Solid State

Dr. P. SAMI., M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D.,

Associate Professor of Chemistry,
V.H.N. Senthikumara Nadar College,
Virudhunagar-626001
11.04.2023
 Solid State
• Liquids & gases are called fluids
• Solids are incompressible & rigid
• The constituent particles are fixed and can
only oscillate about their mean positions
• Solids have definite mass, volume & shape
 Solids
Patterns of arrangement of
constituent particles
Crystalline solids
Definite geometrical shape due to regular arrangement
Show plane, centre & axis of symmetry
Anisotropic; Sharpe melting points; Hard &rigid
On cutting with a knife they give sharp & smooth edges
e.g: Quartz, Diamond, NaCl, ZnS
Amorphous solids
Indefinite geometrical shape due to irregular arrangement
Don’t have any type of symmetry
Isotropic; Range of melting point; soft
Diffused and irregular edges when cut with Sharpe knife
e.g:Rubber, Plastic, Glass
 Structure of Solids
• The main characteristic of crystalline solids is a
regular and repeating pattern of constituent
particles.
• Space Lattice: Regular 3-D arrangement of
particles in a particular pattern is called space
lattice
• Lattice Points: Each points that represent
constituent particles in space lattice are called
lattice point / lattice site
 Unit Cell
 A basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid is called a
unit cell.
 Unit cell is the smallest portion of a crystal lattice which, when
repeated in different directions, generates the entire lattice
 Unit Cell Parameters
• The unit length along the X axis is a
• The unit length along the Y axis is b
• The unit length along the Z axis is c
• Angle between Y & Z axis is α
• Angle between Z & X axis is β
• Angle between X & Y axis is γ
 Elements of a Cube
 A cube has 27 elements as follows such as
8 Corners; 6 Faces; 12 Edges and one Centre
 Face diagonal = 6 x2 =12; Body diagonal =4
 Corner is shared by 8 others (1/8); Faces with
two others (1/2); Edge is shared by 4 others
(1/4); Body centre is unique (1/1)
Length parameters of a cube
 Body Centered (I)
Primitive / Simple (P) Face Centered (F)

Particles present only at Particles present at corner Particles present at corner

Corner And face centres And body centre
Net number of particles per Net number of particles per Net number of particles per
Unit cell = 1/8 X 8 = 1 Unit cell = 1/8 X 8 + 6 X ½ = 4 Unit cell = 1/8 X 8 + 1= 2
Coordination number = 6 Coordination number = 12 Coordination number = 8
End Centered /
Side Centered /
Base centered Particles present at corner
(EC) And at opposite end face face
centres
Net number of particles per End Centered
Unit cell = 1/8 X 8 + 2 X ½ = 2
• Based on a, b, c & α, β, γ we have seven types
of crystal systems
• Bravais a French Mathematician arrange these
7 crystal systems in 14 possible ways & are
known as Bravais Lattices
14-Bravais Lattices in 7 Crystal Systems

NaCl, Zinc blende, Cu

White tin, SnO, TiO2, CaSO4

Rhombic sulphur, KNO3, BaSO4

Calcite (CaCO3), HgS

Graphite, ZnO,CdS
14-Bravais Lattices in 7 Crystal Systems

Monoclinic Sulphur,
Na2SO4.10H2O

K2Cr2O7, CuSO4.5H2O, H3BO3

THANK YOU…