Polarity index

Sohim
Presented to Jayanta Kumar Maji
At Gujarat Ayurved University M.Pharma 1st year
On April-2015 2014-2015
Content
• INTRODUCTION
• DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
• POLARITY
• SOLVENT POLARITY CHART
• SOLVENT POLARITY INDEX TABLE
• APPLICATION OF POLARITY INDEX
INTRODUCTION
• Extracted compound is based on the type of
solvents used.
• Polar solvent isolates polar compound and
non-polar solvent extracts non-polar
compound.
• Different solvents yield different extracts
and extract composition.
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT
• Dielectric constant: a measure of a solvent’s
ability to insulate opposite charges from one
another
• The most common measure of solvent polarity
is dielectric constant
POLARITY
• Solvents are classified as polar and nonpolar.
• The greater the value of the dielectric constant of a
Solvent , the smaller the interaction between ions of
opposite charge dissolved in that solvent.

Polar Solvent: Dielectric constant > 15

Non-Polar Solvent: Dielectric constant < 15
 Dielectric
Solvent Structure Constant
Polar
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) ( CH3 ) 2 S=O 48.9
Acetonitrile CH3 C N 37.5
N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) ( CH3 ) 2 NCHO 36.7
Acetone ( CH3 ) 2 C=O 20.7

Nonpolar
Dichloromethane CH2 Cl2 9.1
Diethyl ether CH3 CH2 OCH2 CH3 4.3
Toluene C6 H5 CH3 2.3
Hexane CH3 ( CH2 ) 4 CH3 1.9
Solvent-Solvent Interactions:

Liquids having similar dielectric constants (e.g., H2O and

acetonitrile) are likely to be miscible (soluble in all proport
while liquids having very different K values
(e.g., H2O and hexane) are normally immiscible
(insoluble in each other).

The general rule is ‘like dissolves like’.

SOLVENT’S CHOICE
A property of a good solvent in plant extraction:

• Low toxicity
• Ease of evaporation at low heat
• Promotion of rapid physiologic absorption of the
extract
• Preservative action
• Inability to cause the extract to complex or dissociate
SOLVENT POLARITY CHART
 Solvent Polarity index table:
Solvent Polarity Dielectric Refractiv UV(nm) B.P© M.P© Viscosity Solubilit Density
index Constant( e index Cutoff @ (c poise) y in (g/ml)
K) @ 20C 1AU Water
(%w/w)

Acetic acid 6.2 6.2 1.372 230 118 -17 1.26 100 1.04

Acetone 5.1 1.359 330 56 0.32 100

Acetonitrile 5.8 3.6 1.344 190 82 -45 0.37 100 0.79

Ammonia 23 0.69

Benzene 2.7 2.3 1.501 280 80 5 0.65 0.18 0.88

n-Butanol 4 1.394 254 125 0.73 0.43

Butyl acetate 3.9 1.399 215 118 2.98 7.81

Carbon 1.6 2 1.466 263 77 -23 0.97 0.08 1.59
tetrachloride

Chloroform 4.1 4.8 1.446 245 61 -64 0.57 0.815 1.48

Cyclohexane 0.2 1.426 200 81 1 0.01

1,2-Dichloroethane 3.5 1.444 225 84 0.79 0.81

Dichloromethane 3.1 1.424 235 41 0.44 1.6

Dimethylether 21 56 -95 0.79

Dimethylformamide 6.4 1.431 268 155 0.92 100

Dimethylsulfoxide 7.2 47 1.478 268 189 18 2 100 1.1

Dioxane 4.8 1.422 215 101 1.54 100

Ethanol 5.2 24 1.36 210 78 -117 1.2 100 0.79

Ethyl acetate 4.4 1.372 260 77 0.45 8.7

Di-Ethyl Ether 2.8 1.353 220 35 0.32 6.89

Formamide 110 193 3 1.13

Heptane 0 1.387 200 98 0.39 0.0003

Hexane 0 2 1.375 200 69 -95 0.33 0.001 0.66

Hydrogen Flouride 84 20 -83 1.002

Methanol 5.1 33 1.329 205 65 -94 0.6 100 0.79

Methyl-t-Butyl ether 2.5 1.369 210 55 0.27 4.8

Methyl Ethyl Ketone 4.7 1.379 329 80 0.45 24

Pentane 0 1.358 200 36 0.23 0.004

n-propanol 4 1.384 210 97 2.27 100

Iso-propanol 3.9 1.377 210 82 2.3 100

Di-Isopropyl ether 2.2 1.368 220 68 0.37

Sulfuric acid 101 270 10 1.83

Tetrahydrofuran 4 7.6 1.407 215 65 -65 0.55 100 0.89

Toluene 2.4 1.496 285 111 0.59 0.051

Tichloroethylene 1 1.477 273 87 0.57 0.11

Water 9 81 1.333 200 100 0 1 100 0.998

Xylene 2.5 1.5 290 139 0.61 0.018

Application of polarity index:

• Solvent system designing:

• Snyder
Prism
Algorithm
Thank You