St. Joseph’s College of Baggao Inc.

SCE 114:
Earth Science
Prepared by:
SHARMAINE CLAIRE A. ANTONIO, LPT
Physical Science Instructor
 SJCBI
What is Earth Science?
Earth science is the name of all sciences that
collectively seek to understand Earth and its
neighbors in space.

Transforming Lives, Shaping

 SJCBI
What is Earth Science?
- It includes geology, oceanography,
meteorology, and astronomy.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

Branches of Earth Science
Geology is traditionally divided into
SJCBI
broad areas: physical and historical.
Physical geology examines the
materials composing Earth and seeks
to understand the many processes that
operate beneath and upon its surface.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

Branches of Earth Science SJCBI
The aim of historical geology is to understand
the origin of the earth and the development of
the planet Earth through its 4.6-billion-year
history.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

Branches of Earth Science
SJCBI
Oceanography involves the application of all sciences
in comprehensive and interrelated study of the oceans
in all aspects and relationships.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

Branches of Earth Science
SJCBI
Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and
the processes that produce weather and climate.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI
Branches of Earth Science
Astronomy is the study of heavenly bodies
or celestial object.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI
Minerals
“Earth Materials”

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI
Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
Geologist define minerals as any naturally
occurring inorganic solid that possess an
orderly crystalline structure and can be
represented by a chemical formula.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI
Earth materials that are classified as minerals exhibit
the following characteristics:
- Naturally occurring.
- Solid substance
- Orderly crystalline structure
- Generally inorganic
- Can be represented by a chemical formula.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

- Naturally occurring.
SJCBI
Minerals form by natural, geologic
processes. Synthetic materials, meaning
those produced in laboratory or by human
intervention, are not considered minerals.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI
- Orderly crystalline structure
Minerals are crystalline substances,
which means their atoms are arrange in
an orderly, repetitive manner.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI
- Solid substance
Only crystalline substances that are
solid at temperatures encountered at
Earth’s surface are considered minerals.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

- Generally inorganic
SJCBI
Inorganic crystalline solids that are
found naturally in the ground are
considered minerals.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI
-Can be represented by a chemical
formula.
Most minerals are chemical compounds
having compositions that can be
expressed by a chemical formula.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

Characteristics:
SJCBI
- Naturally occurring.
- Solid substance
- Orderly crystalline structure
- Generally inorganic
- Can be represented by a chemical formula.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI
Silicates Minerals
Minerals that contain a combination of
silicon and oxygen.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI
Silicon-oxygen Tetrahedron
The basic structural unit of
silicate minerals.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI
Feldspars are the most abundant minerals in the
Earth’s crust.
1. Plagioclase feldspar (NaAlSi3O8 – CaAl2Si2O8)
contains ions of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, and
calcium or sodium.
2. Potassium (orthoclase) feldspar (AlKO8Si3) is
composed of ions of oxygen, silicon, aluminum,
and potassium
Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS SJCBI
1. Color
2. Streak
3. Hardness
4. Cleavage
5. Fracture
6. Luster
7. Crystalline Form
8. Specific density
Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut
1. Color
SJCBI
The color of a mineral is an obvious
characteristic, but it is often not very useful for
identification. While some minerals always
seem to appear the same color, many will vary
from one specimen to the next.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

2. Streak is the color of the powder of a mineral.
SJCBI
A mineral may exhibit an appearance of several colors, but it
will always show the same color streak. A mineral rubbed
(streaked) across the surface of an unglazed porcelain tile will
be powdered, showing its true color.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI
3. Hardness is the resistance of a mineral to
being scratched.
Hardness is measured by using the Mohs
Scale, which is a list of 10 minerals in order
of hardness.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

Mohs Scale
SJCBI

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI
4. Cleavage is the tendency of some minerals to
break along definite smooth planes. The mineral
may exhibit distinct cleavage along one or more
planes, or it may exhibit indistinct cleavage or
no cleavage. The degree of cleavage is a clue to
the identity of the mineral.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

The mineral may exhibit
distinct cleavage along one
SJCBI
or more planes, or it may
exhibit indistinct cleavage or
no cleavage.
Can have no cleavage
(example = quartz)

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI
Can have 1 plane of cleavage
(ex. = Biotite)

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI
Can have multiple planes of
cleavage

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

5. Fracture refers to the way SJCBI
in which a mineral break. It
may break into splinters; into
rough, irregularly surfaced
pieces; or into shell-shaped
forms or curved fracture
surfaces, known as
conchoidal fractures.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI
6. Luster is the
appearance of the
mineral’s surface in
reflected light.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI
7. The crystal form, or shape of a well-developed
crystal of a mineral, is often a useful clue to its
identity. The crystal form is related to the internal
geometric arrangement of the atoms making up the
crystal structure. The ions of sodium chloride, for
example, are arranged in a cubic structure, and table
salt tends to crystallize in the shape of cubes.

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI
7. Specific gravity is the ratio of a mineral
sample’s mass to the mass of an equal
volume of water .

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI
EXAMPLE: Specific gravity is a measure of the density of
a mineral. It is the ratio of the density of the mineral to the
density of water and is calculated by dividing the density of
a mineral by the density of water. A 4.08 g crystal of the
mineral augite measures 1.43 cm long by 0.98 cm wide by
0.89 cm high, and its cleavage causes it to break into a
rectangular solid. What is its specific gravity?

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI

Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut

 SJCBI
THANK YOU!
To achieve success; exercise
humility, honesty and integrity.
-Ma’am Maine-
Transforming Lives, Shaping the Fut