Refrigeration And Air Conditioning

Assist Prof. Dr.Eng. Ramzi R. Barwari 1st week

1. Temperature :-
Temperature is that property which determine the ability of the system to
transfer heat.
The zeroth law of thermodynamics state that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium
with a third body they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. by replacing the
the their body by thermometer, the zeroth law can be restated as two bodies are in
thermal equilibrium if both have the same temperature reading even the don’t are in
contact.
A sling-type psychrometer, as shown in Figure 5, is an instrument that determines the
temperature, relative humidity, and thus the state of the moist air by measuring its dry
bulb and wet bulb temperatures. It consists of two mercury-in-glass thermometers:-
 The sensing bulb of one of them is dry and called the dry bulb.
 Another sensing bulb wrapped with a piece of cotton wick, one end of which
dips into a water tube. This wetted sensing bulb called the wet bulb and the
temperature measured by it is called the wet bulb temperature.

Figure 5 sling-type psychrometer

Units of temperature

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 Refrigeration And Air Conditioning
Assist Prof. Dr.Eng. Ramzi R. Barwari 1st week

Table 1 Relation Between Different Types Of Temperature Scales

2. Heat (Q) Is the mechanism that transfers energy across the boundary of systems
with differing temperatures, always toward the lower temperature.
Units of heat are
kcal in metric system and
Joules in SI units
1 kcal = 4186.9 J
Heat flow rate is expressed by
Kcal/hr=1.163 J/s= 1.163 Watts
2.1 specific heat : the heat required by a unit mass of substance to raise
temperature by one degree. It also called the heat capacity of substance.

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 Refrigeration And Air Conditioning
Assist Prof. Dr.Eng. Ramzi R. Barwari 1st week

2.2 Types of heat flow

Heat Conduction
The process by which heat diffuses through a solid or a stationary fluid is termed heat
conduction.

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 Refrigeration And Air Conditioning
Assist Prof. Dr.Eng. Ramzi R. Barwari 1st week

Figure 2

Where q is the heat current, k the thermal conductivity of the medium, A the cross
sectional area for heat flow, and dT /dx the temperature gradient
Heat Convection
Situations in which heat transfer from a wetted surface is assisted by the motion of the
fluid give rise to heat convection,

Figure 3 Figure 4

Convective thermal transport from a surface to a fluid in motion can be related to the
heat transfer coefficient h, the surface-to-fluid temperature difference, and the
“wetted” surface area S in the form

Heat Radiation
The exchange of heat between surfaces, or between a surface and a surrounding fluid,
by long-wave length electromagnetic radiation is termed thermal heat radiation.

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 Refrigeration And Air Conditioning
Assist Prof. Dr.Eng. Ramzi R. Barwari 1st week

where ε is the emissivity of the surface. The property emissivity, whose value
is in the range 0 ≤ε≤ 1, is a measure of how closely a surface approximates
a blackbody for which ε= 1. The emissivity’s of some surfaces are given in table 1-2
Where F includes the effects of surface properties and geometry and σ is the Stefan–
Boltzmann constant, σ = 5.669 × 10−8 W/m2 .K4. For modest temperature differences.

Figure 4

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 Refrigeration And Air Conditioning
Assist Prof. Dr.Eng. Ramzi R. Barwari 1st week

Table 1-2

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 Refrigeration And Air Conditioning
Assist Prof. Dr.Eng. Ramzi R. Barwari 1st week

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 Refrigeration And Air Conditioning
Assist Prof. Dr.Eng. Ramzi R. Barwari 1st week

Example 2 Heat Loss from a Person

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 Refrigeration And Air Conditioning
Assist Prof. Dr.Eng. Ramzi R. Barwari 1st week

Example 3 Heat Transfer between Two Isothermal Plates

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 Refrigeration And Air Conditioning
Assist Prof. Dr.Eng. Ramzi R. Barwari 1st week

Example 4 Heating a Plate by Solar Energy

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