Tissues:

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 OBJECTIVE
At the end of the class:-
The student should be know :
 definition of tisue
 the four types of tissue
 Main characteristics of four types
 Function of tissue

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 Introduction
 Tissues:- Groups of cells closely associated, that
have a similar structure and perform a related
function.
The human body is composed of only four basic
types of tissue
• Epithelial = covering/lining
• Connective = support
• Muscle = movement
• Nervous = control
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Main characteristics of the four basic types of
tissues.

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• These tissues, which all contain cells and
molecules of the extracellular matrix (ECM)
• Most organs contain all 4 basic types of tissue
• The study of tissues is known as histology

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 EPITHELIAL TISSUE
 Epithelia are cellular sheets that line the cavities of organs and
cover the body surface.
 The principal functions of epithelial (Gr. epi, upon, + thele,
nipple) tissues are:
 Covering, lining, and protecting surfaces (eg, skin)
 Absorption ( eg, the intestines)
 Secretion (eg, the epithelial cells of glands)
 Specific cells of certain epithelia may be contractile
(myoepithelial cells) or
 Specialized sensory cells, such as those of taste buds or the
olfactory epithelium.

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 Special Characteristics of Epithelia
 Cellularity
 cells are in close contact with each other with little or no intercellular space
between them
 Specialized contacts
 may have junctions for both attachment and communication
 Polarity
 epithelial tissues always have an apical and basal surface
 Support by connective tissue
 at the basal surface, both the epithelial tissue and the connective tissue
contribute to the basement membrane
 Avascular
 nutrients must diffuse
 Innervated
 Regeneration
 epithelial tissues have a high capacity for regeneration

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 Classification of Epithelium
 Epithelia can be divided into two main groups: covering (or lining)
epithelia and secretory (glandular) epithelia.
Covering or lining Epithelia
 Based on number of layers and cell shape
 Based on Layers
 Simple
 Stratified
 Psuedostratified
 Based on cell Shapes
 Squamous
 Cuboidal
 Columnar

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 Classifications & Naming of Epithelia
• First name of tissue indicates number of layers
– Simple – one layer of cells

– Stratified – more than one

layer of cells

– Psuedostratified nuclei
are at different positions, so it appears layered, but all
the cells contact the basement membrane
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 Classification & Naming of Epithelia

• Last name of tissue describes shape of cells

– Squamous – cells wider
than tall (plate or “scale” like)

– Cuboidal – cells are as wide

as tall, as in cubes

Columnar – cells are taller than

they are wide, like columns
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 Naming Epithelia
 Naming the epithelia includes both the layers (first) and the shape
of the cells (second)
◦ i.e. stratified cuboidal epithelium
 The name may also include any accessory structures
◦ Goblet cells
◦ Cilia
◦ Keratin
 Special epithelial tissues (don’t follow naming convention)
◦ Transitional

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 CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• Most abundant and diverse tissue

• In general, connective tissue consists of cells
and an extracellular matrix (ECM).
• ECM includes structural (fibers) and
specialized proteins that constitute the ground
substance.

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• Functions
 connecting
Storing
 carrying nutrients
 protection
fight infection
• CT contains large amounts of non-living extracellular
matrix
• Some types vascularized
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 Connective Tissue
 Most diverse and abundant tissue
 Main classes
◦ Connective tissue proper
-loose connective tissue
-dense connective tissue
◦ Fluid connective tissue -Blood
◦ Supporting connective tissues
-Cartilage
-Bone tissue
 Components of connective tissue:
◦ Cells (varies according to tissue)
◦ Protein fibers
◦ Ground substance matrix
 Common embryonic origin – mesenchyme

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 Functions of muscle tissue
 Movement

 Maintenance of posture

 Joint stabilization

 Heat generation

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 Special functional characteristics of muscle

 Contractility
 Only one action: to shorten
 Shortening generates pulling force
 Excitability
 Nerve fibers cause electrical impulse to travel
 Extensibility
 Stretch with contraction of an opposing muscle
 Elasticity
 Recoils passively after being stretched
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 Types of Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal
• Attach to and move skeleton
• 40% of body weight
• Fibers = multinucleate cells (embryonic cells fuse)
• Cells with obvious striations
• Contractions are voluntary
• Cardiac: only in the wall of the heart
• Cells are striated
• Contractions are involuntary (not voluntary)
• Smooth: walls of hollow organs
• Lack striations
• Contractions are involuntary (not voluntary)

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 Skeletal Muscle Tissue
• Characteristics
– Long, cylindrical cells
– Multinucleate
– Obvious striations
• Function
– Voluntary movement
– Manipulation of
environment
– Facial expression
• Location
– Skeletal muscles attached to bones (occasionally to skin)

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 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
• Function
– Contracts to propel blood into circulatory system
• Characteristics
– Branching cells
– Uni-nucleate
– Intercalated discs
• Location
– Occurs in walls of heart
• Smooth Muscle Tissue
• Characteristics
– Spindle-shaped cells with
central nuclei
– Arranged closely to form
sheets
– No striations
• Function
– Propels substances along
internal passageways
– Involuntary control
• Location
– Mostly walls of hollow organs

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 Nervous Tissue
• Function
– Transmit electrical signals
from sensory receptors to
effectors
• Location
– Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
• Description
– Main components are brain,
spinal cord, and nerves
– Contains two types of cells
• Neurons – excitatory cells
• neuroglia cells-Supporting cells

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 Thank you!
By Gelane S

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