MODULE 7:

TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

CARIEL O. MONTALBAN, MSC.

CSM-PHYSICS DEPT., UTSP-CDO

 TEMPERATURE

 is a measure of the average kinetic

energy of all particles within an object.
 indicates how warm or cold an object
is with regards to the standard.
 The atom’s mass and speed determine
the temperature of the object.
cse.ssl.berkeley.edu
TEMPERATURE DEPENDS ON
PARTICLE MOVEMENT!

• All matter is made up of atoms that are

moving…even solid objects have atoms that
are vibrating.
• The motion from the atoms gives the object
energy.
THE KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

• All of the particles that make up matter are constantly in

motion.

Solid - vibrating atoms

Liquid - flowing atoms
Gas - move freely
Plasma - move incredibly
fast and freely

www.nasa.gov
A thermometer is a device that
measures temperature.
HOW DOES A THERMOMETER
WORK?

• The thermometer can measure

temperature because the
substance of the liquid inside
always expands (increases) or
contracts (decreases) by a
certain amount due to a change
in temperature.
TEMPERATURE SCALES
• Fahrenheit () is a temperature scale used
mostly in the United States.
• Celsius () is the temperature scale used
mostly in other countries and in science.
Based on 0 C (or 32F) being the freezing
point and 100 C (or 212F) being the
boiling point of water, the difference
between those two points is divided up into
100 equal parts.
• Kelvin scale () is the temperature scale
used by scientists, where all of the numbers
are positive. It is based off the idea of
absolute zero.
Calibration
 TEMPERATURE SCALE
CONVERSION
o From degree Celsius to degree Fahrenheit and vice versa:

9
( )
° 𝐹= ×° 𝐶 + 32= (1.8 × ° 𝐶 )+ 32
5

o From degree Celsius to Kelvin and vice versa:

𝐾 =° 𝐶 +273.15
 EXAMPLES FOR
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION
1. Convert 25 C to F.
Solution:° 𝐹= ( 1.8 ×° 𝐶 ) +32= ( 1.8× 25 ) + 32=77 ° 𝐹

2. Convert 43 F to C.
° 𝐹= ( 1.8 ×° 𝐶 ) +32
Solution:
° 𝐹 − 32 = ( 1.8 ) (° 𝐶 )
° 𝐹 −32 43 − 32
° 𝐶= = =6.1 ° 𝐶
1.8 1.8
3. Convert the answer in #2 to Kelvin.
Solution: 𝐾 =° 𝐶 +273.15=6.1+273.15=279.25 𝐾
ABSOLUTE ZERO
• is the lowest possible temperature.
• An object’s energy is zero.
• There is no possible transfer of
energy.
WHEN DOES A HEAT ENERGY TRANSFER
OCCUR? Hot Cold

 Heat is a form of energy.

 Heat energy transfer occurs when there is a temperature
difference between the system.
 Energy is transferred from higher temperature to lower
temperature.

Heat flow
HEAT FLOW PROCESS
If the temperature of the system is higher than the temperature of the
surroundings, it means that heat flows from the system to the
surroundings. And this process is called EXOTHERMIC.
If T1 > T2
System Heat Surroundings Qsystem = -
(T1) (T2)
(heat released)
exothermic
If the temperature of the system is lower than the temperature of the
surroundings, it means that heat flows from the surroundings to the
system. And this process is called ENDOTHERMIC.
If T1 < T2

System Surroundings Qsystem = +

Heat
(T1) (T2) (heat absorbed)
endothermic
 Example – Holding a piece of ice.

• The ice is at a lower temperature

than your hand, so the molecules
of ice move very slowly. Your
hand’s molecules are moving
much faster than the ice because it
is at a higher temperature.
• As a result, the molecules of your
hand collide with the ice molecules
and energy is transferred so the
ice molecules start to move faster
causing the ice to melt.
ANOTHER ILLUSTRATION OF HEAT
FLOW

(a) Heat flows from hot coffee to the hand of the person (exothermic
process).
(b) Heat flows from his hand to a glass of cold water (endothermic
process).
 THE ZEROTH LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Consider three systems A, B, & T.
T T
If system A is in thermal
A B
equilibrium (meaning, of equal
temperature) with system T and 𝑻 𝑨 =𝑻 𝑻 𝑻 𝑻 =𝑻 𝑩
system B is in thermal equilibrium
with system T, then systems A and
B are in thermal equilibrium with A B
each other. 𝑻 𝑨 =𝑻 𝑩

Note: If two or objects have different temperatures, they are NOT in thermal equilibrium
with each other.
 ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

• If both objects have the same temperature, there is no

transfer of energy. This is also termed as thermal
equilibrium.
• When the temperature is at absolute zero.

Object 1 =

No Heat transfer occurred!

Object 2 =
MEASURING HEAT
• Heat is measured by the units of calorie and joule ().
• Calorie is another unit for heat. It comes with a lower case and an
upper case.
• Calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1
gram of water by 1C.
• 1 calorie = 4.18 J
• Nutritionists use the word “Calorie,” with a capital C, to specify the
energy content of foods. For example, a regular 12-oz can of soda has
about 140 Calories.
• The cgs unit of heat is the calorie, with a lower case. One calorie (1 cal)
is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of
one gram of water by one Celsius degree.
• 1 food Calorie = 1000 calories = 1 kcal
 SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
• Specific heat capacity of a Specific Heat Capacities of Some Common Substances

material is the quantity of Substance Specific heat

heat needed to change a unit capacity
mass of the material by a unit [cal/(g. C°)]
change in temperature. Water 1.0
• It is a property of the Ice 0.49
material. Steam 0.48
• Objects composed of Ethyl alcohol 0.58
different materials have Steel 0.11
different specific heat
capacity and therefore will Aluminum 0.215
warm up at different rates. Lead 0.0305
The heat that must be supplied or removed to change the
temperature of a substance of mass m by an amount DT is,

𝑸=𝒎𝒄 𝚫 𝑻 =𝒎𝒄(𝑻 −𝑻 𝟎)
where is heat, c is the specific heat capacity of the substance, is the
mass of the substance, is the temperature change, is the final
temperature, and is the initial temperature.
Unit for Specific Heat Capacity, c:
SI: J/(kg.C°)
Equiv. unit: cal/(g.C°)
 Example 1.
How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 70 g
of water from 20°C to 80°C?
Given: Note that the specific heat capacity of water is .
𝑚=70 𝑔=0.07 𝑘𝑔 Since the unit of heat () is in Joules (, we need to
𝑇 0=20 ° 𝐶 convert cal to J. And also convert to . Then,
𝑇 =80 ° 𝐶
Find: 𝑐𝑎𝑙 4.18 𝐽 1000 𝑔 𝐽
𝑐 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =1 × × =4180
𝑔𝐶° 1 𝑐𝑎𝑙 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 . 𝐶°
𝑄 =?
Solutions:
𝑄=𝑚 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇 −𝑇 0 )
𝐽
𝑄=(0.07 𝑘𝑔)(4180 )(80 ° 𝐶 −20 ° 𝐶 )
𝑘𝑔 . 𝐶 °
𝑸=𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟓𝟔 𝑱 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟕 . 𝟔 𝒌𝑱
CALORIMETRY
 In measuring specific heat, one technique called calorimetry can be used.
 This technique involves heating a sample to some known temperature , and
placing it in a vessel containing water if known mass and temperature
where , and measuring the temperature of the water after equilibrium has
been reached.
 The basic principle involved in calorimetry calculations when heat flow
occurs among bodies that are isolated from the environment is that “the
amount of heat lost by one body must equal the amount gained by the
other”.
 We take heat added to the body as positive and each heat quantity leaving
the body is negative.
 The algebraic sum of the heat transferred to all bodies must be zero. That
is,
𝑸 𝟏+ 𝑸𝟐 +𝑸 𝟑+ …=𝟎
Example 2.
 A metallurgical engineer was tasked to determine an unknown ingot of
metal of mass 0.05 kg. She heats the ingot to and then dropped it into a
calorimeter containing 0.4 kg of water, initially at . The final equilibrium
temperature of the system is . What must the ingot of metal most likely be?
Assume no heat is lost to its surroundings, meaning the system is sealed
and steam cannot escape. ()

Solution: From the calorimetry equation

𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑜𝑡 +𝑄𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 =0
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑜𝑡 𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑜𝑡 ( 𝑇 −𝑇 0 ) +𝑚 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇 −𝑇 0)=0
− 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇 −𝑇 0 , 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 )
𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑜𝑡 =
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑜𝑡 (𝑇 −𝑇 0 ,𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑜𝑡 )

𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑜𝑡 =
(
− ( 0.4 𝑘𝑔 ) 4180
𝐽
𝑘𝑔 . 𝐶 ° )
(22.4 ° 𝐶 −20 ° 𝐶 )
=𝟒𝟓𝟏 .𝟖𝟗
𝑱
(0.05 𝑘𝑔)(22.4 ° 𝐶 − 200 °𝐶 ) 𝒌𝒈 . 𝑪 °
Example 2.

 Our result for the

specific heat capacity
of ingot is , which is
closer to the specific
heat capacity of iron.
Therefore, the ingot
is most likely iron.
THERMAL EXPANSION

• Thermal expansion is the expansion of

matter caused by heating.
• This is why bridges are built with short
segments with small breaks to allow
for expansion.

Joints such as shown in the picture to the left

are used in bridges to accommodate thermal
expansion.

(Reproduced by permission of
JLM Visuals)
THERMAL EXPANSION
 Remember the two F’s: Particles move “Faster” and “Farther”
apart when heated.
 When a material is heated, it expands.
 This expansion occurs even when the material does not
change its state of matter.

THERMAL CONTRACTION
 When a material cools, the opposite occurs (thermal
contraction).
 The particles move slower and get closer together.
 The materials contract (get smaller).
DOES THERMAL EXPANSION OCCUR IN
SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, AND GASES?
 Thermal expansion occurs in all three of these states!

WHAT ABOUT WATER WHEN IT CHANGES

TO ICE?
 This is an exception to the rule for cooling and contraction.
 Water contracts when it is cooled.
 However…
 When water is cooled down to freezing point, it suddenly
begins to expand and turn into ice.
 We see this when we pour water into a tray to make ice
cubes. We pour in enough so it doesn’t spill over the sides.
 However, hours later the ice expands to become higher than
the tray itself.
FACTORS AFFECTING THERMAL
EXPANSION

The higher temperature change , the higher the

thermal expansion.
The higher the coefficient of thermal expansion ,
the higher the thermal expansion. (Note: is
unique for every material.)
The greater the original dimension (length , area ,
and volume ), the greater the expansion.
TYPES OF THERMAL EXPANSION
1. Linear Expansion

2. Volume Expansion
LINEAR EXPANSION
 Is the expansion in length of solid materials when subjected
to heat.

𝐿= 𝐿 0 + Δ 𝐿
 The linear expansion formula is expressed as:
𝚫 𝑳=𝜶 𝑳 𝟎 𝚫 𝑻 → 𝑳 − 𝑳𝟎=𝜶 𝑳𝟎 (𝑻 − 𝑻 𝟎)
where is the change in length (in unit meter), is the new length, is the
original length, is the temperature change (in unit ) is the final
temperature, is the initial temperature, and is the linear coefficient of
thermal expansion (in unit or ).
??????????????????????
VOLUME EXPANSION
 The volume of matter expands when the atomic spacing
increases.
 Increase temperature → increase volume.
 A volume increase is the same as a density decrease.
 The formula for volume expansion is expressed as:

𝚫 𝑽 =𝜷 𝑽 𝟎 𝚫 𝑻 → 𝑽 −𝑽 𝟎= 𝜷 𝑽 𝟎 ( 𝑻 −𝑻 𝟎 )

¿ which 𝜷 =𝟑 𝜶
where is the change in volume, is the new volume, is the original
volume, and is the volume coefficient of thermal expansion (in unit or
).
The following are the linear and volume coefficients of
thermal expansion of “SOME” materials!
 Example 3.
A steel rail is 24.4 m long. How much does it expand during a day
when the low temperature is and the high temperature is ? What is
now the new length of the rail?
Given: Find:
𝐿0=24.4 𝑚 Δ 𝐿=? Note that the material in the problem is
𝑇 0=18 ° 𝐶 𝐿=? steel, so the linear coefficient of thermal
expansion is .
𝑇 =33 ° 𝐶
Solutions:
Δ 𝐿=𝛼 𝐿0 (𝑇 − 𝑇 0 )
Δ 𝐿=(12 ×10 −6 ° 𝐶 −1)(24.4 𝑚)(33 ° 𝐶 −18 ° 𝐶)
𝚫 𝑳=𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟒 𝒎
Now the new length of the rail will be:
𝐿=𝐿− 𝐿0 → 𝑳= Δ 𝐿+ 𝐿0=0.004 𝑚+24.4 𝑚=𝟐𝟒 .𝟒𝟎𝟒 𝒎
 Example 4.
A 72-L steel gas tank is open and fully-filled to the top with gasoline
(), at 18 C. The car sits in the sun and reaches a temperature of 32
C. How much gasoline overflows from the tank?

Given: Solutions:
𝑉 0=72 𝐿 Δ 𝑉 =𝛽 𝑉 0 (𝑇 −𝑇 0)
−6 −1
𝛽=950 ×10 ° 𝐶 Δ𝑉 =(950 ×10− 6 ° 𝐶− 1)(72 𝐿)(32° 𝐶 −18 ° 𝐶)
𝑇 0=18 ° 𝐶
𝑇 =32 ° 𝐶 𝚫 𝐕 =𝟎 .𝟗𝟔 𝐋
Find:
Δ 𝑉 =?  The tank expansion was small in comparison.
 You get more gas if you fill it when it’s cool!
Example 5.
An engineer designs a device that has two bolts attached to
different parts of the device that however almost touch each other
in its interior. The steel and brass bolts are at different electric
potentials, and if they touch, a short circuit will develop that will
damage the device. The initial gap of the bolts is at . At what
temperature will the bolts touch? Note: and .
 Example 5. Solutions:
An engineer designs a This problem can be solved as thermal
device that has two bolts expansion problem in which the sum of the
attached to different parts changes in length of the bolts must equal the
of the device that however length of the initial gap between them.
almost touch each other in Δ 𝐿𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 + Δ 𝐿 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 =6.5 ×10 −6 𝑚
its interior. The steel and
−6
brass bolts are at different 𝛼 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐿0 ,𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 Δ 𝑇 + 𝛼 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐿 0 ,𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 Δ 𝑇 =6.5 ×10 𝑚
electric potentials, and if
and solving for ,
they touch, a short circuit −6
will develop that will 6.5 ×10 𝑚
Δ𝑇=
damage the device. The 𝛼 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐿0 , 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 +𝛼 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐿0 , 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
initial gap of the bolts is 6.5 × 10−6 𝑚
at . At what temperature ¿ ( 19 ×10− 6 ( ° 𝐶 )− 1 ) ( 0.035 𝑚 ) +(11× 10− 6 ( ° 𝐶 )−1 )(0.015 𝑚)
will the bolts touch? Note:
and . Δ 𝑇 =7.8° 𝐶
Thus, Δ 𝑇 =𝑇 −𝑇 0 →𝑇 = Δ 𝑇 +𝑇 0=7.8 ° 𝐶 +25 ° 𝐶
𝑻=𝟑𝟐.𝟖° 𝑪
 THERMAL STRESS

 A change in length of a
material is associated with
stress.
 Temperature change
causes a change in length,
thus it causes stress to the
materials.
 If the stress is due to
temperature change, it’s a
thermal stress.
 If we clamp the ends of a rod rigidly to prevent expansion or contraction and
then change the temperature, thermal stresses develop.
 The rod would like to expand or contract, but the clamps won’t let it.
 The resulting stresses may become large enough to strain the rod irreversibly or
even break it.
 Engineers must account for thermal stress when designing structures.
 Concrete highways and bridge decks usually have gaps between sections, filled
with a flexible material or bridged by interlocking teeth (see Fig 17.13), to
permit expansion and contraction of the concrete.
 To calculate the thermal stress in a clamped rod, we compute
the amount the rod would expand (or contract) if not held and
then find the stress needed to compress (or stretch) it back to
its original length.
 Suppose that a rod with length and cross-sectional area is
held at constant length while the temperature is reduced
(negative ), causing a tensile stress.
 The fractional change in length if the rod were free to contract
would be:

( )
Δ𝐿
𝐿0 𝑡h𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
=𝛼 Δ 𝑇

 Both and are negative. The tension must increase by an amount that is just
enough to produce an equal and opposite fractional change in length
 From the definition of Young’s modulus,

𝒀=
𝑭/ 𝑨
𝚫 𝑳/ 𝑳 𝟎
→
𝚫𝑳
𝑳𝟎 ( ) 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
=
𝑭
𝑨𝒀

 If the length is to be constant, the total fractional change in

length must be zero. Then,

( )
𝚫𝑳
𝑳𝟎 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍
( )
+
𝚫𝑳
𝑳𝟎 𝒕 𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
=𝜶 𝚫 𝐓 +
𝑭
𝑨𝒀
=𝟎

 Solving for the tensile stress F/A required to keep the rod’s
length constant, we find
𝑭
=−𝒀 𝜶 𝚫 𝐓
𝑨
 For a decrease in temperature, is negative, so and are positive; this
means that a tensile force and stress are needed to maintain the
length. If is positive, and are negative, and the required force and
stress are compressive.
𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆 : 𝑌 𝐴𝑙=7.0× 1010 𝑃𝑎 , 𝛼 𝐴𝑙 =2.4 × 10−5 𝐾 −1
 𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆 : 𝑌 𝐴𝑙=7.0× 1010 𝑃𝑎 , 𝛼 𝐴𝑙 =2.4 × 10−5 𝐾 −1

Solutions:
Δ 𝑇 =𝑇 −𝑇 0=(22.3 ° 𝐶 +273.15)−(17.2 °𝐶+273.15)=5.1 𝐾
The stress in the cylinder is
The total force is the cross-sectional area times
𝐹 the stress:
=− 𝑌 𝐴𝑙 𝛼 𝐴𝑙 Δ 𝑇
𝐴

𝑭
𝐹
( ) −4 2 6
¿ −(7 ×10 10 𝑃𝑎)(2.4 ×10− 5 𝐾 −1 )(5.1 𝐾 ) 𝐹 = 𝐴 𝐴 =(20 ×10 𝑚 )(− 8.6 ×10 𝑃𝑎)
=−𝟖 . 𝟔 ×𝟏𝟎 𝟔 𝑷𝒂 𝑭 =−𝟏. 𝟕× 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝑵
𝑨
READING ASSIGNMENT:

Please read on the concept of Energy Transfer

Mechanism such as:

 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation

Sight some examples. We’ll have a random oral

recitation next meeting. 
END OF MODULE 7.
THANK YOU!!!