objects or
systems due to a temperature difference between them is called HEAT. If heat can flow
between two objects or systems, the objects or systems are said to be in THERMAL
CONTACT.
Two objects are in thermal contact if energy can be exchanged between them. Two
objects are in thermal equilibrium if they are in thermal contact and there is no net
exchange of energy.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyOYW07-L5g
If objects A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object C, then A and B
are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Two objects in thermal equilibrium with each other
are at the same temperature.
A B A B
(a) (b) (c)
For (a) and (b): If temperatures of A and B are found to be the same as measured by object C
(a thermometer), no energy will be exchanged between them when they are placed in thermal
contact with each other as in (c).
ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

INSTRUCTOR “PHYSICS”
(ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT) 2nd SEMESTER, AY 2019-2020
“I CAN DO ALL THINGS THROUGH CHRIST WHO STRENGTHENS ME” Page 1 of 17
- PHILIPPIANS 4:13 -
Thermal Energy
If we fill a glass a pail with boiling water, both will have water with the same temperature
of 100°C. But the water in the pail will dissolve an ice cube faster than the water in the glass for
the simple reason that the pail has more water and therefore, more heat to melt the ice.
From these results, we can say that a substance can have a high temperature but little heat
give off; on the other hand, it may have a low temperature but can give out a great amount of
heat.
When we say that water has more heat when hot or cold, we are not entirely correct. It is
better to say that hot water has more thermal energy per unit mass when hot than when it is cold.
Thermal energy may be defined as the total potential and kinetic energy of the atoms or
molecules of a body. It is also called internal energy. The kinetic energy of the atoms/molecules
is associated with the random motion of the atoms/molecules; while potential energy of the
atoms/molecules results from their bonds and interactions with each other.
Thermometric Properties
Variation in properties of a substance as their temperature changes
 Change in length
 Change in pressure
 Change in volume
 Change in color
 Change in electrical resistance
Temperature Scales
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNUDBdv3jWI
The most common thermometer used in the laboratory is the mercury thermometer.
Colored alcohol is also used in thermometers.
Advantages of using mercury: Does not easily evaporate; it expands uniformly
and has a low freezing point and relatively high boiling point.
In the calibration of the thermometers, two fixed points are chosen to serve as guides in
graduating a thermometer. The space between the fixed points is divided into 100 equal parts or
divisions. Each division is called a degree. This scale, the Celsius scale, devised by a Swedish
astronomer, Anders Celsius, is based on the properties of water.
On this scale, the freezing point (ice point) of pure water is fixed at 0 degree Celsius
(0°C). The steam point (boiling point) of pure water under normal pressure 1 atm or 760 mmHg
(at sea level) is 100°C. On the Celsius scale, the normal temperature of the human body is 37°C.
Another temperature scale used is Fahrenheit scale, devised by Daniel Gabriel
Fahrenheit, a German physicist. On the Fahrenheit thermometer, the freezing point of water is
32°F and the boiling point is 212°F with 180 divisions between two fixed points.
A temperature scale based on absolute zero is named after Sir William Thomson (Lord
Kelvin) who devised it. This temperature scale is used when gases are involved. Its zero point is

C FTHINGS THROUGHKCHRIST WHO STRENGTHENS ME”
“I CAN DO ALL Page 2 of 17
-273°C usually referred to as absolute zero, the temperature at which matter is said to have lost
all its thermal energy. Absolute zero is also zero on the Kelvin scale (0K) or absolute scale. On
this scale, the freezing point of water is 273 K and the boiling point is 373K.
100 212 373 Boiling point (1 atm)
Melting point
0 32 273
The relationship between different temperatures scales are:

9 5
℉=¿ ℃+ 32 or ℃= (℉ −32)
5 9
R=℉+ 460 K=℃+ 273
Temperature Interval is the difference between two temperature readings from the same scale,
and the change in temperature through which the body is heated.
9
∆ T F= ∆ TC
5
∆ T K =∆T C
∆ T R =∆ T F
Note: 1C° = 9/5 F° and degree must be written after the temperature scale for it to indicate that it
is a change in temperature.
Sample Problem: 1. The temperature at which liquid nitrogen boils ( at atmospheric pressure ) is
77 K. Express this temperature in (a) °C (b) °F
Sample Problem: 2. A room air conditioner causes a temperature change of -6.0 C° (a) What is
the temperature change in kelvins? (b) What is the temperature change in F°?
Exercise
1. At what temperature values are following scales the same:

a. The Fahrenheit and the Celsius

b. The celcius and the Kelvin
c. The Fahrenheit and the Kelvin
2. The melting point of gold is1064 degree Celsius, and the boiling point is 2660 degree
Celsius.
A. Express these temperatures in the Fahrenheit, Kelvin, and Rankine scales.

B. Compute the difference of the two temperatures in Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin
scales.
Thermal Expansion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BHbJ_gBOk0
Most solid materials expand when heated. Suppose a metal rod has a length L o at some
initial temperature to. when the temperature increases by an amount Δt is not too large, ΔL is
directly proportional to Δt. But ΔL is also proportional to L o; if two rods made of the same
material have the same temperature change, but one rod is initially twice as long as the other,
then the change in length is also twice as great. Mathematically the relation can be expressed as:
∆ L∝L,∆t
∆ L=α Lo ∆ t
∆ L=α Lo (t−t o )
The constant α, which describes the thermal expansion properties of a particular material,
is called the temperature coefficient or simply coefficient of linear expansion. The units of α are
K-1 or (C°)-1. The table below gives us the coefficient of linear expansion of some materials.
Coefficient of Linear Expansion
Material α (C°)-1
Aluminum 2.4 x 10-5
Brass 2.0 x 10-5
Copper 1.7 x 10-5
Steel 1.2 x 10-5
Increasing temperature usually causes increased in volume, for both solid and liquid
materials. Experiments show that if temperature change is not too great (say less than 100°C or
so), the increase in volume ΔV is approximately proportional to the temperature change. The

volume change is also proportional to the initial volume V o, as in the case with the linear
expansion. The relationship can be expressed as follows:
∆ V =β V o ∆ t
The constant β characterizes the volume expansion properties of a particular material; it
is called temperature coefficient of volume expansion or the coefficient of volume expansion.
The units β are K-1 or (C°)-1. The coefficients of volume expansion of some materials are shown
in the table.
Coefficient of Volume Expansion of Some Materials

Solids β(C°)-1 Liquids β(C°)-1
-5
Aluminum 7.2 x 10 Ethanol 75 x 10-5
Brass 6.0 x 10-5 Glycerine 49 x 10-5
Copper 5.1 x 10-5 Mercury 18 x 10-5
Steel 3.6 x 10=5
Glass 1.2 x 10-5
Water, in the temperature range from 0 to 4°C, decreases in volume with increasing temperature;
this is opposite to the behavior of most substances. Between 0 to 4°C the coefficient of
expansion of water is negative. Above 4°C, water expands when heated. The density of water is
greatest at 4°C. water also expands when it freezes, unlike most materials.
This anomalous behavior of water has an important effect on plant and animal life in
lakes. When lake cools, the cooled water at the surface flows to the bottom because of its greater
density. But when the temperature reaches 4°C, this flow ceases, and the water near the surface
remains colder (and less dense) than that at the bottom. As the surface freezes, the ice floats
because it is less dense than water. The water at the bottom remains 4°C until nearly the entire
lake is frozen. If water behaved like most substances, contracting continuously on cooling and
freezing, lakes would freeze from the bottom up.
For solid materials, there is a simple relation between the volume expansion coefficient β
and the linear expansion coefficient α.
β=3 α
Sample Problem.
1. What is the increase in length of a steel pipe, 10m long, if its temperature is doubled from
20 degree Celsius?

2. A copper bar is 800mm long at 15 degree Celsius.

a. What is the increase in length when is heated to 52 degrees Celsius? The
linear expansion coefficient for copper is 1.7 x 10-5 0C-1.
b. Find also the strain?
c. Find also the stress using the young modulus of copper?
3. A steel beam is used in the roadbed of a bridge. The beam is mounted between the two
concrete supports when the temperature is 23 degree Celsius, with no room provided for
thermal expansion. What compressional stress must the concrete supports apply to each
other beam, if they are to keep the beam from expanding when the temperature rises to 42
degree Celsius?
4. When a building is constructed at – 100C, a steel beam ( cross sectional area 45cm2) is put
in place with its ends cemented in pillars. If the sealed ends cannot move, what will be
the compressional force in the beam when the temperature is 25 degree Celsius? The
linear expansion coefficient for steel is 1.1 x 10-5 0C-1.

Heat Transfer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxtz2POUTJE
Heat transfer occurs when two objects at different temperatures are brought into contact
with each other. Thermal energy in the hotter object is transferred to the cooler one. The energy
that is being transferred to or from an object because of a difference in its temperature and that of
some other objects in contacts in its environment is called heat, just as work is the transfer of
mechanical energy. The cooler object gains energy and the warmer body losses energy. Heat is
given the symbol Q.
The units of heat are: calories, BTU, joules
1 calorie = 4.186 J 1 Btu = 252 calories
Specific Heat (C) of a substance is the amount of heat that must be added to a unit mass of that
substance to raise its temperature by 1°.
Units of C: cal/gC°, BTU/lbF°, J/kgK, J/kgC°
Conversion Factor: 1 cal/gC° = 1 BTU/lbF° = 4.186 kJ/kgK
Specific Heats of Some Materials at Atmospheric Pressure

Substance Cal/g C° kJ/kg K
Aluminum 0.217 0.900
Copper 0.093 0.385
Ice 0.5 2.1
Iron 0.107 0.44
Lead 0.03 0.13
Steam 0.480 2.01
Water 1.00 4.186
If a quantity of energy Q is transferred to a substance to a mass m, changing its temperature by

Δt, the specific heat C of the substance is defined by
Q
C=
m ∆t
Q=mC ∆ t
Where: Q = (+) when heat is added or absorbed
Q = (-) when heat is removed or liberated
Δt = final temperature – initial temperature = t2 – t1
Calorimetry
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8gHFaL2990U
Calorimetry is an experimental technique used to measure the specific heat of a

substance. Calorimetry measurements are made using a device called a calorimeter. It consists an

insulated can containing a known amount of water. This can and water are set at some known
initial temperature, and the object whose specific heat is to be measured is warmed or cooled to a
temperature different from that of the water and can. The object is then placed in the water. The
can, water and object eventually reach the same final temperature. If the object starts at a higher
temperature, it cools by transferring heat to the water and can. The water and can, in turn, are
warmed. In this case heat is lost by the object and gained by water and can. According to the
principle of methods of mixtures, if the cold substance is mixed with s hot one, the heat is
gained by the cold substance must be equal to the heat lost by the hot substance.
That is:
Heat lost + Heat gained =0
Let: mc = mass of calorimeter
Cc = specific heat of calorimeter
mw = mass of water inside the calorimeter
mm = mass of the metal or object
Cw = specific heat of water
tw = initial temperature of water and calorimeter
tm = temperature of the metal when taken out from the stream generator
t = temperature of mixture
Cm =specific of the metal (unknown)
Note: Heat loss (initially from higher Temperature to lower temperature)

Heat gain ( initially from lower temperature to higher temperature)
Sample Problem.
1. A 150g insulated aluminum calorimeter containing 250g of water is initially at 293 K. A
200g metal block at 313 K is added to the water resulting in a final temperature of 295 K.
Calculate the specific heat of the metal.
2. A 500g copper calorimeter containing 150g of water is initially at 25 0C. A 200g iron
block at 85 degree Celsius is added to the water. What is the final temperature of the
mixture?

3. A physics student uses a 100W electric immersion heater to warm 200mL of water from
200C to 1000C to make tea.
a. How much heat must be added to the water?

b. If it is 80% efficient, how much time is required?
Change of Phase
The term phase, as we use it here, refers to a specific state of matter, such as solid, liquid and
gaseous state. For example, the chemical compound water H 2O exist in the solid phase as ice, in
the liquid phase as water, and in the gaseous phase as steam. All substances that do not
decompose at high temperatures can exist in any of these phases under proper conditions of
temperature and pressure. A transition from one phase to another is called a phase change. For

any given pressure, a phase change takes place at a definite temperature. Usually, a phase change
is accompanied by absorption or liberation of heat and a change of volume and density.
To better understand the physics of phase changes, consider the addition of energy to 1.00 g of
ice at -30 °C in a container held at constant pressure. Suppose this input of energy turns the ice to
steam (water vapor) at 120 °C. The figure below is a plot of the experimental measurement of
temperature as energy is added to the system.
t(°C)
120
d f
e
90
60
30
0 b c
-30 a Energy Added (J)
Point a: represents heating the ice

a to b: temperature of ice changes from -30 °C to 0°C
Point b: The ice is at a temperature at which it begins to melt; this process is called
melting or fusion – a change of phase from solid to liquid phase; this temperature
at which a solid starts to melt is called melting point; for ice this temperature is
0°C at 1 atm.
b to c: The ice is melting but the temperature remains the same at 0°C; at this stage the
substance is a mixture of solid and its liquid.
Point c: The ice is completely melted.
c to d: The temperature begins to rise at a uniform rate; this rate is slower than the rate
for melting of ice because the specific heat of liquid water is larger than that of
ice.
Point d: At this point the water is at a temperature at which it starts ato boil; this process is
called vaporization – a change from liquid to vapor; this temperature at which a
liquid starts to change into a vapor is called boiling point; for water it is 100 °C
at 1 atm.
d to e: The water is vaporizing but the temperature remains constant at 100 °C; at this
stage the substance is a mixture of a vapor and its liquid.
Point e: The liquid is completely vaporized.
e to f: The gas is now a superheated steam.
The graph from a to f shows the process involved when a solid change into a vapor. These
processes require addition of heat. As can be seen, ice or solid water passes through a liquid state

before it changes into a vapor or gas. There are substances that changes from a solid to the vapor
state without passing through the liquid state. The process is called sublimation. Considering the
reverse process, that is, f to a, converting steam to ice. This time the changes involve heat
liberation. The processes involved are:
Condensation is a change from liquid to vapor. The temperature at which this occurs is
called condensing point. The condensing point of a substance is equal to its boiling point.
Freezing or Solidification is a change from liquid to solid. The temperature at which a
liquid starts to turn into solid is called freezing point. The freezing point of a substance is equal
to its melting point.
As we have noted in the melting of ice, the addition of heat to ice at 0°C and normal
atmospheric pressure does not cause an increase of temperature of ice. Instead, some of it melts
to form liquid water. The amount of heat required to effect a change of phase of a unit mass of a
substance without a change in temperature is called latent heat.
Latent heat of fusion of a substance is the amount of heat needed to melt completely a
unit mass of a solid to a liquid at the solid’s melting temperature. For water, it is 80 cal / g.
Latent heat of vaporization of a substance is the amount of heat required to convert a
unit mass of a liquid to the gaseous state at the liquid’s boiling temperature. For water, it is 540
cal / g.
Latent heat is associated with condensation is latent heat of condensation. The amount is
equal to the heat of vaporization.
Latent heat is associated with freezing is a latent heat of solidification. The amount is
equal to the latent heat of fusion.
To find the total amount of heat required to convert a given mass m of a substance from
one state to another state, use the equation:
Q=mL (fusion or vaporization)
Q=−mL (condensation or freezing)
Sample Problem:
1. How much heat is required to convert 50 g of ice at -10 °C to steam at 200°C?
2. How much heat must be removed to change 75 g of steam at 100 °C to ice at -25 °C?

INTRODUCTION to THERMODYNAMICS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyOYW07-L5g
Thermodynamics is the study of the movement of heat. If you touch a block of ice, it
isn't always pleasant unless it's a really hot day. If you touch a hot pan out of the oven you'll burn
yourself. Both of those things happen because of how fast heat is moving. The heat from the hot
pan moves into your hand rapidly, and when touching an ice cube, you lose your own body heat
fast. Heat transfers from hot places to cold places - or in other words, heat spreads out. Extreme
heat or cold can damage our tissues, so it's a pretty important thing to understand. It's also how
we've been able to build refrigerators and large insulated coolers to take to the beach.
These are examples of the many things we can do with heat if we understand how it
moves within or between systems. A system is just a particular object or area we're looking at.
Our system could be the inside of a thermos flask, or it could be the whole human body or just
our skin, or the gas inside a piston. We choose the system we want to look at for convenience.
Then we can look at how heat moves in, out and within that system. We can look at how the
system changes.
The System and Surroundings
One of the basic assumptions of thermodynamics is the idea that we can arbitrarily divide the
universe into a system and its surroundings. The boundary between the system and its
surroundings can be as real as the walls of a beaker that separates a solution from the rest of the
universe. A thermodynamic system refers to a matter enclosed within a defined volume.
Everything under study is part of the system. Everything external to the system and the
surrounding is called the boundary. This is where most interaction of energy happens.
Listed below are the different types of systems:
Open system – if mass flows through the system across system boundary. In an open system,
heat, work, and matter may cross the boundary. This is often called as “control volume system”.
Steady flow system – it is type of open system wherein matter enters and leaves at the same rate.
Closed system – if no mass flows through the system boundaries, i.e. matter does not cross
boundary but energy can cross the boundary. It is often called as “control mass system”.
Isolated system – it is a type of closed system wherein neither mass nor energy crosses the
boundaries.

Diathermic system – if energy crosses the system boundaries.
Internal Energy
One of the thermodynamic properties of a system is its internal energy, U, which is the sum of
the kinetic and potential energies of the particles that form the system. The internal energy of a
system can be understood by examining the simplest possible system: an ideal gas. Because the
particles in an ideal gas do not interact, this system has no potential energy. The internal energy
of an ideal gas is therefore the sum of the kinetic energies of the particles in the gas.
The Laws of Thermodynamics

First law: Energy is conserved; it can be neither created nor destroyed.
Second law: In an isolated system, natural processes are spontaneous when
they lead to an increase in disorder, or entropy.
Third law: The entropy of a perfect crystal is zero when the temperature of
the crystal is equal to absolute zero (0 K).
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics can be captured in the following equation, which states that the
energy of the universe is constant. Energy can be transferred from the system to its surroundings,
or vice versa, but it can't be created or destroyed.
First Law of Thermodynamics: Uuniv = Usys + Usurr = 0
A more useful form of the first law describes how energy is conserved. It says that the change in
the internal energy of a system is equal to the sum of the heat gained or lost by the system and
the work done by or on the system.
Usys = ±Q ± W
First Law of Thermodynamics:
Two ways of internal energy of a system:
1. When work is done by the system.

2. When Heat is supplied to a system.

Sign convention:
1. Q is positive when energy is transferred to system and

2. Q is negative when energy is transferred from the system to the surroundings.
3. W is positive when work is done by the system on the surroundings and
4. W is negative when work is done on the system by the surroundings.
The sign conventions for heat, work, and internal energy are summarized in the statement above.
The internal energy and temperature of a system decrease ( U < 0) when the system either loses
heat or does work on its surroundings. Conversely, the internal energy and temperature increase (
U > 0) when the system gains heat from its surroundings or when the surroundings do work on
the system.
A Thermodynamic Process is any process that involves heat energy moving within a
system or between systems.
When the system undergoes change from one thermodynamic state to final state due
change in properties like temperature, pressure, volume etc, the system is said to have undergone
thermodynamic process.
Various types of thermodynamic processes are have been described below:
1) Isothermal process: When the system undergoes change from one state to the other, but its
temperature remains constant, the system is said to have undergone isothermal process. For
instance, in our example of hot water in thermos flask, if we remove certain quantity of water
from the flask, but keep its temperature constant at 50 degree Celsius, the process is said to be
isothermal process. ΔT = 0
Another example of isothermal process is latent heat of vaporization of water. When we
heat water to 100 degree Celsius, it will not start boiling instantly. It will keep on absorbing heat
at constant temperature; this heat is called latent heat of vaporization. Only after absorbing this
heat water at constant temperature, water will get converted into steam.
2) Adiabatic process: The process, during which the heat content of the system or certain
quantity of the matter remains constant, is called as adiabatic process. Thus in adiabatic process
no transfer of heat between the system and its surroundings takes place. The wall of the system
which does not allows the flow of heat through it, is called as adiabatic wall, while the wall
which allows the flow of heat is called as diathermic wall. Q = 0

3) Isochoric process: The process, during which the volume of the system remains constant, is
called as isochoric process. Heating of gas in a closed cylinder is an example of isochoric
process. ΔV = 0
4) Isobaric process: The process during which the pressure of the system remains constant is
called as isobaric process. Example: Suppose there is a fuel in piston and cylinder arrangement.
When this fuel is burnt the pressure of the gases is generated inside the engine and as more fuel
burns more pressure is created. But if the gases are allowed to expand by allowing the piston to
move outside, the pressure of the system can be kept constant. ΔP = 0
The constant pressure and volume processes are very important. The Otto and diesel
cycle, which are used in the petrol and diesel engine respectively, have constant volume and
constant pressure processes. In practical situations ideal constant pressure and constant pressure
processes cannot be achieved.
5) Reversible process: In simple words the process which can be revered back completely is
called a reversible process. This means that the final properties of the system can be perfectly
reversed back to the original properties. The process can be perfectly reversible only if the
changes in the process are infinitesimally small. In practical situations it is not possible to trace
these extremely small changes in extremely small time, hence the reversible process is also an
ideal process. The changes which occur during reversible process are in equilibrium with each
other.
Practice Problems:
1. In a certain process, 8 kcal of heat is furnished to the system while the system does 6 kJ
of work. By how much does the internal energy of the system change during the process?
2. The specific heat of water is 4186 si. By how many joules does the internal energy of 50g
of water change as it is heated from 21 deg C to 37 deg C.
3. How much does the internal energy of 5g of ice at precisely 0 deg C increase as it is
changed to water at 0 deg C? Neglect the change in volume.
4. Find ΔW and ΔU for a 6cm cube of iron as it is heated from 20 0C to 3000C at
atmospheric pressure. For iron cp = 0.11 cgs and the volume coefficient of thermal
expansion is 3.6 x 10-5 /C0. The mass of the cube is 1700g.
5. A motor supplies 0.4hp to stir 5kg of water. Assuming that all the work goes into heating
the water by friction losses, how long will it takes to increase the temperature of the
water at 6 deg C.
6. In each of the following situations, find the change in internal energy of the system. a) A
system absorbs 500cal of heat and at the same time does 400J of work. b) A system
absorbs 300cal and at the same time 420J of work is done on it. c) Twelve hundred
calories is removed from a gas held at constant volume. Give your answers in kJ.
7. What is the change in internal energy of an ideal gas if it expands by 20L after applying 5
kJ of heat? Assume constant pressure process.

CHECK THE YOUTUBE CHANNEL OF THE FOLLOWING:

1. CrashCourse
2. The Organic Chemistry Tutor
3. SciShow
Possible experiments
PHASE CHANGE of WATER (from solid-liquid-gas)
This site will give you a preview for sample experiment in the topic of phase change. This is just
an example for you to easily visualize but no need to do it personally.
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W8CTuj78RbY
funsciencedemos
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-sr6KoJ_Htk

Prepared by:
Engr. Analyn A. Cueto
Engr. Sarah Jane F. Fruelda


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Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

100 212 373 Boiling point (1 atm)

The relationship between different temperatures scales are:

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

a. The Fahrenheit and the Celsius

A. Express these temperatures in the Fahrenheit, Kelvin, and Rankine scales.

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

Coefficient of Volume Expansion of Some Materials

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

2. A copper bar is 800mm long at 15 degree Celsius.

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

Specific Heats of Some Materials at Atmospheric Pressure

If a quantity of energy Q is transferred to a substance to a mass m, changing its temperature by

Calorimetry is an experimental technique used to measure the specific heat of a

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

Note: Heat loss (initially from higher Temperature to lower temperature)

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

a. How much heat must be added to the water?

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

Point a: represents heating the ice

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

The System and Surroundings

Listed below are the different types of systems:

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

Diathermic system – if energy crosses the system boundaries.

The Laws of Thermodynamics

The First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics: Uuniv = Usys + Usurr = 0

Two ways of internal energy of a system:

1. When work is done by the system.

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

1. Q is positive when energy is transferred to system and

Various types of thermodynamic processes are have been described below:

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ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

CHECK THE YOUTUBE CHANNEL OF THE FOLLOWING:

2. The Organic Chemistry Tutor

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

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