© Jean-Louis Migeot - MSC Software - Free Field Technologies - Université Libre de Bruxelles - Conservatoire Royal de Musique de Liège - IJK Numerics

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© Jean-Louis Migeot – MSC Software – Free Field Technologies – Université Libre de Bruxelles – Conservatoire Royal de Musique de Liège – IJK Numerics 1
Hydrodynamic velocity – Aircraft engine
Acoustic velocity
d’Alembert’s solution
Jean le Rond
d’Alembert
1717-1783
Linearity  superposition without interaction
p
te
c te x- x-
t= =c ct= ct =
t x+
c
x+ct c te c te
Speed of sound vs. acoustic particle velocity
In summary
 Primary acoustic variables:
 Pressure
 Density
 Velocity
• Hydrodynamic velocity  to be discussed next week (aero-acoustics)
• Acoustic velocity
• Speed of sound
• Thermal velocity: can be safely disregarded in acoustics
Fourier and inverse-Fourier transform
Draw a sketch of the noise spectra of the two fans below
Rotation speed: 1200 rpm
Fan 1 – 7 blades – 1200 rpm
Fundamental (BPF)
Harmonics (n BPF)
Fundamental and harmonics of rotation speed
(fan imperfection and non-uniform inlet flow)
Broadband (turbulence)
20 140 280 420 560 700 840 980

100 200 300 400 500 600 800 900 1000
Fan 2 – 8 blades – 1200 rpm
Fundamental (BPF)
Harmonics (n BPF)
Dominant harmonics: 8n BPM
Broadband (turbulence)
20 160 320 480 640 820 1000

100 200 300 400 500 600 800 900 1000
Rumble strips – Sleeper lines
 120 km/h
 3 cm distance
“Bad tire” noise
 Radius: 30 cm
 Driving speed: 130 km/h
 52 treads
 Frequency:
Real tread pattern
Real spectrum
Noise spectrum of a tire rolling on a Waterfall of a tire run-up on a drum

drum
At the blackboard – Acoustic energy equation and intensity definition
Intensity: monochromatic signal
 Pressure and velocity are harmonic. Same pulsation, different amplitude and phase:
 Instantaneous intensity is defined as:
 Applying Simpson formula:
we get:
Active Reactive
Intensity Intensity
General case
Pressure and velocity are in phase
Purely propagating wave

Pressure and velocity are in phase quadrature
Standing wave
Sound intensity and sound power
 Sound intensity is a power flux measured in Watts per square meter.

 The sound power across a surface is the integral of active intensity over that surface.
 It is measured in Watts.
Intensity measurement
© SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden
Acoustic quantities
1. Pressure
2. Density
3. Velocity
4. Signal and spectrum
5. Intensity and power
6. Impedance and admittance
7. Levels
Impedance / admittance
 Impedance is the ratio of pressure spectrum to velocity spectrum. It may

be calculated / measured along any direction
 Along a boundary, the relevant quantity is the normal impedance:
 Impedance is a harmonic quantity. There is no such thing as an

instantaneous impedance:
 The opposite of impedance is admittance
 On a rigid wall, velocity is zero, normal impedance is infinite and normal

admittance is zero. We may guess from this that impedance is inversely
related to absorption.
Complex impedance ?
 Impedance is, as the ratio of two complex quantities (P and V), also a complex quantity
 We can rewrite this in terms of magnitude and phase of each complex quantity:
 From which we see that:
and:
 The complex impedance represents two effects:

 the relative value of pressure and velocity magnitudes
 the phase difference between pressure and velocity phasors
At the blackboard / exercises: plane waves related quantities

© Jean-Louis Migeot - MSC Software - Free Field Technologies - Université Libre de Bruxelles - Conservatoire Royal de Musique de Liège - IJK Numerics

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 Primary acoustic variables:

• Hydrodynamic velocity  to be discussed next week (aero-acoustics)

• Thermal velocity: can be safely disregarded in acoustics

Rotation speed: 1200 rpm

20 140 280 420 560 700 840 980

20 160 320 480 640 820 1000

Noise spectrum of a tire rolling on a Waterfall of a tire run-up on a drum

 Instantaneous intensity is defined as:

 Applying Simpson formula:

Purely propagating wave

 Sound intensity is a power flux measured in Watts per square meter.

© SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden

 Impedance is the ratio of pressure spectrum to velocity spectrum. It may

 Along a boundary, the relevant quantity is the normal impedance:

 Impedance is a harmonic quantity. There is no such thing as an

 The opposite of impedance is admittance

 On a rigid wall, velocity is zero, normal impedance is infinite and normal

 From which we see that:

 The complex impedance represents two effects:

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