Marine Electrical Engineering

( A CONDENSED VERSION FOR EMTI STUDENTS)

D.C.MOTORS
EDITED: D E DHANSINGH
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DC Motor-
Parts of Motor
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DC Motor - Basics
 A device to convert Electrical Energy to mechanical
output in the form of Torque or driving force.
 Construction of Motor is similar to that of a generator.
 In a DC Generator, the speed is fixed by the prime mover
and remains practically constant while the field is
adjusted to get the desired terminal voltage.
 In a DC Motor, the need is to match the speed-torque
characteristic of the load and run the load at a specified
speed by adjustment of the field and by adjustment of the
armature voltage in case speed control over a wide range
is desired,
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DC Motors-
Principle of Torque Production
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Back EMF
An Important Derivation-1
Speed vs Flux
Important Derivation-2
Torque vs Flux& Arm. current
Important Derivation-3
Voltage equation of the motor
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Types of DC Motors
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Motor Characteristics-
Series Motor
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Motor Characteristics-
Shunt Motor
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Motor Characteristics-
Cumulative Compound Motor
Losses & Efficiency
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Need for a Starter

 At standstill, there is no back EMF and V= IaRa
 In a motor, V = Eb + IaRa where, V = Applied
Voltage Eb = Back EMF(induced
in the armature) Ia = Armature Current and
Ra = Armature resistance
 The current at starting is limited only by the small Armature Resistance and can be
very high causing the following. 1.
It would cause high sparking at the brushes and can
destroy the commutator and brush gear. 2.
Sudden development of large torque causes mechanical shock to the shaft,
reducing its life, 3. such
heavy current cannot generally be permitted to be drawn from
the supply.
 For the above reasons, motors, except for fractional KW motors, must be started
with external resistance included in the armature circuit to limit the starting current to
safe values.
 Where variable voltage is available (Ward Lenonard System), it can be used for
motor starting and no starting resistance would be needed.
 Safe starting current not to exceed 2 times the rated full load current
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Motor Starting-
Shunt Motor
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Speed Control of Motors

 D.C.Motors are in general much more
adaptable than a.c.motors which are
associated with a constant-speed
rotating field.
 The two methods of speed control are
1. Variation of Armature voltage
2. Variation of field excitation.
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Methods of Speed Control

(By varying the field)
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Ward-Leonard Method
(varying armature voltage)