Design and synthesis of an efficient Reversible ALU

based on QCA Technology

Presented by:
Dr. Vasudeva Bevara
Assistant Professor
Department of ECE

09/09/2023 1
 Outline

 Introduction: QCA Technology

 QCA Structures
 Basic QCA Devices
 Special cases of Majority
 Motivation towards Reversible logic
 Reversible Logic Gates: RMD and RM
 Reversible ALU using RM
 Synthesis with QCA technology
 Future Research Directions
 Conclusion
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 Introduction of QCA

• Motivation
• Approaching physical limits of CMOS
sizing
• Alternative technologies need to be
investigated.
• In 1993, Lent proposed QCA
technology.
• QCA as a nano scale solution
• New method of computation and
information transformation.

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QCA – The Four Dot Device
Quantum dot Rotated cells

electron

Binary ‘1’ Binary ‘0’

• QCA cell consisting of 4 “dots” and 2 extra electrons;

• Information stored not as voltage level
• Positions of electrons
• Information is transferred by the Coulomb Interaction.
• No current in information transformation
• Very low power dissipation.

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 Clocking in QCA

• Speed
• @42 nm spacing: 25GHz
• @4.2 nm spacing: 2.5THz
• Clocking Zone
• In QCA the synchronization is achieved by cascading
clock for transfer the data from one cell to the next
cell.
• In order to propagate the information through QCA
without any random adjustment of QCA cells.

Ref: In09/09/2023
“Architectural Issues and Possibilities in Quantum Cellular Automata (QCA)” by M.T.Niemier and P.M.Kogge in NSF 5
Basic QCA Devices
 Inverter  Basic QCA Gate – Majority
B

out
in A F=AB+BC+CA

in out C
Truth table

• Can be used to implement AND, OR by setting one

input to 0, 1 respectively

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Special cases of Majority

0 0

0 0 1 1

1 1
Stronger wins!

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 Motivation: Why Reversible Logic?
• Designing of a complex digital system which dissipates
low power is a competitive topic in the research field
of hardware design. Heat dissipation in the circuit has
become the critical limiting factor .
• Rolf Landauer introduced that losing of bit in circuits
causes the smallest amount of heat in computation
and the theoretical limit of energy dissipation for
losing of one bit computation is KTln2

• Even C.H. Bennett in 1973 also showed that the

dissipated energy directly correlated to the number of
lost bits

A P=A
Reversible
gate
B Q=A B

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 Irreversible Vs Reversible Logic
A A P=A
Irreversible Reversible
gate Q=A B
gate
B B Q=A B

Truth Table For Reversible XOR Logic

Truth Table For Irreversible XOR Logic
09/09/2023 (Feynman Gate) 9
Reversible Mux and De-Mux (RMD)

•Block Diagram of RMD

(a) Buffer/Inverter (b) AND gate (c) XOR gate

(d) 2:1 Mux (e) 1:2 De-Mux (f) OR gate
Truth Table of RMD
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QCA RMD Logic Gate Design

• QCA Circuit of RMD • Simulation Results of RMD

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Reversible Mux (RM)

•Block Diagram of RM

(a) AND gate (b) XOR gate (c) 2:1 Mux

(e) Half Adder (f) OR gate

Truth Table of RM
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QCA RM Logic Gate Design

• QCA Circuit of RM
• Simulation Results of RM
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 Reversible Arithmetic & Logic Unit (RALU) Design

• An Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a digital

circuit that performing arithmetic and logical
operations.

• The ALU is a fundamental building block of

the central processing unit of a computer
and even the simplest microprocessor
contains one for purpose such as maintaining
times

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 Reversible Arithmetic Unit (RAU)

RAU Design Using QCA Technology

Block Diagram of RAU Using RM Logic Gate

Truth Table of RAU Using RM Logic Gate

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 Reversible Logic Unit (RLU)

RLU Design Using QCA Technology

Block Diagram of RLU Using RM Logic Gate

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Truth Table of RLU Using RM Logic Gate
 Conclusion

An efficient RALU structure in QCA technology to carryout the arithmetic

and bitwise logical operations has been designed & simulated.

In addition, a new application specific reversible multiplexer has been

introduced due to the characteristics of the arithmetic and logical operation
of the proposed RALU.

Moreover, RMD and RM has been introduced in QCA technology with low
energy dissipation and less space.

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 Future Research Directions

Circuits
• Establish Electrical Model for QCA
• Design Sequential Modules in QCA
• Interface Circuitry Between QCA and CMOS

Systems
The QCA based reversible logic circuits are used in digital image processing and communications for enabling the storage and
hence to retrieve back the same information that is being stored.

Develop QCA-Driven Synthesis

Pipeline Design for High Performance

09/09/2023 18
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