YEAR 8

CHAPTER 1 : RESPIRATION
• The Human respiratory system
• Gas exchange
• Respiration
• Blood

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 1.1 The Human
Respiratory System

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The Human Breathing Mechanism

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A )________

B)__________

C) ________
D) _________
E)_________

F)__________

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 A) ___________

B)___________

C)____________

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Organ Characteristics
Always moist and has fine hairs.
Filters the air.
Muscular air tube which has rings of cartilage.
Leads air into lungs
Air tubes which branches from the trachea.
It branches into bronchioles.
Fine air tubes branching from the bronchi.
Each ends with a cluster of air-sacs called alveoli.
A sac filled with air.
Each sac is surrounded by blood capillaries.
Also known as intercostals muscles.
Contract or relax to cause ribs to move up or down.
A large sheet of muscle that can contract or relax.

Together with the breastbone (sternum) it protects the two

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 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Breathing Respiration

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1.2 Gas Exchange

________ = the process of breathing in air

________ = the process

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Inhalation Exhalation

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Diaphragm and Respiration
As the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, the pectoralis minor and
intercostal muscles pull the rib cage outward. The chest cavity expands, and air
rushes into the lungs through the trachea to fill the resulting vacuum. When the
diaphragm relaxes to its normal, upwardly curving position, the lungs contract,
and air is forced out.

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Transport Of
Oxygen
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Diffusion
Diffusion is the natural tendency of molecules to flow from
higher concentrations to lower concentrations. When the
barrier between two substances is removed (as shown here),
the molecules will diffuse throughout the entire container.
While the number of molecules in the container is the same
as it was before the barrier was removed, the substances are
now at lower concentrations. The rate of diffusion depends
on the weight of the molecules—heavy molecules diffuse
more slowly than light molecules.
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A ) Diffusion Of Oxygen From The Alveoli into
the Blood Capillaries
Blood Capillaries Alveoli

O2 O2
O2
Inhalation O2
O2
O2
O2
O2

O2 O2 O2
O2 O2

Blood Capillaries Alveoli

CO2
CO2 CO2
CO2
CO2 CO2 CO2

CO2 CO2
CO2 CO2
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 Alveoli
A scanning electron micrograph reveals
the tiny sacs known as alveoli within a
section of human lung tissue. Human
beings have a thin layer of about 700
million alveoli within their lungs. This
layer is crucial in the process called
respiration, exchanging oxygen and
carbon dioxide with the surrounding
blood capillaries.

Since the concentration of oxygen is much _______in

the alveoli than in the capillaries, the oxygen diffuses
from the alveoli to the capillaries. The oxygen flows
through the capillaries to larger vessels, which carry the
oxygenated blood to the heart, where it is pumped to the
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rest of the body.
Carbon dioxide that has been dumped
into the bloodstream as a waste product
from cells throughout the body flows
through the bloodstream to the heart, and
then to the alveolar capillaries. The
concentration of carbon dioxide in the
capillaries is much _______ than in the
alveoli, causing carbon dioxide to diffuse
into the alveoli. Exhalation forces the
carbon dioxide back through the
respiratory passages and
then to the outside of the body.

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The Alveoli are suitable for diffusion of gases because :

A)

B)

C)

D)

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B ) Transport of Oxygen to the body cells

Oxygen is transported
by the blood in the
form of
Oxyhaemoglobin in
the red blood cells.

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 Oxygen from the oxyhaemoglobin diffuses out of
the blood capillaries into the body cells.

At the same time, carbon dioxide in the body cells

diffuses into the blood capillaries.

• Body cells receive _________ and release______________

• Blood capillaries release _______ and receive____________
• The blood capillaries carry deoxygenated blood
which is dull ___ in colour
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1.4 Respiration

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 We move, eat, grow, excrete and reproduce….

to make sure that human being do not extinct or die out.

Therefore we need ENERGY to carry out all the activities.

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 The energy we need comes from

Oxidised
OXYGEN

The process in which food is oxidised in the cells to get energy

s called cell respiration / tissue respiration / internal respiration.

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1. Food has to be broken down to produce energy.

2. The reaction needs oxygen and it is call oxidation.

3.Cell respiration can be represented as :

4. Cell respiration which uses oxygen is

classified as____________________________.

5.Some organism do not use oxygen for respiration

and they are called _______________________.
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1.5 Blood
A) The Constituents Of Blood And Their Functions

Human
blood
Red Blood Cell
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma