Good Day!

Students
Mam Abegail N. Leona
Earth Science Teacher
ROCKS
MINERALS
Rocks & Minerals
• Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical
and chemical properties
• Classify rocks as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
• Describe how are minerals are found, mined, and
processed for human use
• Cite ways to prevent the environmental impact that result
from the exploitation, extraction, and use of minerals
Lesson 5: Minerals
 Minerals

• Naturally-occurring, inorganic solid with a definite

chemical composition and an ordered internal structure.

• “Every mineral is unique but they exhibit general

characteristics.”
 General Characteristics of
Minerals
1. Naturally-occurring
2. Inorganic
3. Solid
4. Definite Chemical Structure
5. Ordered Internal Structure
Composition of Minerals
• Silicates
• Oxides
• Sulfides
• Sulfates
• Halides
• Carbonates
• Native Metals
 Crystal Structure of Minerals
• Crystal Structure is dependent on the chemical
composition of the mineral.
The 6 Crystal Systems
o Isometric o Monoclinic
o Tetragonal o Triclinic
o Orthorhombic o Hexagonal
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS
 Physical Properties of Minerals
1. CLEAVAGE – tendency of a mineral to break along
planes of weakness.
2. FRACTURE - the property of a mineral breaking in a
more or less random pattern with no smooth planar
surfaces.
3. LUSTER – the appearance of light as it is reflected off
its surface.
 Physical Properties of Minerals
4. COLOR – readily observable and certainly obvious, but
it is usually less reliable than other physical properties.
5. STREAK – the color of a mineral in its powdered form.
6. HARDNESS – measurement of the strength of the
chemical bonds in its structure.
 It is the relative
measure of
hardness using
common materials
and standard
minerals.
 Physical Properties of Minerals
7. Density – the weight of a mineral relative to the weight
of an equal volume of water. (Specific Gravity is a
measure of the density of a mineral.
Common Rock-
Forming Elements • Oxygen (O) 46.6%
• Silicon (Si) 27.7%
• Aluminum (Al) 8.1%
• Iron (Fe) 5.0%
• Magnesium (Mg) 2.1%
• Potassium (K) 2.6%
• Sodium (Na) 2.8%
• Calcium (Ca) 3.6%
Lesson 6: Rocks and the Rocks
Cycle
What is a rock and
how is it formed?
 Rocks
• It is a naturally-occurring, coherent aggregate of
minerals or solid materials such as natural glass or
organic matter.
• Found in the Lithosphere which is derived from the
Greek word lithos meaning “stone”.
• Lithosphere is the rigid, rocky, outermost part of the
Earth composed of crust and the uppermost part of the
mantle.
 All the processes
by which rocks are
formed, modified,
transported,
decomposed,
melted, and
reformed.

The Rock Cycle

Processes & Products of the Rock Cycle
Processes Products
Melting Magma
Crystallization Igneous Rocks
Uplift and Exposure Sediments
Weathering and Erosion
Transportation
Deposition Sedimentary Rocks
Lithification
Metamorphism Metamorphic Rocks
 How they are formed?

Igneous Rocks are formed from the cooling and

solidification of magma or lava.
• The word “igneous” is derived from Latin “igneus”
which means “fiery or on fire”
• Formed at higher temperatures than other types of
rocks.
 How they are formed?
Sedimentary Rocks are the products of lithification of
particles produced by weathering of other pre-existing rocks.
• The term “sediments” is derived from latin
“sedentarius” which means “sitting” as it will
eventually be deposited and settle until they are
transformed into rocks.
 How they are formed?
Metamorphic Rocks form when pre-existing rocks are
altered by heat, pressure, and the chemical activity of fluids.
• Metamorphism means “change in form”
• It occurs underneath the surface, although not as
deep as the igneous environment.
Lesson 7:
Classification
of Rocks
 Igneous Rocks
1. Crystalline textures formed from cooled magma or lava.
It depends on the rate of cooling.
o Intrusive or Plutonic Rocks – slowly cooled magma
have time to form large minerals that are visible
without magnifying lens.
 Igneous Rocks
o Extrusive or Volcanic Rocks – form from rapidly-
cooled magma. Mineral crystals cannot be
distinguished without the use of magnifying tools.
 Igneous Rocks
2. Pyroclastic made of consolidated eruption products like
volcanic ash. It is derived from the Greek “pyro” means
“fire” and “klastos” means “shattered”. It is the result of
lithification of erupted volcanic material.
 Sedimentary Rocks
• Clastic they are form from lithification of rock and mineral
fragments of pre-existing rocks. (quartz, feldspar, and
clay)
 Sedimentary Rocks
• Non-clastic they are form from chemical reactions mostly
in oceans. (shale and limestone)
 Metamorphic Rocks
• Foliated whose minerals are squeezed together under
high pressure and arranged in wavy layers or bands.
 Metamorphic Rocks
• Non-foliated whose crystals are in blocky shapes and do
not have banding. It is commonly made of one or only
few minerals.
Lesson 8: Ores and Minerals
What processes are involved in extracting mineral
resources? How do these processes affect the
environment?
 Ores and Deposits

• Ores are naturally-occurring materials that can be

profitably mined. (mineral, rock, metallic, or non-metallic)
• Deposit is a potential ore body if its localized abundance
is greater than its average abundance or distribution on
Earth’s crust.
 Locating Ores
1. Hydrothermal Fluid Circulation
2. Metamorphic Processes
3. Magmatic Processes
4. Kimberlite Magma
5. Chemical Sedimentary Processes
6. The action of currents
7. Chemical Weathering
 Mining Ores

 Mining – set of processes in which useful

resources are withdrawn from a stock of any
non-renewable resource. It also refers to the
extraction of mineral resources.
 Mining Ores

1. Prospecting / Exploration. (looking for the ore body or

deposit)
2. Drilling. (extracting a part of the ore)
3. Modeling. (determining the ore to apply appropriate
processing methods)
4. Identifying and Assessing the Potential Impacts.
(considering social and environmental aspects)
 Mining Ores

5. Designing and Constructing the Mine. (creating the

appropriate mine and operational design)
6. Ore Extraction. (separation of high grade ores)
7. Milling. (crushing and concentration of ores)
8. Mine site Decommissioning. (closure of depleted mine)
 Local Ores in the Philippines

Metallic Minerals: Gold, copper, iron, chromite,

nickel, cobalt, and platinum

Non-metallic Minerals: Sand, gravel, limestone,

marble, clay, and other quarry materials
Thank You for Listening!