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The Atom
The Atom
• In 1700’s he theorized
that the basic unit of
matter is a tiny particle
called an atom.
Dalton’s Theory
• All elements are composed of
indivisible atoms
• All atoms of a given element
are identical
• Atoms of different elements
are different
• Compounds are formed by the
combination of atoms of
different elements
But Wait….
• Experimental studies of
the atom soon showed
that it (the atom) was not
indivisible… it has smaller
parts!
Thomson’s Model
• Just over 100 years ago, J.
J. Thomson discovered that
electrons are relatively low
mass, negatively charged
particles present in atoms
• Because he knew that
atoms were electrically
neutral, he concluded
that part of the atom
must posses positive
charge equal to the total
charge of the electrons
• He proposed a model in
which the atom consists of a
uniform distribution of
positive charge, in which
electrons are embedded
(like raisins in plum
pudding).
• “The Plum Pudding” Model
Rutherford’s Model
Rutherford’s Model
• Observations
• Most of the alpha particles pass
straight through the gold foil.
• Some of the alpha particles get
deflected by very small amounts.
• A very few get deflected greatly.
• Even fewer get bounced off the foil
and back to the left.
Rutherford’s Model
• Conclusions
• The atom is 99.99% empty space.
• The nucleus contains a positive
charge and most of the mass of
the atom.
• The nucleus is approximately
100,000 times smaller than the
atom.
Rutherford’s Model
The Bohr Model
• While the Rutherford model
focused on describing the nucleus,
Niels Bohr turned his attention to
describing the electron.
The Bohr Model
• An orbital is described as a
region in which an electron
is most likely to be found.
The Structure of The Atom
• answer: Banana.
• When electrons
occupy the lowest
available orbital,
the atom is said to
be in the ground
state.
• When electrons are
subject to heat, light, or
electricity, an electron
may absorb energy and
(temporarily) move to a
higher energy level. This
unstable condition is
called an excited state.
• When the electron returns to a
lower level it emits energy in the
form of infrared, ultraviolet, or
visible light.
• The electron in the hydrogen atom can occupy only certain specific
orbits of fixed radius and no others.
• The electron can jump from one orbit to a higher one by absorbing a
quantum of energy in the form of a photon.