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BAGIAN SEL DAN FUNGSINYA

Ukuran sel (20-30m
Cukup mengemas
organel sel
Tetap dapat mudah
perataan sitoplasma
Pengendalian
suhu
pH
Tekanan rendah
Macam reaksi
sangat banyak
Sangat dinamis
Reaksi Enzimatis
1-10 detik/reaksi
10-9 detik
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 BIOMOLEKUL SEL HIDUP
Biomolekul (biomol) : semua senyawa yang terdapat di dalam sel hidup
Makhluk Air KH Protein Lemak Abu
Manusia 59 Sedikit 18 18 4,0
Ayam 56 Sedikit 21 19 3,0
Jagung 76 20 2 0,7 1,3
Beras 12 80 7 0,3 0,4
Bayam 93 3 2 0,3 1,5

Unsur % Tidak terjadi keseimbang Unsur %

(manusia) makhluk hidup dan alam (Bumi)
H 63 Makhluk selektif memilih hara O 47
O 25.5 Unsur golongan IV, V dan VI Si 28
Periode 2 , 3
C 9,5 Al 7,9
–IKATAN KOVALEN
N 1,4 Fe 4,5
-SENYAWA ORGANIK
Ca 0,31 C, H, O, N Ca 3,5
P 0,22 -TIDAK BERBEDA ANTARA Na 2,5
Cl 0,08 PRO/EUKARIOTIK K 2,5
K 0,06 Mg 2,2 3
Na
Ikatan KOVALEN Ikatan HIDROGEN
Antar gugus R dalam
Rantai- @helix,
Allows hydrogen bonding
between the C O of one amino
acid and the N H of another
antar rantai-konformasi
Ikatan IONIK
Ikatan SULFIDA
Jembatan sistein kovalen
Struktur tersier (globuler)
enzim

Ikatan PEPTIDA

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 Nukleus Golgi
MOLEKUL SEL HIDUP
Nukleus JASAD HIDUP
Mitokondria
Badan Golgi
ORGAN
Kloroplas
Ribosom Ikatan non Mitokondria
SEL Kloroplas
Membran Kovalen
Kromatin SISTEM
ORGANEL MULTIENZIM
Unit pembangun
SUPRAMOLEKUL

polisakarida
Asam nukkeat Protein lipida Ikatan MAKROMOLEKULER
kovalen
Mono Asam Mono Asam lemak SATUAN PENYUSUN
nukleatida amino sakarida gliserol

Dinding sel
SENYAWA ANTARA
Tanaman
Bakteri Energi radiasi
fotosintetik
SENYAWA DASAR
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CO2, H2O, N2, PO4-3
6
 FINGSI PENYUSUN MAKROMOLEKUL
Macromolecule Building Blocks Functions

Polysaccharides Sugars (monosaccharides) Energy storage (4 Cal/gm)

Structure (cell walls, exoskeletons)

Lipids (Triglycerides) Fatty acids, glycerol

Energy storage (9 Cal/mg)
Fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate
Lipids (Phospholipids)
group Cell membranes

Cell structure
Enzymes
Proteins Amino acids (20 types) Molecular motors (muscle, etc)
Membrane pumps & channels
Hormones & receptors
Immune system: antibodies

4 Bases: A, C, G, T
Nucleic Acids: DNA
Deoxyribose sugar Storage of hereditary information
(forms a double helix)
Phosphate (genetic code)
Subunits called nucleotides
Nucleic Acids (RNA)
Protein synthesis:
3 types: 4 Bases: A, C, G, U
m-RNA: working copy of genetic
m-RNA Ribose sugar
code for a gene (transcription)
t-RNA Phosphate
t-RNA & r-RNA: translation of the
r-RNA Subunits called nucleotides 7
code
(usually a single strand)
 I. Cells Contain Organic Molecules
A. Most Common Elements
1. Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
and oxygen.
2. These four elements constitute about 95% of your body weight.
3. Chemistry of carbon allows the formation of an enormous variety of
organic molecules.

4. Organic molecules have carbon and hydrogen; determine structure

and function of living things

5. Inorganic molecules do not contain carbon and

hydrogen together; inorganic molecules (e.g., NaCl) can
play important roles in living things.

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B. Small Molecules Have
Functional Groups

1. Carbon has four electrons in outer

shell; bonds with up to four other
atoms (usually H, O, N, or another C).
2. Ability of carbon to bond to itself
makes possible carbon chains and
rings; these structures serve as
the backbones of organic
molecules.
3. Functional groups are Sucrose is composed
of glucose and fructose
clusters of atoms with
characteristic structure and
functions. Steroids
a. Polar molecules (with +/- Karbon Cincin
charges) are attracted to water
molecules and are hydrophilic.
b. Nonpolar molecules are repelled by water and do
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not dissolve in water; are hydrophobic.
c. Hydrocarbon is hydrophobic except
when it has an attached ionized
functional group such as carboxyl
(acid) (COOH); then molecule is
hydrophilic.
MENENTUKAN SIFAT KIMIA

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4. Isomers are molecules with identical molecular formulas
but differ in arrangement of their atoms

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 C. Large Organic Molecules Have Monomers
1. Each small organic molecule can be a unit of a large organic molecule called a
macromolecule.
2. Small organic molecules (e.g., monosaccharides, glycerol and fatty acid,
amino acids, and nucleotides) that can serve as monomers, the subunits of
polymers.

3. Polymers are the large macromolecules composed of three to millions of

monomer subunits.
4. Four classes of macromolecules (polysaccharides or carbohydrates,
triglycerides or lipids, polypeptides or proteins, & nucleic acids such as
DNA & RNA) provide great diversity.

SIFAT UMUM BIOMOLEKUL

Struktur yang relatif besar Makromolekul Protein 5000- 1.000.000
BM asam nukleat : milyar
BM polisakarida : milyar
BM lipida : 750-1.500

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 D. Condensation Is the Reverse of Hydration
1. Macromolecules build by different bonding of different
monomers; mechanism of joining and breaking these bonds is
condensation and hydrolysis.
2. Cellular enzymes carry out condensation and hydrolysis of
polymers.
3. Condensation involves a dehydration synthesis because a water is
removed (dehydration) and a bond is made (synthesis).
a. When two monomers join, a hydroxyl (OH) group is
Removed from one monomer and a hydrogen is removed from the
other.
b. This produces the water given off during a condensation reaction.

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4. Hydrolysis (hydration) reactions break down polymers in reverse
of condensation; a hydroxyl (OH) group from water attaches to one
monomer and hydrogen (H) attaches to the other.

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 BIOMOLEKUL BERBGAI ORGANEL
NO ORGANEL BIOMOLEKUL

1. Dinding sel Selulosa

Hemiselulosa
Ca-pektat
2. Inti sel (Nukleus)
Nukleoplasma Berbagai protein
Kromosom Protein, nukleoprotein, DNA, RNA
Nukleoulus Nuleoprotein RNA
3. Membran plasma Selulosa (khusus tanaman)
Lipida
Sfingolipid, Pospatidilkolin
Pospatiletanolamin, Pospatidilserin
Kolesterol
Protein integral
Protein feriferal
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Enzim ATP-ase
NO ORGANEL BIOMOLEKUL

4. Sitoplasma Berbagai macam protein

Lipida
Ribosom RNA, Berbagai protein
Protein basa ber-BM rendah
Enzim sintetase,
Retikulum endoplasmik Protein
Aparat Golgi Karbohidrat
Lisosom 40 jenis enzim hidrolase
Peroksisom Enzim katalase
Palstida Enzim peroksidase, Lipida, Protein
Leukoplas (karbohidrat) Tanpa pigmen
Kromoplas Karotin, Xanthofil
5. Mitokondria Protein pembawa,
Senyawa siklus asam sitrat
Enzim oksidase, RNA, DNA, ATP
6. Kloroplas Klorofil, Lipida protein
Enzim fotosintetik, enzim fosforilasi 16
DNA, RNA
 Amino Acids
20 exist
Linked together in a process called protein synthesis in the cytoplasm to
make polypeptides (subunits of proteins)
DNA contains the instructions for making proteins but is too large to
leave the nucleus
Three consecutive bases on DNA called a triplet (e.g. TCG, ATG, ATT)
mRNA codon table tells what 3 bases on mRNA code for each amino
acid (64 combinations of 3 bases)
Methionine (AUG) on mRNA is called the start codon because it triggers
the linking of amino acids
UAA, UGA, & UAG on mRNA signal ribosomes to stop linking amino
acids together
Genetic Code (RNA)

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 3 Letter
Amino Acid Codons
Abbreviation
Alanine Ala GCA GCC GCG GCU
Arginine Arg AGA AGG CGA CGC CGG CGU
Aspartic Acid Asp GAC GAU
Asparagine Asn AAC AAU
Cysteine Cys UGC UGU
Glutamic Acid Glu GAA GAG
Glutamine Gln CAA CAG
Glycine Gly GGA GGC GGG GGU
Histidine His CAC CAU
Isoleucine Ile AUA AUC AUU
Leucine Leu UUA UUG CUA CUC CUG CUU
Lysine Lys AAA AAG
Methionine Met AUG
Phenylalanine Phe UUC UUU
Proline Pro CCA CCC CCG CCU
Serine Ser AGC AGU UCA UCC UCG UCU
Threonine Thr ACA ACC ACG ACU
Tryptophan Trp UGG
Tyrosine Tyr UAC UAU
Valine Val GUA GUC GUG GUU
Start AUG 18
Stop UAA UAG UGA
alpha helix
beta strands

turn

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20
Amino Acids
Name Abbr. Linear structure
formula======================================================
Alanine ala a CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH
Arginine arg r HN=C(NH2)-NH-(CH2)3-CH(NH2)-COOH
Asparagine asn n H2N-CO-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Aspartic acid asp d HOOC-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Cysteine cys c HS-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Glutamine gln q H2N-CO-(CH2)2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Glutamic acid glu e HOOC-(CH2)2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Glycine gly g NH2-CH2-COOH
Histidine his h NH-CH=N-CH=C-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Isoleucine ile i CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH(NH2)-COOH
Leucine leu l (CH3)2-CH-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Lysine lys k H2N-(CH2)4-CH(NH2)-COOH
Methionine met m CH3-S-(CH2)2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Phenylalanine phe f Ph-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Proline pro p NH-(CH2)3-CH-COOH
Serine ser s HO-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Threonine thr t CH3-CH(OH)-CH(NH2)-COOH
Tryptophan trp w Ph-NH-CH=C-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Tyrosine tyr y HO-p-Ph-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH
Valine val v (CH3)2-CH-CH(NH2)-COOH

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 Carbohydrates
Sugar
Sweetness
fructose 173%
sucrose 100%
glucose 74%
maltose 33%
galactose 33%
lactose 16%
Best known sugars have six
Disaccharides carbons (hexoses)

Maltose is two glucose molecules; forms in

Sucrose is composed of digestive tract of humans during starch digestion
glucose and fructose and is
transported within plants.

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. Polysaccharides are chains of glucose
molecules or modified glucose molecules

. Starch is straight chain of glucose Glycogen is highly branched polymer of glucose with
many side branches; called "animal starch," it is
molecules with few side branches storage carbohydrate in the liver of animals.

. Cellulose is glucose bonded to form microfibrils;

primary constituent of plant cell walls

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 Starch Molecules
(14) linkage

amylose (20-30%)
Mol. Wt.~104-106 g/mol

Mol. Wt.~106-108 g/mol

(16) linkage=branch

amylopectin (70-80%)

(14) linkage
Branching does not allow for as much inter-molecular interaction; easy to overcome
structure; starch is hydrated.
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 amylose: (14)

frustrated packing and less H-bonding: coils and in case of amylopectin forms helix

cellulose: (14)

high packing and H-bonding: does not coil

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 Nucleotides
a. Nucleotides of DNA contain deoxyribose
sugar; nucleotides of RNA contain ribose.

b. In RNA, the base uracil occurs instead of

the base thymine, as in DNA.
c. DNA is double-stranded with
complementary base pairing; RNA is
single-stranded.

1) Complementary base pairing occurs where two strands of DNA are

held together by hydrogen bonds between purine and pyrimidine bases
Nucleotides are a molecular 2) The number of purine bases always equals the number of pyrimidine
complex of three types of bases; called Chargaff's rule
molecules: a phosphate 3) Adenine pairs with Thymine & guanine pairs with cytoseine on DNA
(phosphoric acid), a pentose 4) Guanine & adenine are purines; Cytosine & thymine are pyrimidines
sugar, and a nitrogen-
containing base
d. Two strands of DNA twist to form a double; RNA generally
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does not form helices.
 ATP, NADPH FADH,

NAD+, adalah koenzim yang ditemukan di semua sel hidup. Senyawa ini berupa
dinukleotida, yakni mengandung dua nukleotida yang dihubungkan melalui
gugus fosfat, dengan satu nukleotida mengandung basa adenina dan yang lainnya
mengandung nikotinamida.

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FADH

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