GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE

C. Agriculture As An Industry, Science and Profession

Module 3
I. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
AGRICULTURE
Module 3
Agriculture As An
I. GROWTH ANDIndustry,
DEVELOPMENT Science and
OF AGRICULTURE
C. AgricultureProfession
As An Industry, Science and
Profession
 What Is an Industry?
An industry is a group of companies
or productive enterprises that have
related business activities. An industry
is named after the product or service
being offered. There are several
classifications of industry and typically
these are grouped into larger
categories called sectors (Kenton,
2019).
 An industry is the production side of a
business activity, which is related to raising,
producing, processing or manufacturing of
products (Akrani, 2011). The products are
goods to be utilized both by the consumers and
the producers. The consumer’s goods are
exemplified by foods like cereal grains, meat,
dairy products, and also textiles, cosmetics,
medicinal drugs, etc. Whereas, producer's
goods are goods to be used by manufacturers
for producing other goods like machinery, tools,
equipment, etc.
Types of Industries
1. Primary Industry
Primary industry is concerned with
the production of natural raw
materials from which other goods
can be made. This is exemplified by
the agriculture, forestry, fishery and
the mining industry.
 2. Secondary industry
Secondary industry is concerned with
changing raw materials into more usable
products through processing and
manufacturing. The examples include the
flour made into bread in bakeries, as well
as the metals and plastics that are made
into vehicles in factories.
The term “value added” is often used to
refer to the change of a raw material into
another usable product. For example, the
selling of rubber sheets instead of rubber
lumps. The processing or manufacturing
of rubber latex into rubber sheets by the
village-type processing increases the
income of the rubber farmer, hence
“value adding” is applied.
 3. Tertiary industry
Tertiary industry deals with providing
essential services and support to the other
industries instead of production of goods. This
is otherwise termed as the service industry that
gives attention, advice, access, experience,
etc. This includes the financial institutions,
schools, retail housing, hotels, restaurants,
hospitals and the transportation services. It is
observed that the more progressive an area is,
the presence of more tertiary industries is very
noticeable like the number of banking
institutions, fast food chains, etc.
 4. Quaternary (fourth) industry
Quaternary industry is involved in the
creation and transfer of knowledge or
important information such as in
research, development and training. Also
named as the information industry, this
includes media, entertainment and
telecommunication industries as well as
consultation firms (Sheth, 2017).
 5. Quinary (fifth) industry
Quinary industry deals with the
control of the industrial and
government decision-making
activities. This involves the highly
paid professionals, research
scientists and top government
officials. Policies and laws are
created at this level.
The Agriculture Industry and Its
Innovations

Agriculture as an industry refers to the

large scale production and supply
of crops, livestock, poultry and fish,
etc. The methods used in industrial
agriculture are technoscientific,
economic, and political.
They include modern machineries
and farming practices, genetic
advancement, techniques for
achieving low production cost and
higher return of investment
(economies of scale) and the
creation of marketing networks
including global trade (New World
Encyclopedia, 2020).
The agriculture industry is a vital industry
since it is essential to food security of a
nation (Spacey, 2019). There are several
components of the agriculture industry to
include among others the: plantation and
field crops; nurseries; seed production; cut
flower trade; fruit and vegetable processing;
landscaping services; poultry, piggery and
livestock farming including veterinary
services; beekeeping; agroecotourism and
recently, the biotechnology market.
Increased crop production was made
possible through the manufacture of
synthetic fertilizers and pesticides,
improvement in water supply facilities and
farm machineries. Likewise, in poultry and
livestock production, the application of
vitamins and antibiotics, including probiotics
enable growers to raise in concentrated,
controlled animal feed operations by
reducing diseases that most likely occur in
crowding conditions.
 Additionally, the agriculture
industry is always keeping abreast
with new technologies to improve
productivity. These new
technologies aim to enhance the
efficiency of various agricultural
operations (Enonomywatch, 2010).
These innovations, as reported by
Forbes (2020), are known in terms of:
a. Regenerative agriculture – to battle climate
change impact, farms need to reverse the trend
of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural
activities through the use of organic fertilizers like
manures, planting more cover crops such as
grasses and, practicing crop rotation. These are
all aimed at improving soil health, also farmlands
able to draw down carbon from the atmosphere
so as to offset the trend of global warming.
b. Better microbes to grow more foods
– microbes have a crucial role in farming
—the good ones can help plant growth,
while the bad ones can decimate crops.
Genetic engineering of these important
microbes through biotechnology can both
protect plants and enhance growth. This is
exemplified by Bt corn, which is a corn
plant with the transgene from the
bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, to enable
corn plants resist the damage of corn
borer.
c. Plants: the future of meat
consumption. The plan to replace
meat by plant products in the diet is
slowly catching attention. A number
of companies now embark on
producing a new soy-based line of
products to include burgers,
sausage, meatballs and ground
meat.
d. Training the next generation of
Agri. Tech farmer – nowadays, the
younger generations are not
interested in farming anymore. Thus,
the agriculture industry is challenged
to develop new technologies to attract
the young would-be farmers by
including jobs in agriculture like
software development, marketing and
engineering.
To name a few, the drone technology or
otherwise called as the unmanned aerial
vehicle (UAV) is being utilized today in aerial
farm spraying, and which are also attached
with sensors and digital cameras to photo
document farm conditions, e.g. fertilizer-
deficient plant and soil, insect pest
infestations and disease infections for
management actions.
Agricultural Value Chain
Value chain which indicates the
interrelationship of producing, buying and
selling agricultural produce.
This chain involves the flow of
products, knowledge and information,
finance and social capital, as well as
mode of payments needed to link
producers and communities (Norton,
2014).
Key players of the industry are the advanced
technology inputs which innovation is
incessantly done by researchers and scientists;
the crop and animal production practices which
are managed by the farmer growers; the
postharvest processing of agricultural produce to
be transformed into more usable products by
various industry; the distribution of goods
through wholesale or retail; until finally goods
reach the ultimate consumer and be utilized as
human food, animal feed, fiber, fuel and, even
textile, drug or cosmetic.
Everyone in the society is a part of the
value chain in one way or the other as
producer, consumer, processor, retailer,
finance provider, etc. (FRI, 2013). At one
end of the agricultural value chain are the
producers – the farmers who grow crops
and raise animals.
At the other end are the consumers who
utilize the product to eat, drink, wear, etc. In
the middle of the chain are several people,
including the small and large businesses or
enterprises. Each person and each business
performs one small step in the chain, and
each adds value along the way – being
involved in the wide range of activities such as
growing, buying, selling, handling, processing,
transporting, storing, grading, checking, and
packaging.
Components of the agricultural sector value chain
 Other people and other business
establishments have important roles
supporting the chain. Banks provide loans;
governments establish and implements laws
and policies; research organizations develop
ways to improve the genetic material of crops
and animals including the development and
provision of improved technologies for
production and handling and; the media
people to disseminate information and gather
feedbacks from markets or consumers of the
products (FRI, 2013).
Challenges in the Agriculture Industry

1. Outdated technology
The poor researches done in the
scientific community relating to agriculture
made farmers stick around the obsolete
technology. This poor scientific effort will
reduce the potential productivity-boost
that has otherwise been enjoyed by local
farmers.
 2. Climate change
When the frequency of occurrence of
extreme weather events like flood and
drought will increase, agricultural
production stability will be affected.
Climate change has an uneven impact
across regions. Food production and
availability can be significantly affected.
This can then cause the reduction of the
rural incomes thereby depriving the many
of their access to food.
 3. Diseases and other pests
Diseases and other pests attacking plants
during and after the cropping period
(postharvest pests) create a huge problem in
crop production. This will affect the quantity and
quality of the harvested commodity. For
example, aflatoxins affecting corn, coconut and
peanut when stored cause severe losses. This
is considered to be another drawback from
farmer´s lack of information or misinformation on
how to properly handle and control pests and
diseases.
 4. Infrastructure
Farm machineries and other facilities
like farm-to-market roads, irrigation and
drainage, storage and other postharvest
processing facilities need to be in-place to
reach the desired maximum yield and
profit in the farming venture. Farm
machineries will lessen the manual labor
requirement and will enable farmer to
cultivate large hectarage of land.
The presence of good farm-to-market
road will expedite the transport of farm
inputs as well as the commercialization of
farm produce. On the other hand, storage
and postharvest processing facilities will
lengthen the shelf-life of the highly
perishable products, and are thus needed
to maintain their quality before reaching
the final consumers.
 5. Land area and soil nutrients
Farmlands are decreasing due to population
pressures. Farmlands are often converted into
residential, industrial, other infrastructures, etc.
The smaller farmland are overly exploited because
cropping becomes too intensive, with less time
interval between cropping periods. As a
consequence, soil nutrients can hardly be naturally
restored and the outcome is damaging thereby
causing poor yields, weak plants and more
fertilizer needs.
 The Agriculture Industry 4.0
Industry 4.0 in Agriculture is focused on
essential technologies such as Artificial
Intelligence (AI), big data, blockchain and the
Internet of Things (IoT). This automation and
digitalization in agriculture is seen to increase
crop yields, lower costs, and reduce
environmental impact. This can take several
forms, from the automation of vehicles, to the
development of task specific robots that
automate parts of the production process (EC,
2017).
 A first range of application is the use of IoT to
collect and publish information on the production
processes and other activities in the farm. There
is transparency of productions. This can go from
using digital tools to facilitate and automate
legalities in the farm, to increased food
traceability and safety through increased visibility
of detailed information on the quality and origin
of goods. This is technically termed as
blockchain. Blockchain is another innovation in
the supply chain, it establishes trust by
consensus between parties and backed by
technology, without the need for a middleman or
a third party.
 Agriculture as a Science and a
Profession
Agriculture as a science and a
profession requires the hardwork and
dedication of all the key players in the
industry to meet the needs of the ever
increasing human population. This
challenge is even complicated by the
impact of climate change to crop and
animal production.
Hence, technological innovations in
agriculture is a constant cry.
Agricultural scientists always need to
collaborate with those in the various
fields of specialization such as those
from engineering, computer science,
molecular biology, chemistry, etc.
What becomes ironic, however, is the fact
that very few wanted to study the science of
agriculture, and this is a worldwide trend
among colleges and universities, most
especially in the Philippines. It seems only
the less qualified and the less fortunate
would take agricultural science as their
degree program.
 But where is now the pride of feeding
the ever increasing human population or
even feeding your own self or your
family? Unless anyone can discover
some kinds of food not coming from
agricultural produce, only then can we
put down all those working in the farms.
George Washington, the first US
president, once stated “Agriculture is the
most healthful, most useful, and most
noble employment of man”.
"Hunger anywhere threatens peace
everywhere” (FAO – UN, 2002).
Poverty and food deprivation are
seen as the root causes of conflict
and violence especially among the
youth. In most people, a full
stomach is one source of
happiness. So……Be happy to be an
agriculturist! Endeavor to help feed
the world!
 Introduction to Agriculture and the Ecosystem
A. Agriculture and the Environment

Assignment:
1. Research more about Agriculture
Industry 4.0.
2. Research and memorize the sayings
and memorize that started with “At the
head of all industries, stands not ...”
 Introduction to Agriculture and
the Ecosystem
A. Agriculture and the Environment

An ecosystem consists of a group of living

organisms that live in and interact with each
other and that of their physical environment
(Khan Academy, 2020). Ecosystems contain
biotic or living component as well as abiotic
or non-living components.
Biotic components include plants,
animals, fungi, bacteria, protists and
other organisms. While the abiotic
components include rocks, soil, water
and air as well as the environmental
temperature, humidity, wind speed, etc.
Ecosystems vary in sizes and
compositions and can be marine,
aquatic, or terrestrial.
 Broad categories of ecosystems
are called biomes, e.g. tropical rain
forest, grassland, savanna,
chaparral, desert and tundra
biomes.
Profile of Philippine Agriculture

Jose Alejandrino – was the first appointed

secretary of DA when Emilio Aguinaldo
established the Department of Agriculture
and Manufacturing in June 23, 1898.
The Philippine, is one of the largest Island-
groups in the world with 7,100 islands
and islets, which is strategically located
within the area of nations that sweeps
southeast from Mainland Asia across the
equator to Australia.
Its boundaries are formed by three large
bodies of water:
*South China Sea- on the west and north
*Pacific Ocean- on the east
*Celebes sea and coastal waters of
Borneo – on the south
3,000 sq. km or 30 million hectares - the
total land area of the Philippines.
It constitutes two percent of the total land area
of the world and ranks 57th among the 146
countries of the world in terms of physical
size.
The Philippine, advocates the archipelago
doctrine, as such it gains exclusive to all
resources living or non-living in and at the
bottom of an area of about 276,000
square nautical miles
Three Major Island Groups of Philippines

1. LUZON – with an area of 141 thousand

square kilometers
2. VISAYAS – with an area of 57 thousand
square kilometers
3. MINDANAO – with an area of 102
thousand square kilometers
CLIMATE

Based on the seasonal rainfall distribution, the

climate of the Philippines is classified as
follows:
I. Type I – two pronounced seasons with
maximum rain period from June to
September and a dry season which lasts
from three to six or seven months.
II. Type II – no dry season with a very
pronounced maximum rain period from
December to February.
III. Type III – no pronounced maximum rain
period with a short dry season lasting only
from one to three months.
IV. Type IV – rainfall more or less evenly
distributed throughout the year
REGIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES AND
THEIR AGRICULTURAL TOP
COMMODITIES
1.Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
- Established on July 15, 1987 through
Executive Order No. 220 – issued by
Pres. Corazon C. Aquino
Comprises of the following provinces:
- Abra - Apayao - Benguet -
Ifugao
- Kalinga - Mt. Province - the chartered
City of Baguio – known as the summer
1.Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
- Established on July 15, 1987 through
Executive Order No. 220 – issued by
Pres. Corazon C. Aquino
Comprises of the following provinces:
- Abra - Apayao - Benguet -
Ifugao
- Kalinga - Mt. Province - the chartered
City of Baguio – known as the summer
capital of Philippines.
Factors affecting crop production –climatic –
edaphic – biotic - physiographic and socio
economic factors

I. Internal factors
Genetic factors
The increase in crop yields and other
desirable characters are related to Genetic
make up of plants
•High yielding ability
•Early maturity
•Resistance to lodging
•Drought flood and salinity tolerance
•Tolerance to insect pests and diseases
•Chemical composition of grains (oil content,
protein content )
•Quality of grains (fineness, coarseness)
•Quality of straw (sweetness, juiciness)
The above characters are less influenced by
environmental factors since they are governed
by genetic make-up of crop.
2. External factors
A. Climatic
B. Edaphic
C. Biotic
D. Physiographic
E. Socio-economic
A. CLIMATIC FACTORS
Nearly 50 % of yield is attributed to
the influence of climatic factors. The
following are the atmospheric weather
variables which influences the crop
production.
1.Precipitation
2.Temperature
3.Atmospheric humidity
4.Solar radiation
5.Wind velocity
6.Atmospheric gases
1. Precipitation
•Precipitation includes all water which falls
from atmosphere such as rainfall, snow, hail,
fog and dew.
• Rainfall one of the most important factor
influences the vegetation of a place.
•Total precipitation in amount and distribution
greatly affects the choice of a cultivated
species in a place.
•In heavy and evenly distributed rainfall areas,
crops like rice in plains and tea, coffee and
rubber in Western Ghats are grown.
•Low and uneven distribution of rainfall is common
in dryland farming where drought resistance crops
like pearl millet, sorghum and minor millets are
grown.
•In desert areas grasses and shrubs are common
where hot desert climate exists
•Though the rainfall has major influence on yield of
crops, yields are not always directly proportional to
the amount of Precipitation as excess above
optimum reduces the yields
•Distribution of rainfall is more important than total
rainfall to have longer growing period especially in
drylands
2. Temperature
•Temperature is a measure of intensity of heat
energy. The range of temperature for maximum
growth of most of the agricultural plants is
between 15 and 40ºC.
•The temperature of a place is largely
determined by its distance from the equator
(latitude) and altitude.
• It Influences distribution of crop plants and
vegetation.
•Germination, growth and development of
crops are highly influenced by temperature.
•Affects leaf production, expansion and flowering.
•Physical and chemical processes within the plants
are governed by air temperature.
•Diffusion rates of gases and liquids changes with
temperature.
•Solubility of different substances in plant is
dependent on temperature.
•The minimum, maximum (above which crop
growth ceases) and optimum temperature of
individual’s plant is called as cardinal temperature.
3. Atmospheric Humidity (Relative
Humidity -RH)
•Water is present in the atmosphere in the form
of invisible water vapour, normally known as
humidity. Relative humidity is ratio between
the amount of moisture present in the air to
the saturation capacity of the air at a particular
temperature.
• If relative humidity is 100% it means that the
entire space is filled with water and there is no
soil evaporation and plant transpiration.
•Relative humidity influences the water
requirement of crops

•Relative humidity of 40-60% is suitable for

most of the crop plants.

•Very few crops can perform well when

relative humidity is 80% and above.

•When relative humidity is high there is

chance for the outbreak of pest and disease.
4. Solar radiation (without which life will
not exist)
•From germination to harvest and even post
harvest crops are affected by solar radiation.

•Biomass production by photosynthetic

processes requires light.

•All physical process taking place in the soil,

plant and environment are dependent on light.
•Solar radiation controls distribution of
temperature and there by distribution of crops in
a region.

•Visible radiation is very important in

photosynthetic mechanism of plants.
Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR -0.4 –
0.7μ) is essential for production of carbohydrates
and ultimately biomass.
0.4 to 0.5 μ -Blue –violet –Active
0.5 to 0.6 μ -Orange –red -Active
0.5 to 0.6 μ -Green –yellow –low active
•Photoperiodism is a response of plant to day
length Short day –Day length is <12 hours
(Rice, Sunflower and cotton), long day –Day
length is > 12 hours (Barley, oat, carrot and
cabbage), day neutral –There is no or less
influence on day length (Tomato and maize).
•Phototropism ––Response of plants to light
direction. Eg. Sunflower
•Photosensitive –Season bound varieties
depends on quantity of light received
5. Wind velocity
•The basic function of wind is to carry moisture
(precipitation) and heat.
•The moving wind not only supplies moisture
and heat, also supplies fresh CO2 for the
photosynthesis.
•Wind movement for 4 –6 km/hour is suitable
for more crops.
•When wind speed is enormous then there is
mechanical damage of the crops (i.e.) it removes
leaves and twigs and damages crops like
banana, sugarcane
•Wind dispersal of pollen and seeds is natural
and necessary for certain crops.
•Causes soil erosion.
•Helps in cleaning produce to farmers.
•Increases evaporation.
•Spread of pest and diseases.
6. Atmospheric gases on plant growth

•CO2–0.03%, O2-20.95%, N2-78.09%, Argon-

0.93%, Others-0.02%.

•CO2 is important for Photosynthesis, CO2 taken

by the plants by diffusion process from leaves
through stomata.

•CO2 is returned to atmosphere during

decomposition of organic materials, all farm wastes
and by respiration
•O2 is important for respiration of both plants
and animals while it is released by plants
during Photosynthesis

•Nitrogen is one of the important major plant

nutrient, Atmospheric N is fixed in the soil by
lightning, rainfall and N fixing microbes in
pulses crops and available to plants

•Certain gases like SO2, CO, CH4, HF released

to atmosphere are toxic to plants
B. EDAPHIC FACTORS (soil)

Plants grown in land completely depend on

soil on which they grow. The soil factors that affect
crop growth are

1.Soil moisture
2.Soil air
3.Soil temperature
4.Soil mineral matter
5.Soil organic matter
6.Soil organisms
7.Soil reactions
1. Soil moisture
•Water is a principal constituent of growing
plant which it extracts from soil
•Water is essential for photosynthesis
•The moisture range between field capacity
and permanent wilting point is available to
plants.
•Available moisture will be more in clay soil
than sandy soil
•Soil water helps in chemical and biological
activities of soil including mineralization
•It influences the soil environment Eg. it
moderates the soil temperature from extremes
•Nutrient availability and mobility increases
with increase in soil moisture content.
2. Soil air

•Aeration of soil is absolutely essential for the absorption

of water by roots
•Germination is inhibited in the absence of oxygen
•O2 is required for respiration of roots and micro
organisms.
•Soil air is essential for nutrient availability of the soil by
breaking down insoluble mineral to soluble salts
•For proper decomposition of organic matter
•Potato, tobacco, cotton linseed, tea and legumes need
higher O2 in soil air
•Rice requires low level of O2 and can tolerate water
logged (absence of O2) condition
3. Soil temperature
•It affects the physical and chemical processes
going on in the soil.
•It influences the rate of absorption of water and
solutes (nutrients)
•It affects the germination of seeds and growth
rate of underground portions of the crops like
tapioca, sweet potato.
•Soil temperature controls the microbial activity
and processes involved in the nutrient availability
•Cold soils are not conducive for rapid growth of
most of agricultural crops
4. Soil mineral matter
•The mineral content of soil is derived from
the weathering of rocks and minerals as
particles of different sizes.
•These are the sources of plant nutrients eg;
Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Fe, K etc
5. Soil Organic matter
•It supplies all the major, minor and micro
nutrients to crops
•It improves the texture of the soil
•It increases the water holding capacity of the
soil,
•It is a source of food for most microorganisms
•Organic acids released during decomposition
of organic matterenables mineralization
process thus releasing unavailable plant
nutrients.
6. Soil organisms
•The raw organic matter in the soil is
decomposed by different micro organisms
which in turn releases the plant nutrients
•Atmospheric nitrogen is fixed by microbes in
the soil and is available to crop plants through
symbiotic (Rhizobium) or non-symbiotic
(Azospirillum) association
7. Soil reaction (pH)
•Soil reaction is the pH (hydrogen ion
concentration) of the soil.
•Soil pH affects crop growth and neutral soils with
pH 7.0 are best for growth of most of the crops
•Soils may be acidic (<7.0), neutral (=7.0), saline
and alkaline (>7.0)
•Soils with low pH is injurious to plants due high
toxicity of Fe and Al.
•Low pH also interferes with availability of other
plant nutrients.
C. BIOTIC FACTORS
Beneficial and harmful effects caused by other biological organism
(plants and animals) on the crop plants.

1. Plants
•Competitive and complimentary nature among field crops when
grown together
•Competition between plants occurs when there is demand for
nutrients, moisture and sunlight particularly when they are in short
supply or when plants are closely spaced
•When different crops of cereals and legumes are grown together,
mutual benefit results in higher yield (synergistic effect)
•Competition between weed and crop plants as parasites eg: Striga
parasite weed on sugarcane crop
2. Animals
•Soil fauna like protozoa, nematode, snails, and insects help in
organic matter decomposition, while using organic matter for their
living
•Insects and nematodes cause damage to crop yield and considered
as harmful organisms.
•Honey bees and wasps help in cross pollination and increases yield
and considered as beneficial organisms
•Burrowing earthworm facilitates aeration and drainage of the soil as
ingestion of organic and mineral matter by earth worm results in
constant mixing of these materials in the soils.
•Large animals cause damage to crop plants by grazing (cattle, goats
etc)
D. Physiographic factors:
•Topography is the nature of surface earth (leveled or sloppy) is known as
topography.
Topographic factors affect the crop growth indirectly.
•Altitude –increase in altitude cause a decrease in temperature and increase in
precipitation and wind velocity (hills and plains)
•Steepness of slope: it results in run off of rain water and loss of nutrient rich top
soil
•Exposure to light and wind: a mountain slope exposed to low intensity of light and
strong dry winds may results in poor crop yields (coastal areas and interior pockets)

E. Socio-economic factors
•Society inclination to farming and members available for cultivation
•Appropriate choice of crops by human beings to satisfy the food and fodder
requirement of farm household.
•Breeding varieties by human invention for increased yield or pest & disease
resistance
•The economic condition of the farmers greatly decides the input/ resource
mobilizing ability (marginal, small, medium and large farmers)
 The thrust areas:
• Diversification of Agriculture
• Inter-cropping
• Micro Management
• Water Management
• Organic Farming
• Agri-Clinics and Agri-business Centres
• Bio-Technology
 Technologies for Sustainable Agricultural
Development

• Biotechnology
• Pre & post harvesting technology
• Energy saving technology
• Environment protection technology
• Information and Communication technology
• Internet/Intranet Technology
 Yes,

If there is a problem, there is a solution

How

it is through institutional and

technological reforms
 Food security
• It refers to every citizen of the country should have
access to food which provides minimum nutritional level

• Two components of National food security system

• Buffer stock: it is the inventory of inputs held as a
reserve against short term shortages and to dampen
excessive prices of commodities.FCI is the
responsible body for procuring and stocking food
grains
• Public distribution system: it is a program which
provides food grains and other essential commodities
at subsidized prices in rural and urban areas
 Threats to food security
• Shift of farmers from cultivation of food grains to
other crops like fruits,vegetables,rubber etc….
• Increase in population
• Reduction in net sown area due to different reasons
• Decline in the productivity of land
• Scarcity of water
• Migration of people from agricultural sector to
other sectors
• High price of inputs which are used in cultivation
Impact of Globalization on Agriculture
What is globalization?
“It is the integration of the domestic economy with the world
economy through trade, capital flow, investment, migration
etc….”
Impacts:-
• It creates unemployment in agricultural sector
• It brings modern methods of production and technologies to our
country.
• It improves quality and competency of Indian agriculture
• It leads to the migration of labors from primary sector to other sectors.
• Easy access to Indian products in the world market
• Adversely affect bio-diversity
• Decline of agricultural sector
 Do you know?
• Green revolution-to increase agricultural production
• White revolution- to increase milk production
• Blue revolution- to increase fish produce
• Red revolution- to increase meat production
• Dry farming- type of cultivation by maintaining moisture
• Wet farming- way of cultivation practiced in high rainfall
or well irrigated area