BUILDING SERVICES

Need for services

Take away the lighting, air-conditioning and ventilation, the lifts and escalators,
acoustics, plumbing, power supply and energy management systems, the security
and safety systems...
and you are left with a cold, dark, uninhabitable shell.

“BUILDING SERVICES” is what that makes a building come to life i.e.

what makes the building work.
Building control systems.
Energy distribution.
 Energy supply (gas, electricity and renewable sources such as solar,
wind, geothermal and biomass).
Escalators and lifts.
Facade engineering (such as building shading requirements).
Fire safety, detection and protection.
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC).
Information and communications technology (ICT) networks.
Lighting (natural and artificial).
Lightning protection.
Refrigeration.
Security and alarm systems.
 Water, drainage and plumbing (including sustainable urban drainage
systems(SUDS).
Carbon emissions calculations and reduction.
SYLLABUS

•Mechanical ventilation

•Air Conditioning ----------- Need ,Types , loads, Positioning, Equipments.

•Refrigeration cycle

•Clean Rooms------concept

•Elevators------Types, Components , positioning ,Layouts.

•Escalators------ Application , Location, Working .

•Elevators Vs Escalators.

•Fire Safety ---------Causes ,Fire load , NBC coding , types of fire Protection . .
Systems ,Equipments etc.
Course learning objective:
To develop the knowledge regarding essential Mechanical services required in buildings and their integration with Architectural Planning
to achieve comfortable and safe environment

MODULE I: Introduction to Mechanical Ventilation 08 Hours

•Indoor Air Quality for comfortable habitable conditions, Need for Mechanical Ventilation in buildings, Rate of Ventilation for different
occupancies.
•Methods and equipments used in Mechanical Ventilation systems, Introduction to various types of fans used.
•Introduction to Air Conditioning- Definition, Purpose, Advantages and Disadvantages.
•Brief introduction to Psychometric process, Air cycle and Refrigeration cycle.

Module II: Air Conditioning 12 Hours

•Summer and Winter Air Conditioning Systems, Factors considered in calculation of Air Conditioning loads.
•Zoning in Air-conditioning, Purpose and Advantages. Transmission and distribution of Conditioned Air, Ducts and Duct systems.
•Air Conditioning methods and equipments, Window units, Split units and Central Air Conditioning systems. Location of Air Conditioning
equipment in buildings. Architectural requirements of various equipments, equipment room for Central Air Conditioning Plant.
•Residential and Commercial Air Conditioning, Energy Conservation Techniques. Introduction to the concept of 'Clean Room' and its
Architectural requirements.
•Introduction to terminologies like BRI (Building related illnesses), SBS (Sick Building Syndrome), GWP (Global Warming Potential)
and (ODP) Ozone Depletion Potential.
Self Learning Topic: To study the aspect of Noise and Vibration control in Air conditioning.
 Module III: Elevators (Lifts) 08 Hours
• Brief history, Systems of Elevators like Traction and Hydraulic.
• Types of Lifts- Passenger, Hospital, Goods, Dumb Waiter and Double-Decker.
• Sky lobby, Lift lobby and Lift interiors.
• Elevatoring a building: Environmental considerations i.e., location in building, serving floors, grouping, size, shape of passenger car
and door arrangements.
• Service requirements, Quality and Quantity of service, time, passenger handling capacity, space and physical requirements, machine
room spaces and their typical layout.
• Fire safety measures in Lifts, Building Management Systems-Interface for Lifts.
Self Learning Topic: To study aesthetical aspects of designing Elevators (Lifts) in Commercial buildings.

Module IV: Escalators 08 Hours

•Definition, Application, Location and Arrangement in buildings.
•Space requirements, Working Mechanism of Escalators.
•Escalators v/s Elevators, Conveyor belts and Travelators -movement of passengers and goods.

Module V: Fire protection in Buildings 12 Hours

•Causes of fire, Reasons for loss of life due to fire, development of fire, fire load, fire hazards, Grading of structural elements due to fire
and classification of building types as per National Building Code (NBC).
•Characteristics of Combustible and Non-Combustible materials in case of Fire.
•Concepts in Passive fire protection and control - including Design of escape routes, Pressurization and Compartmentation.
•Active fire control using portable extinguishers. Basic concepts of Fixed fire fighting installations, Automatic fire detection and alarm
systems, Planning of Fire control room.
•Rules for fire protection and fire fighting requirements for High-rise buildings in India.
•Fire safety measures for Basements.
Types of Buildings Which Require the Above---------
Lesson plan
VENTILATION
Ventilation
• NATURAL VENTILATION
Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without the use of a fan
or other mechanical system.

It can be achieved with

Windows or Ventilators: when the spaces to ventilate are small and the architecture
permits.

Stack effect : In more complex systems warm air in the building can be allowed to rise and
flow out through upper openings to the outside thus forcing cool outside air to be drawn
into the building naturally through openings in the lower areas.
These systems use very little energy but care must be taken to ensure the occupants’
comfort.

Combination : which includes Windows and Stack effect for the same structure.
 NEED FOR MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
Limitations
However it is observed that the Natural ventilation presents difficulty in the control
of internal conditions especially when the outside temperature is low, the rate of
ventilation needs to be reduced to minimum, and the mixing of cold air with the
warmer inside air has to be controlled to avoid draughts.

When the outside temperature is high, the rate of ventilation needs to be

increased, the flow being directed so that, in a very warm conditions, a noticeable
air movement is directed at the occupants.
At any time in natural ventilation there is little or no control of Humidity or
contamination.

In warm or humid months, in the many climates, maintaining thermal comfort

solely via natural ventilation may not be possible so conventional air conditioning
systems are used as backups.

CLIMATE SITE ARCHITECTURE URBANISATION

•MECHANICAL / FORCED VENTILATION:
Definition: “Mechanical” or “forced” ventilation is provided by an air handler and used to control indoor air quality. Excess
humidity, odors, and contaminants can often be controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air.

E.g., In humid climates much energy

is required to remove excess moisture
from ventilation air. Kitchens and bathrooms
typically have mechanical exhaust to control odors and sometimes humidity.

Benefits of using mechanical ventilation:-

Better indoor air quality –can remove pollutants,
allergens, and moisture that can cause mold problems

More control – provide proper fresh air flow along

with appropriate locations for intake and exhaust

Improved comfort – allow a constant flow of outside

air into the home and can also provide filtration,
dehumidification, and conditioning of the incoming
outside air.
 NATURAL INLET & MECHANICAL EXTRACT
• This is the most common type of system and is used for kitchens, workshops,
laboratories, internal sanitary apartments, garages and assembly halls.
• The fan creates negative pressure on its inlet side, and this causes the air inside the room
to move towards the fan, and the room air is displaced by the fresh air from outside
the room
MECHANICAL INLET & NATURAL EXTRACT
It is essential with this system that the air is heated or cooled before it is forced into the
building.
• The system may be used for boiler rooms, offices and certain types of factories etc.
• The air may be heated in a central plant and ducted to the various rooms, or a unit fan
convector may be used.
 MECHANICAL INLET & EXTRACT
• This provides the best possible system of ventilation, but it is also the most
expensive and is used for many types of buildings including cinemas, theatres,
offices, lecture theatres, dance halls, restaurants, departmental stores and
sports centers. The system is essential for operating theatres and sterilizing
rooms.
-Propeller Fan -Axial Flow Fan
-Centrifugal Fan
does not create much can develop high
can produce high pressure
air pressure and has pressure and is used
and has the capacity for large
limited for moving air through
volumes of air. Most suited to
effect in ductwork. Ideal long sections of
larger installations such as air
for use at air openings in ductwork. The fan is
conditioning systems. It may
windows and walls. integral with the run of
have one or two inlets.
ducting and does not
FANS require a base
HVAC air filters
The HVAC filters used in your home's heating and cooling system have an important job to do.
They filter dust, pollen, pet dander, and other small particles out of the air that you and your
family breathe. These particles are trapped in the filter to prevent them from being recirculated
throughout your home.
AIR FILTERS
AIR CONDITIONING:
Air Conditioning is that branch of engineering science which deals with the study of
conditioning of air for human comfort.

Definition
Air Conditioning is Defined as a Process which Cools or Heats,
cleans,circulates,freshens air and controls its moisture content simultaneously.
Or.
Air Conditioning is defined as a technique of simultaneous control of
temperature,humidity,cleanliness and motion of air in the confined area
Advantages:
•Increased comfort level.
•In extreme heat, air-conditioning can be a life saver.
•Most air conditioners also reduce the humidity level, which helps both comfort, and reduces
mold growth.
•Less noise as the windows will be closed
•Prevents the dust entering the room as the windows will be closed
•Gives constant temperature
•Attractive design
•Simple control
•Easy maintenance
•Easy installation
Disadvantages:
•Most air conditioners use a substantial amount of energy,
•High cost money
•Contributing to pollution from power plants.
•Older models contain chemicals that can damage the environment if
they escape.
•Encourages laziness,
•Habitant spending time indoors instead of out
•Habitants have less contact with nature.
•Too cool temperatures will lead to improper blood circulation
•Effects the environment by releasing the cfc's.
Air Cycle
The refrigeration cycle consists of four essential elements to create a
cooling effect

Compressor- Mechanical device that increases pressure and reduces volume ,gas
compressor are similar to pumps : both increase the pressure on the fluid can transport
the fluid and gas through a pipe.

Evaporator- A device used to turn the liquid form of chemical into its gaseous form this
liquid is evaporated or vaporized into a gas.

Condenser- A device or unit used to condense a substance from it gaseous state , by

cooling it.

Expansion Valve (Metering device)- A device that controls the flow of refrigerant gases
Refrigeration cycle
Refrigeration cycle
• The system refrigerant starts its cycle in a gaseous state. The compressor pumps the refrigerant
gas up to a high pressure and temperature.
• From there it enters a heat exchanger (sometimes called a “condensing coil” or condenser)
where it loses energy (heat) to the outside. In the process the refrigerant condenses into a liquid.
• The liquid refrigerant is returned indoors to another heat exchanger (“evaporating coil” or
evaporator).
• A metering device allows the liquid to flow in at a low pressure at the proper rate.
• As the liquid refrigerant evaporates it absorbs energy (heat) from the inside air, returns to the
compressor, and the cycle repeats.
In the process, heat is absorbed from indoors, and
transferred outdoors, resulting in cooling of the building.
In variable climates, the system may include a reversing valve that automatically
switches from heating in winter to cooling in summer. By reversing the flow of
refrigerant, the heat pump refrigeration cycle is changed from cooling to heating or
vice versa. This allows a residence or facility to be heated and cooled by a single
piece of equipment, by the same means, and with the same hardware.
Dehumidification in an air conditioning system is provided by the evaporator. Since the
evaporator operates at a temperature below dew point moisture in the air condenses on the
evaporator coil tubes. This moisture is collected at the bottom of the evaporator in a condensate
pan and is removed by piping it to a central drain or onto the ground outside.

A dehumidifier is an air-conditioner-like device that controls the humidity of a room or building.

It is often employed in basements which have a higher relative humidity because of their lower
temperature (and propensity for damp floors and walls). Conversely, a humidifier increases the
humidity of a building.
Humidification is the artificial regulation of humidity in home, industrial and health care
environments. Humidification is intimately tied to heating and cooling systems. It is a device used
to maintain a specified humidity in a conditioned space. The use of a humidifier in cold weather
can lead to savings in energy because humid air feels warmer than dry air at the same
temperature.

Applications:
To be comfortable, people require a certain amount
of ambient moisture in the air — not too high, and
not too low.

Adequate humidification in a manufacturing

environment:
- stabilizes moisture in wood, paper, and textiles
- prevents warping in glue joints
- reduces fire risk and static electricity
- makes the area feel comfortable
RATE OF VENTILATION

Air changes per hour = quantity of air x occupancy time

room volume

Ventilation rate (m3/h) = Air Change Rate (/h) x Room Volume (m3)

Ventilation rate (m3/s) = Ventilation rate (m3/h)

3600
RATE OF VENTILATION FOR DIFFERENT OCCUPANCIES:
Ventilation standards are specified in terms of the space served
(so many air changes per hour) or the people or equipment occupying it(so many
Mts.cube/ per hour for each person, or for each sanitary fitting. etc.

Air changes:
A method of expressing the amount of air leakage into or out of building or
Room in terms of the number of building volumes or room volumes exchanged.
 BASIC TERMS APPLIED IN AIR CONDITIONING:
• Dry bulb temperature
• Wet bulb temperature
• Relative humidity
• Dew point temperature
• Wet bulb depression
• Grains of moisture.

1. Dry bulb temperature.--- This is the temperature of air as measured by an ordinary thermometer
such as a household thermometer
2. Wet bulb temperature. ---This is the temperature of air as measured by an ordinary thermometer the
glass bulb of which is covered by a wet cloth. The temperature is recorded after the
thermometer has been moved rapidly in the air.
3. Relative humidity. ----------This is the actual amount of moisture in the air compared to the total or
maximum moisture the air can hold. It is expressed in percentage.
4. Dew point temperature. --This is the temperature at which moisture condense,.
5. Wet bulb depression.------This is the difference between dry bulb and the wet bulb temperature.
6. Grain of moisture. ----------Grains of moisture is the unit of measurement to determine the amount of
moisture in the air.
Psychometric chart for Air conditioning
•the vertical lines represent the Dry bulb
temperature
•Wet bulb lines slope down and to the
right.
•Dew point lines are the thin Horizontal
ones.
•The curved lines on the chart represents
the percentage of relative humidity.
•Grains of moisture per pound of dry air
are shown on the vertical axis on the left
side of the chart.
PSYCHROMETER:
Is an instrument for measuring relative humidity's by means of Wet and Dry bulb
temperatures.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHROMETRIC PROCESS:

PSYCHROMETRICS:
In Air conditioning field the application of psychometrics involves determining the properties of
outside air as well as the properties of air present in the inside space/conditioned space.
Psychometric chart:
Psychometric chart commonly represents the various properties of air.
It is simple graphical presentation of the conditions or thermal properties of air, These being
temperature , humidity and dew point( condensation point).
Factors affecting Comfort Air Conditioning:

The four important factors for Comfort Air conditioning are as follows:

1. Temperature of AIR:
In air conditioning the control of temperature means the maintenance of any desired temperature within an
enclosed space even though the
temperature of outside air is above or below the desired room temp. This is accomplished either by the
addition or removal of Heat from the
enclosed space as and when demanded.
This may be noted that Human beings feel comfortable when the air is at 2ldeg.C with 56% relative humidity.

2.Humidity of AIR:
The control of humidity of air means the increasing or decreasing of moisture
Contents of air during summer or winter respectively in order to produce
Comfortable and healthy conditions.
The control of humidity is not only necessary for human comfort but it also
Increases the efficiency of the workers.
e.g.: in summer air conditioning , the relative humidity should not be less than
60% whereas for winter air conditioning it should not be more than 40%
3. Purity of AIR:
It is an important factor for the comfort of a human body. it has been noticed that people do not
feel comfortable while breathing contaminated air, even if it is within acceptable temperature and
humidity ranges.
It is therefore essential that the air should be properly filtered, cleaned and purified to keep it free
from dust and other impurities.
4. Motion of AIR:
The motion or circulation of Air is another important factor which should be
Controlled ,in order to keep constant temperature throughout the contained space.
It is therefore necessary that there should be equi -distribution of air
throughout the space to be air conditioned.
LOAD CALCULATIONS IN A.C. SYSTEMS:
Cooling load calculations may be used to accomplish one or more of the following
objectives:
a) Provide information for equipment selection, system sizing and system design.
b) Provide data for evaluating the optimum possibilities for load reduction.
c) Permit analysis of partial loads as required for system design, operation and control.

TERMINOLOGY
Commonly used terms relative to heat transmission and load calculations are defined
below in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 12-75, Refrigeration Terms and Definitions.
Space — is either a volume or a site without a partition or a partitioned room or group of
rooms.
Room — is an enclosed or partitioned space that is usually treated as single load.
Zone — is a space or group of spaces within a building with heating and/or cooling
requirements sufficiently similar so that comfort conditions can be maintained throughout
by a single controlling device.
COMPONENTS OF COOLING LOAD
The total building cooling load consists of heat transferred through the building
envelope (walls, roof, floor, windows, doors etc.) and heat generated by occupants,
equipment and lights. The load due to heat transfer through the envelope is called as
external load, while all other loads are called as internal loads.
The percentage of external versus internal load varies with building type, site climate,
and building design. The total cooling load on any building consists of both sensible
as well as latent load components. The sensible load affects the dry bulb
temperature, while the latent load affects the moisture content of the conditioned
space.
Buildings may be classified as externally loaded and internally loaded. In externally
loaded buildings the cooling load on the building is mainly due to heat transfer
between the surroundings and the internal conditioned space. Since the surrounding
conditions are highly variable in any given day, the cooling load of an externally
loaded building varies widely.
In internally loaded buildings the cooling load is mainly due to internal heat generating
sources such as occupants, lights or appliances. In general the heat generation due to internal
heat sources may remain fairly constant and since the heat transfer from the variable
surroundings is much less compared to the internal heat sources, the cooling load of an
internally loaded building remains fairly constant.
Obviously from energy efficiency and economics points of view, the system design strategy
for an externally loaded building should be different from an internally loaded building.
Hence, prior knowledge of whether the building is externally loaded or internally loaded is
essential for effective system design.

DESIGN INFORMATION

To calculate the space cooling load,

detailed building information,
location, site and weather data,
internal design information and
operating schedules are required.
Information regarding the
outdoor design conditions and desired
indoor conditions are the starting point
for the load calculation
Types of Loads :
To know the amount of refrigeration needed cooling load is calculated. This is done
considering the following sources of heat.
1. Solar load. It varies according to season and exposure of the building to be air.
conditioned during both the seasons. The east exposure solar load reaches its peak
value in the morning and the west exposure reaches its peak value in the
afternoon. This load is considered to be as high as 50% of the total value.
2. Transmission load. It is considered as a load separate from that of sun load. For
example the side of the building which is exposed to sun has a solar load and a
transmission load whereas the shady side has only a transmission load. This load is
considered to be about 20% of the total load.
3. Occupancy load: We know that normal body temperature is 98°F which is higher
than desired comfortable room temperature. Therefore, the occupants give up
heat to the room air. In addition they release moisture by breathing. This load is
generally considered about 12% of the total load.
4. Electrical load. Electrical appliances (lights etc) give off heat depending upon the
wattage ; this adds to about 18% of the total load.
5. Miscellaneous items load. Infiltration load and allowance for unpredicted items
(a safety factor) is considered as miscellaneous load.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS:
The AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS may be broadly classified as follows:

BASED ON PURPOSE:
a) Comfort Air Conditioning System.
b) Industrial Air Conditioning System.

BASED ON THE SEASON OF THE YEAR:

a) Summer Air Conditioning System.
b) Winter Air Conditioning System.
c) Year-round air conditioning system.

BASED ON THE ARRANGEMENT OF EQUIPMENT:

a) Unitary air conditioning system.
b) Central air conditioning system.
WINTER AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM:

• In winter air conditioning, the air is heated

and is generally accompanied by
humidification.
• The outside air flows through a damper &
mixes up with the re circulated air (air that
is obtained from the conditioned space) the
mixed air passes through a filter to remove
dirt, dust and other impurities.
• The air then passes through a preheat coil
in order to prevent the possible freezing of
Water and to control the evaporation of
water in the humidifier.

• After that the air is made to pass through a reheat coil to bring the air to the designed dry bulb
temperature.
• This conditioned air is now supplied to the space with the help of fan. from the conditioned space
,a part of the used air is exhausted to the atmosphere by use of exhaust fans or ventilators. the
remaining part of the used air (re circulated air) is again conditioned as shown in the diagram.
• The outside air is sucked and made to mix with the re-circulated air, in order to make up for the
loss of conditioned (or used) air through exhaust fans.
SUMMER AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM:

•In summer air conditioning, the air is cooled

and is generally accompanied by
dehumidification.
•The outside air flows through a damper &
mixes up with the re circulated air
(air that is obtained from the conditioned
space) the mixed air passes through a filter to
remove dirt, dust and other impurities.
•The air then passes through a cooling coil.
The coil has a temperature much below
the required dry bulb temperature of the
air in the conditioned space.
• The cooled air passes through a perforated membrane and looses its moisture in the condensed form
which is collected in a sump.
•After that the air is made to pass through a heating coil which heats up the air slightly. this is done to
bring the air to the designed dry bulb temperature and relative humidity.
•This conditioned air is now supplied to the space with the help of fan. from the conditioned space ,a
part of the used air is exhausted to the atmosphere by use of exhaust fans or ventilators.
•The remaining part of the used air (re circulated air) is again conditioned as shown in the diagram. The
outside air is sucked and made to mix with the recirculated air, in order to make up for the loss of
conditioned (or used) air through exhaust fans.
•ZONING IN AIR CONDITIONING:
•Thermal zoning is a method of designing and controlling the HVAC system so that
occupied areas can be maintained at a different temperature than unoccupied areas
using independent setback thermostats.
•A zone is defined as a space or group of spaces in a building having similar heating
and cooling requirements throughout its occupied area so that comfort conditions
may be controlled by a single thermostat.
•When doing the cooling load calculations, the building is divided into zones.
Estimates can be made to know the building peak load and individual zones airflow
rate.
•The building peak load is used for sizing the refrigeration-system capacity and the
individual zone loads are helpful in estimating the airflow rates / air-handling unit
capacity.
• In practice the corner rooms and the spaces on the periphery of the building have
variations in load as compared to the interior core areas.
The following facts may be noted:
a) The buildings are usually divided into two major zones.
• Exterior Zone: The area inward from the outside wall (usually 12 to 18 feet, if
rooms do not line the outside wall). The exterior zone is directly affected by
outdoor conditions during summer and winter.
• Interior Zone: The area contained by the external zone. The interior zone is only
slightly affected by outdoor conditions and usually has a uniform cooling.
b) Single-zone models shall be limited to open floor plans with perimeter walls
not exceeding 40 feet in length.
c) For large building footprints, a minimum of five zones per floor can be assumed:

one zone for each exposure (north, south, east & west) and an interior zone.
EQUIPMENTS USED IN CENTRAL AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM:

1.Circulation fan: the main function of this fan is to move air

to and from the building.
2.Air conditioning units: it is the unit which controls the process of
cooling heating and dehumidifying ,humidifying the air.
3.Supply duct: it directs the conditioned air from the circulating fan to
the space to be air conditioned at proper point.
4.Supply outlets: these are grills louvers which distribute the
conditioned air evenly in the room.
5. Return outlets: these are the openings in a room surface which allow
the room air to enter the return duct.
6. Filters: the main function of the filters is to remove dust, dirt and
other harmful bacteria’s from the air.
DUCTS - IN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS:
1. The main purpose of a duct is to supply conditioned air from the central cooling coil to the
required space in a building and return the warm air from these conditioned spaces to the
cooling coil/AC. equipment.
2. The duct may comprise a single line or with several branch lines.
the duct between the blower and the branch lines is often called as main duct.
3. Ducts are usually rectangular/square, or circular and are commonly fabricated from galvanized
iron sheets.(G.I.),also black steel, aluminum, stainless steel, copper and
cement asbestos (for underground.)
4. The selection of type of material to be used for duds depends upon the nature of
environment, required life of the duct, initial investments and maintenance etc.
sometimes when the light weight and low moisture content in the duct is the requirement then
aluminum is most preferred over the other materials.
5. Now-a-days fiber reinforced fiber glass ducts are also being used since they are quite strong and
easy to manufacture according to the desired shape and size. The wooden ducts of plywood are
also used in places where the moisture content in the air is not high.
6. An ideal ducting system should transport a given volume of air with a minimum pressure drop
and heat loss having less noise and vibration; etc.
7. It should occupy as less space as permissible. Its repair and maintenance should be easy and
inexpensive.
8. The initial investment for the duct system should properly be balanced with the operating cost
in order to have minimum total yearly expenditure.
ENERGY SAVING IN AIR-CONDITIONING
In any commercial air conditioned building, the air conditioning system generally
consumes the maximum power. Taking a little care to minimize energy
consumption will result in substantial savings on the long run.

Energy savings can be made by:

• Adopting an energy efficient building design
• Using energy efficient air conditioning systems and
• Regular maintenance and effective utility management.

Building design:
Orientation of the building plays a key role in the structure’s air conditioning
requirement. Excessive use of glass especially in the Western side adds high air
conditioning heat loads. Using materials such as foam concrete, double wall glazing,
hollow concrete blocks, or foam insulated roofing will help improve the insulation of the
building and save energy.
Energy Efficient Air conditioning Equipment:
It is advisable to go in for equipment with the best Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER).
Energy Efficiency of Room Air Conditioners. A room air conditioner's efficiency is measured
by the energy efficiency ratio (EER). The EER is the ratio of the cooling capacity (in British
thermal units [Btu] per hour) to the power input (in watts). The higher the EER rating, the
more efficient the air conditioner.
Though initial capital may be higher the user will save energy continuously thereby saving
expenses on the long run. Packaged air conditioners/Ducted Splits are available with
Reciprocating Compressors as well as Scroll Compressors. Scroll Compressors are capable
of higher EER and hence save on energy. For higher tonnages Axial and Centrifugal
equipment are most preferred because of low operating costs

Effective maintenance and utility management:

Regular maintenance will ensure efficient performance. Cleaning of filters, de. scaling of
the heat exchangers, lubricating friction points such as fans, motors and shafts, should be
done regularly. Prudent utility management will save substantial energy on the air
conditioning. Simple measures like isolating areas of the building not in use, setting indoor
temperatures in the most accepted position instead of keeping it too low and shutting off
the system when not in use will save energy.
 7.50mts
6.20mts

Corridor