Electricity Lec Physics

Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
Pablo Borbon Main II, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
ELECTRICITY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mc979OhitAg
 Electrostatics – the science that treats electric charges at rest.

 Electrodynamics – the science that treats electric charges in motion.
ELECTROMAGNETISM: A PREVIEW
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Elv3WpL32UE
The Greeks were the first to discover electricity about 2500 years ago. They found that when a
piece of amber was rubbed with other materials it would attract small objects such as dried
leaves, or straw. The Greek word for amber is electron. The word electric was derived from it
and meant "to be like amber."
The Greeks also knew that some naturally occurring “stones” (magnetite) would attract iron.
From these modest origins grew the sciences of electricity and magnetism, which developed for
centuries, until 1820 in fact, when Hans Christian Oersted accidentally found a connection
between them: an electric current in a wire can deflect a magnetic compass needle.
 New science of Electromagnetism was developed further by Michael Faraday.
 James Clerk Maxwell put Faraday’s ideas into mathematical form, introduced many ideas
of his own, and put electromagnetism on a sound theoretical basis.
 The development of classical electromagnetism did not end with Maxwell. Oliver
Heaviside and especially H.A. Lorentz contributed substantially to the clarification of
Maxwell’s theory.
 Heinrich Hertz took a great step forward when, more than 20 years after Maxwell set up
his theory, he produced in the laboratory electromagnetic “Maxwellian waves” of a kind
that we would now call radio waves.
 Guglielmo Marconi and others developed practical applications of the electromagnetic
waves of Maxwell and Hertz.
 Albert Einstein based his relativity theory on Maxwell’s equations.
Present interest in electromagnetism takes two forms. On the applied level, Maxwell’s equations
are used to study the electric and magnetic properties of new materials and to design electronic
devices of increasing complexity and sophistication. On the fundamental level, there have been
efforts to unify electromagnetism with the other basic forces of nature (gravitational, strong
nuclear and weak nuclear).
ELECTRIC CHARGE
 It is possessed by electrified body.
Types of Electric Charge

 Positive - is carried by sub-atomic particles called proton
ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

INSTRUCTOR “PHYSICS”
(ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT) 2nd SEMESTER, AY 2019-2020
“I CAN DO ALL THINGS THROUGH CHRIST WHO STRENGTHENS ME” Page 1 of 18
- PHILIPPIANS 4:13 -
 Negative - is carried by sub-atomic particles called electron

Neutral – same amount of positive and negative charges.
 LAW OF ELECTROSTATICS
Like charges REPEL. Unlike charges ATTRACT. The positive and negative labels for
electric charge are due to Benjamin Franklin.
 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ELECTRIC CHARGES

o The net amount of electric charge produced in any process is ZERO.
o No net electric charge can be created nor destroyed.
 Electrical forces between charged bodies have many industrial applications, among them
being electrostatic paint spraying and powder coating, fly ash precipitation, non-impact
ink jet printing and photocopying.
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

Conductors-are materials where charges can easily flow through. Common examples of
conductors are tap water, human body and metals in general.
Insulators- inhibit the flow of electric charges. The charges stay where they are put. Examples
of this are glass, chemically pure water and plastics.
Semiconductors, such as germanium and silicon are materials that are intermediate between
conductors and insulators. One property of it that makes them so useful is that the density of
conducting electrons can be drastically changed by small changes in the conditions of the
material, or by varying the amount of applied voltage, temperature, or the intensity of light
incident on the material.
 Tthe charge of one electron is -1.60 X 10-19 coulomb and that of the proton is + 1.60 X
10-19 coulomb. That is, q=ne where n = is the number of charge……. and e= 1.602 X
10-19 C(const 23 to be exact.)
 One coulomb is the amount of charge that flows in 1 second when there is a steady
current of 1 ampere. It is also equal to the charge of 6.25 X 1018 electrons/protons
COULOMB’S LAW
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2GQTfpDE9DQ
 Charles Augustin de Coulomb measured electrical attractions and repulsions
quantitatively and deduced the law that governs them.
 Coulomb’s Law generally holds only for charged objects whose sizes are much smaller
than the distance between them. We often say that it only holds for point charges. It states
that “The force of attraction or repulsion between two charges is proportional to both of
the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance that separates them”.

k Q1 Q 2
F=
r2
Where: k= 9 X 109 N.m2/C2
Q1 and Q2 = interacting charges
r = distance between the charges
 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION- for several or many charges present, the net force
on any one of them will be the vector sum of the forces on that charge due to each of the
others.
Sample Problems:
1. How many electrons make up a charge of -30.0 µC?
2. A proton and an electron are separated by a distance, d = 5.29 x 10-11 m. Calculate the
electrostatic force between the two charges.
3.Three charged particles are arranged in a line, as

shown in the figure. Calculate the net electrostatic
force on particle 3 due to the two charges.

ELECTRIC FIELD
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YOGrTNgGhE
 The “alteration in space” caused by a stationary charge is called its electric field and any
other charge is thought of as interacting with the field and not directly with the charge
that give rise to it.
 An electric field is a force field that exists whenever an electric force acts on a charge.
The electric field E at a point in space is therefore defined as the ratio between the force F
on a charge q at that point and the magnitude of q. (where: q = positive test charge)
E = F/q
(Expressed in newton per coulomb)
 Once we know what the electric field E is at some point, from the definition we see that
the force that the field exerts on a charge Q at that point is
F=qE
 Using Coulomb’s Law to determine the magnitude of the electric field around a single
charge Q, the force F that Q exerts upon a test charge q at the distance r away is
determined by
Fe= kQq/r2
 Since E = F/q by definition, we have
E = F/q = kQ/r2
(Electric Field of a Charge)
 SI UNIT: N/C
 Characteristics of Electric Field Lines:

1. They start on, and run outward from positive (+) charges.
2. They run toward, and terminate on, negative (-) charges.
3. No two field lines ever cross.

 Electric field lines for four arrangements of charges.
(a) The electric field lines due to two equal charges of opposite sign, a combination
known as an electric dipole.
(b) The electric field lines for two equal positive charges.
(c) The electric field lines for unequal charges.
(d) The field between two parallel plates carrying equal but opposite charges.
Sample Problem:
4. A small copper ball of mass 5.0 grams is given a charge of +3 X 10-8 C. What is its
acceleration when placed in an electric field whose magnitude is 104 N/C? Ans. a =
0.06 m/s
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL (E)

 Potential – the capability of doing work
 Any charge has the capability of doing work of moving another charge either by
attraction or repulsion.
 The net number of electrons moved in the direction of the positive charge plate depends
upon the potential difference between the two charges.

V = W/Q
Where: V is Voltage (same as electric potential) in Volts (V), W is work in Joules (J),
Q is charge in Coulombs (C)
ELECTRIC CURRENT
 Electric current is a flow or movement of electric charge through a medium. This
flowing electric charge is typically carried by moving electrons in a conductor such as
wire. It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or, it can be carried by both ions and
electrons in plasma.
 The SI unit for measuring the rate of flow of electric charge is the ampere, which is
charge flowing through some surface at the rate of one coulomb per second.
 The conventional symbol for current is I, which may seem puzzling. The I symbol was
used by André-Marie Ampère himself, after whom the unit of electric current is named,
in formulating the eponymous Ampère's force law which he discovered in 1820. The
notation travelled from France to England where it became standard, although at least one
journal did not change from using C to I until 1896.
Q = It
Where: Q is charge in Coulombs (C), I is current in Ampere (A), and t is time in seconds.
 Ammeter – device used to measure current

 Current Flow:
o Electron flow- the direction of the electron flow of current is from a point of
negative potential to positive potential.
o Conventional flow – the direction of conventional flow of current is from
positive potential to negative potential.
 DIRECT CURRENT (DC) – continuous current; the current that moves through a
conductor or circuit in only one direction.
 ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) – the direction alternates regularly and changes
periodically in magnitude.
Sample Problems
1. Determine the magnitude of the voltage required to accelerate an electron to a kinetic
energy of
8 x 10-15 joules?

2. A cloud of 2.5 x 10 19 electrons move past a given point every 2 seconds. How much is
the intensity of the electron flow?
3. The voltage in the picture tube of the TV is 10kV. What is the speed of the electron
starting from rest?
OHM’S LAW
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_rSHqvjDksg&pbjreload=10
 Ohm's Law was named after Bavarian mathematician and physicist Georg Ohm.
 Ohm’s Law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional
to the voltage and inversely proportional with the resistance.
 Ohm's Law can be stated as mathematical equations, all derived from the same principle.
In the following equation,
V
I=
R
 Ohmmeter – device used to measure resistance
ELECTRIC POWER (P)

 Rate of doing work; rate of energy dissipation/ consumption

 It is equal to the current I multiplied by the voltage. P = VI; (P=power; V=voltage;

I=current)
2 V2
P=VI =I R=
R
 Units:
 1 Watt (W) = J/s = VA
 1kW = 1000W
 1horsepower (hp) = 746 W
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
 Essentially the same with work and expressed with the same unit with work: ENERGY =
VIt
 Kilowatthour (kWh) is a unit commonly used for large amounts of electric energy of
work.
 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE
 opposition to flow of charges (current)
 Classifications:
1. Resistance offered by the conducting wire
2. Resistance of any electric load (appliances, devices, gadgets)
 Resistor – a device that provides pure resistance in the circuit

 Factors Affecting the Resistance
o Length of material: R 𝜶 L
o Cross-sectional area
o Temperature: R 𝜶 T; R = R0 [1+ α∆T]; α = temperature coefficient of resistivity
o Nature of the material of the wire is made of (electrical resistivity , ρ )
Resistor in other formulas

ρL
R=
A

Note: Common material is Copper and in other books its resistivity values was given as
1.72 x10^-8 ohm meter.
COLOR CODE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G1mZutobxDU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLD7AgAYqwA
 Superconductor – pure insulators that became conductors when T is lowered.
 Engineering practice in USA: 1 mil = 0.001 in
Sample Problem :
1. A steady current of 2.5 A exists in a wire for 4.0 min. (a) How much total charge passed
by a given point in the circuit during those 4.0 min? (b) How many electrons would this
be

3. How many circular mils does a round copper rod of 0.25 inch diameter has?
4. A 5-m long copper wire has a diameter of 2mm and carries a current of 10 A. Determine
the following: (a) the resistance of the wire and its conductance b.) potential difference c)
power
5. A copper rod of 10m long has a diameter with one inch. If the resistivity of copper is
10.371 ohms circular mil per foot, what is the resistance?
6. The shunt field winding of shunt generator has a resistance of 80 ohms at 20 deg C. After
several hours of continuous operation, the winding temperature rises to 50 deg C. How
much is the winding resistance under this condition. Assume the resistance temperature
coefficient of copper to be 0.003703 ohm per Celsius degree at 20 deg C. using the value
of R, given the current = 10A, find the power
7. What is the ohmic resistance of a resistor with the following color bands: Brown, Black,
Orange and Gold?
8. What is the color code of a resistor having a value of 250k ohms?

CIRCUITS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2EuYqj_0Uk
 Electromotive force (emf or ε) – the potential difference between the terminals of

source, when no current flows to an external circuit
 Circuit – the complete path of an electric current, including the generating apparatus,
intervening resistors, or capacitors or a power source, passive devices, and active devices.
 Basic Components of Circuit

 Connecting Wires, I
 Load, R – energy consumer
 Voltage Source, V
 Other Circuit Components
 Fuse/Circuit Breaker - interrupts excessive current (blows) so that further damage

by overheating or fire is prevented
 Transformer - is used for measurement of electric currents. A current transformer
also isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage
in the monitored circuit.
 Capacitor - (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric
charge.
 Transistor - are semiconductor device used as amplifiers, as the circuits breaker
and connecting (switching), voltage stabilization, signal modulation, or as other
function, it can also act like an electric faucet, w/c allows electric conduction of
the circuit is very accurate source of electricity.
 Resistor - is a two-terminal passive electronic component which
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.
 Inductor - (or reactor) is a passive electrical component that can store energy in
a magnetic field created by the electric current passing through it. An
inductor's ability to store magnetic energy is measured by its inductance,
in units of henries
 Sources of EMF(energy converter)
 Battery – chemical energy to electrical energy
 Generator – mechanical energy to electrical energy
 Thermocouple – heat energy to electrical energy
 Fuel cells – chemical energy to electrical energy
 Solar cells- light energy to electrical energy

 Electrical Symbols
 Terminal Voltage or Terminal Potential - the voltage between the terminals of the
battery when it is supplying current or when it is receiving current.
 Closed Circuit
 Open Circuit – there is a break exists in complete conducting pathway
Terminal Voltage Across the Battery: VAB = ε
Terminal Voltage Across the Load: VCD = 0
Electric Current in the Circuit: I = 0
 Short Circuit – is an accidental path of low resistance which passes an abnormally high
amount of current.
 Octopus Connection – like extension cords with multiple outlets. It is the same principle
but it is usually a bunch of outlets crammed together.
 Electrical circuit overloads happen when more amperage is put across an electrical wire
or circuit than it can handle. For instance, a #14 wire can safely carry 15 amps and should
be protected by a 15-amp breaker. If it happens to get connected to a 20-amp breaker
instead, the breaker will allow 20 amps of current to flow through a wire that can only
handle 15 amps. The wire and breaker start to heat up and could cause start an electrical
fire.
DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUIT

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2EuYqj_0Uk
 When batteries, resistors, and other circuit elements are all connected by idealized
resistance less wires, they form an electric current.
 Key Terms:
 Node - any point in the circuit
 Terminal – nodes which are separated by an element
 Junction – intersection of wires where I will be divided depending to R
 Branch – consist of pair of terminals and the circuit terminals
 Loop – any closed path consisting of several branches
 Internal resistance (r) – small amount of resistance present in the battery itself (if
specified the given value) and always connected in series with the battery
SERIES CONNECTION
 If a resistor share a common wire
 No junction; junction to junction
 One loop
 Several pairs of terminals

IT = V T / R T
I T = I1 = I 2 = .. I n
RT = R 1 + R 2 + R3 +…Rn( total resistant)
Req (equivalent resistant) – equivalent
value of resistance to the resistance of the
load
ξ = V T = V 1 + V 2 + …. V n
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFlJy0cPbsY&pbjreload=10
PARALLEL CONNECTION
 If a resistor share a common nodes
 Several junctions
 Several loops
 One common pair of terminals
R1 1
R21
R31 =
R T = R 1 // R 2 // R 3 // R 4
1 1 1 1 1
= + + + …+
R4 1 R T R1 R2 R3 Rn
I T = I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4 + .. I n
ξ = V T = V 1 = V 2 = V 3 = …. V n
PARALLEL - SERIES CONNECTION (COMBINATION)

 Parallel – major branch; series – minor branch

 Simplify first the minor branch (series) and then the major
Branch (parallel)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFlJy0cPbsY&pbjreload=10
SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. As shown in the figure below (a), a battery (internal resistance of 1 ohm) is connected in
series with given value of resistors. Compute for the following:
a. Total Resistance
b. Total Current
c. Total power
2. As shown in the figure below (b), a battery is connected in series with given value of
resistors. Compute for the following:
a. Total Resistance
b. Total Current

c. Total power
d. Current through each resistor
e. Voltage drop across each resistor
3. Compute for the equivalent

resistance of 4 ohms and 8
ohms (a) in series (b) in
parallel
4. Three resistors of 8 ohms, 12
ohms, and 24 ohms are in parallel, and a current drawn from the combination (total
current) is 20A. Determine the a.) Total voltage or potential difference across the
combination b.) current through each resistance
5. What resistance must be placed in parallel with 20 ohms to make the combined resistance
of 15 ohms.
6. For each circuit shown in the figure below, determine the total resistance and the current I
through the battery.

Note: Simplify the circuit with the principle of parallel series combination and re draw
for the better outcomes. (Don’t forget the internal resistance of the battery if given in the
circuit.)
Prepared By:
Engr. Analyn A Cueto
Engr. Sarah Jane F. Fruelda
Possible Activity
1. Resistor color code but using your own 4 band selection of possible combination of
colors to create your own value of resistor. We will not use an actual resistor.
2. Simulation of series, parallel and combination circuits using downloadable software of
MultiSim.
CHECK THE YOUTUBE CHANNEL OF THE FOLLOWING:

1. CrashCourse

2. The Organic Chemistry Tutor
3. Khan Academy


Electricity Lec Physics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electricity Lec Physics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

 Electrostatics – the science that treats electric charges at rest.

Types of Electric Charge

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

 Negative - is carried by sub-atomic particles called electron

 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ELECTRIC CHARGES

CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

3.Three charged particles are arranged in a line, as

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

 Characteristics of Electric Field Lines:

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

 Electric field lines for four arrangements of charges.

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL (E)

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

 Ammeter – device used to measure current

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

 Ohmmeter – device used to measure resistance

ELECTRIC POWER (P)

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

 It is equal to the current I multiplied by the voltage. P = VI; (P=power; V=voltage;

 Resistor – a device that provides pure resistance in the circuit

Resistor in other formulas

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

8. What is the color code of a resistor having a value of 250k ohms?

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

 Electromotive force (emf or ε) – the potential difference between the terminals of

 Basic Components of Circuit

 Other Circuit Components

 Fuse/Circuit Breaker - interrupts excessive current (blows) so that further damage

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUIT

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

PARALLEL - SERIES CONNECTION (COMBINATION)

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

 Parallel – major branch; series – minor branch

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

3. Compute for the equivalent

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

CHECK THE YOUTUBE CHANNEL OF THE FOLLOWING:

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

2. The Organic Chemistry Tutor

ENGR. SARAH JANE F. FRUELDA, REE, RME SCI 403

You might also like