DIVERSITY IN LIVING

ORGANISMS
 NEED FOR CLASSIFCATION
Living organisms have evolved on the earth over millions of years. Living
01
organisms show a wide range of variations.

Some microscopic bacteria are of a few micrometres in size and some like
02 whales and red wood trees are about 30 metres and 100 metres in size.

Some pine trees live for thousands of years while insects like mosquitoes die
03 within a few days.

Some organisms are colourless and even transparent and some are brightly
04 coloured.
 CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
The arranging of organisms into different groups on the basis of the
similarities in their characteristics is called classification of living
organisms.
The main characteristics considered for classification are :-
- Whether they are made of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
- Whether the cells occur singly or they are grouped together and live as an
indivisible group.
- Whether they produce their own food by photosynthesis or get their food
from outside.
- Of the organisms which produce their own food (plants) what is the level
of organisation of their body ?
- Of the animals what is the level of organisation of their
body and what are their special organs and their functions ?
 CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION
• The present day complex living organisms have evolved from the earlier
simple forms due to the changes in their body designs over millions of
years.
• This is due to the changes in environment and the need to adapt
themselves to the changes in the environment.
• Some groups of organisms having ancient body designs have not
changed much during evolution and have simple forms and structure.
These organisms are called ‘primitive or lower organisms’.
• Some organisms have acquired their body designs relatively recently and
have complex forms and structure. These organisms are called
‘advanced or higher organisms’.
 THE HEIRARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION -Groups
In classification, the organisms that closely resemble one another are placed in a
group. These groups are further placed in large groups on the basis of close
similarities. The larger groups are again placed in still larger grouping levels
or ranks in classification are known as categories. Each category has its specific
name.
Whittaker characteristics - 1. Cell Structure 2. Body Structure 3. Mode Of
Nutrition .
He proposed five kingdoms, namely Monera ,Protista, Fungi, Plantae and
Animalia .
The modification Woese introduced by dividing the Monera into Archaebacteria
(or Archaea) and Eubacteria (or Bacteria) is also in use.
 THE HEIRARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION -Groups
Each kingdom has been further classified into smaller sub - groups at various
levels as :-
• Kingdom
• Phylum (for animals) / Division (for plants)
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
By arranging organisms we get the basic unit of classification called species.
Species :- is group of organisms which are similar enough to breed and
perpetuate.
 Monera
• They are mostly prokaryotic, do not have a definite nucleus
• Unicellular
• May or may not have cell wall
• The mode of nutrition is autotrophic or heterotrophic.
• Eg :- Bacteria, Blue-green algae- Cyanobacteria, Mycoplasma
 Protista
• They are eukaryotic
• Unicellular
• Mostly aquatic, some have cilia or flagella which help them in moving
• May be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
• Eg :- Algae, Diatoms, Protozoans like Amoeba etc
 Fungi
• They are eukaryotic
• Unicellular or multicellular.
• They use decaying organic matter as food and so are called saprophytes.
Some of them live in association with algae. They are called lichens.
• Eg :- Yeast (Saccharomyces), Moulds (Penicillium),Mushrooms (Agaricus) etc.
 Plante
• They are multicellular
• Eukaryotes having cell walls.
• They use chlorophyll for photosynthesis. All plants are included in this group.
• They are divided into five groups. They are :-
• Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

Animalia
• They are multicellular
• Eukaryotes, without chlorophyll and cell walls.
• They are heterotrophs.
• They are divided into ten groups. They are :- Porifera, Coelenterata,
Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca,
Echinodermata, Protochordata, and Vertebrata.
 CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTAE-
Thallophyta
• In this group the plants do not have well differentiated body parts.
• The plants are called algae. They are mostly aquatic. Eg :- Spirogyra, Ulothrix,
Cladophora, Chara etc.
 Bryophyta
• In this group the plant body is differentiated into stem and leaf like structures
but there are no specialised structures for the conduction of water and other
substances from one part of the plant body to the other.
• These plants are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom.
• Eg :- Moss (Funaria), Marchantia, Riccia etc.
 Pteridophyta
• In this group the plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves and
has vascular tissue for conducting water and other substances from one part
of the plant body to the other.
• Eg :- Ferns, Marsilea etc.
 Gymnosperms (Cryptogams)
• The plants of this group bear naked seeds (gymno – means nakedand sperma
means seed).
• They are usually perinneal, evergreen and woody.
• Eg :- Pines (Pinus), Cycas etc.
 Angiosperms (Phanerogams)
• The plants of this group bears covered seeds (angio – means covered and
sperma – means seed).
• They are also called flowering plants.
• The plant embryo in the seed have cotyledons.

• Angiosperms are divided into two groups on the basis of the number of
cotyledons.
• Plants with seeds having single cotyledon are called monocots. Eg :- rice,
wheat, maize etc.
• Plants with seeds having two cotyledons are called dicots. Eg :- green gram,
peas, tamarind etc.
 CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALIA
Porifera
• They are aquatic non motile animals attached to some soild support.

• They have pores all over the body forming a canal system which

• helps to circulate water and bring food and oxygen.

• They have a hard outer skeleton and do not have any tissues.

• Eg :-Spongila, Sycon, Euplectelia etc.

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