Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Hydraulic pumps and pressure regulation

Lec.: Lưu Thanh Tùng

 Hydraulic Pump

Hydraulic pumps are generally driven at constant speed by a

three phase AC induction motor rotating at

- 1500 rpm in the UK (with a 50 Hz supply).

- 1200 or 1800 rpm in the USA (with a 60 Hz supply).

 Hydraulic Pump

There are two types of pump (for fluids) or compressor

(for gases) illustrated
 Hydraulic Pump

There are two types of pump (for fluids) or compressor

(for gases) illustrated
 Hydraulic Pump

Typical efficiencies for pumps range from around 90% (for

cheap gear pumps) to about 98% for high quality piston
pumps

- Pressure in bar,
- Flow rate in litres/min
 Hydraulic Pump

Pump types

Gear pumps
The simplest and most robust positive
displacement pump, having just two
moving parts, is the gear pump
 Hydraulic Pump

Pump types

Gear pumps
 Hydraulic Pump

Pump types

Gear pumps
Typically, gear pumps are used at
pressures up to about 150 bar and
capacities of around 150 gpm (675
liter/min)
 Hydraulic Pump

Pump types

Vane pumps
In the pump shown, the rotor is offset
within the housing, and the vanes
constrained by a cam ring as they
cross inlet and outlet ports.
 Hydraulic Pump

Pump types

Vane pumps
 Hydraulic Pump

Pump types

Vane pumps
Figure shows a balanced vane pump.
This features an elliptical cam ring
together with two inlet and two outlet
ports. Pressure loading still occurs in the
vanes but the two identical pump halves
create equal but opposite forces on the
rotor, leading to zero net force in the shaft
and bearings.
 Hydraulic Pump

Pump types

Piston pumps
An alternative form of piston pump is the
axial design, where multiple pistons are
arranged in a rotating cylinder.

Pump capacity is controlled by altering

the angle of the swash plate; the larger
the angle, the greater the capacity.
 Hydraulic Pump

Pump types

Piston pumps
 Hydraulic Pump

Comparison of hydraulic pump types

 Hydraulic Pump

Multiple choice question

1. Low specific speed of turbine implies it is .......
A.Propeller turbine
B.Francis turbine
C.Impulse turbine
D.Any of the above

2. High specific speed of a pump implies it is .......

A.Centrifugal pump
B.Mixed flow pump
C.Axial flow pump
D.Any of the above
 (A) Increases with increase in pressure
(B) Decreases with increase in pressure
(C) More or less remains constant with increase in pressure

Hydraulic Pump
(D) Unpredictable

Multiple choice question

3. Indicator diagram of a reciprocating pump is a graph between......

A.Floor vs swept volume

B.Pressure in cylinder vs swept volume
C.Flow vs speed
D.Pressure vs speed

4. The flow rate in gear pump

(A) Increases with increase in pressure
(B) Decreases with increase in pressure
(C) More or less remains constant with increase in pressure
(D) Unpredictable
 (A) Increases with increase in pressure
(B) Decreases with increase in pressure
(C) More or less remains constant with increase in pressure

Hydraulic Pump
(D) Unpredictable

Multiple choice question

5. What is a positive displacement pump?

a. oil from suction side of the pump flows completely to the delivery side
b. volume of fluid discharged cannot return back to the suction side of
the pump
c. discharges fixed volume of fluid every cycle
d. all the above

6. While operating a positive displacement pump,

a. the shut-off valve should be closed on delivery side

b. the shut-off valve should be closed on suction side
c. the shut-off valve should be opened on delivery side
d. none of the above
 Pressure regulation

Pressure regulation
- With valve V1 open, fluid flows from the
pump to the cylinder, with both pressure
gauges P1 and P2 indicating a pressure of
F/A.
- With valves V1 closed and V2 open, the
load falls with fluid being returned to the
tank.
- With the load falling, gauge P2 will still
show a pressure of F/A, but at P1 the
pump is dead-ended leading to a continual
increase in pressure as the pump delivers
 Pressure regulation

Pressure regulation
- To keep P1 at a safe level, the pressure
regulating valve V3 has been included.
- This is normally closed (no connection
between P and T) while the pressure is
below some preset level (called the cracking
pressure). Once the cracking pressure is
reached valve V3 starts to open, bleeding
fluid back to the tank.
- With valve V1 closed, all fluid from the pump
returns to the tank via the pressure
regulating valve, and P1 settles somewhere
 Pressure regulation

Pressure regulation
- The simplest form of pressure regulation valve is the ball and
spring. System pressure in the pipe exerts a force of (P x a) on the
ball.
 Pressure regulation

Pressure regulation
 Special combination

Combination pumps

Many hydraulic applications are special, where a workpiece is held

in place by a hydraulic ram. There are essentially two distinct
requirements for this operation. As the cylinder extends or retracts
a large volume of fluid is required at a low pressure (sufficient just
to overcome friction). As the workpiece is gripped, the requirement
changes to a high pressure but minimal fluid volume.
 Special combination

Combination pumps
This type of operation is usually performed with two separate
pumps driven by a common electric motor as shown. Pump P1 is a
high pressure low volume pump, while pump P2 is a high volume
low pressure pump. Associated with these are two relief valves RV 1
and RV2 and a one-way check (or non-return) valve which allows
flow from left to right, but blocks flow in the reverse direction.

This arrangement saves energy as the

large volume of fluid from pump P2 is
returned to the tank at a very low pressure,
and only a small volume of fluid from pump
P1 is returned at a high pressure
 Special combination

Combination pumps
When the workpiece is gripped, the pressure at Y rises, and relief
valve RV2 opens causing all the fluid from pump P2 to return straight to
the tank and the pressure at X to fall to a low value. Check valve CV 1
stops fluid from pump P1 passing back to the tank via relief valve RV2,
consequently pressure at Y rises to the level set by relief valve RV 1.
 Special combination

Loading valves
Excess fluid from a pump to return to the tank by a pressure relief valve
is wasteful of energy.
Valve V1 is a normal pressure relief valve regulating pressure and
returning excess fluid to the tank as described in earlier sections. The
additional valve V2 is opened or closed by an external electrical or
hydraulic signal. With valve V2 open, all the pump output flow is
returned to the tank at low pressure with minimal energy cost.
 Special combination

Filters
Dirt in a hydraulic system causes sticking valves, failure of seals
and premature wear. Even particles of dirt as small as 20 can
cause damage.
 Special combination

Filters
Inlet line filters protect the pump, but must be designed to give a
low pressure drop or the pump will not be able to raise fluid from
the tank.
 Special combination

Filters
Pressure line filters placed after the pump protect valves and actuators
and can be finer and smaller. They must, however, be able to withstand
full system operating pressure. Most systems use pressure line filtering.
 Filter

All flow passes through the filter

This is efficient in terms of filtration, but incurs a
large pressure drop. This pressure drop
increases as the filter becomes polluted, so a full
flow filter usually incorporates a relief valve which
cracks when the filter becomes unacceptably
blocked. This is purely a safety feature, though,
and the filter should, of course, have been
changed before this state was reached as dirty
unfiltered fluid would be passing round the
system.
 Filter

Proportional flow filter

The main flow passes through a venturi,
creating a localised low pressure area. The
pressure differential across the filter element
draws a proportion of the fluid through the
filter. This design is accordingly known as a
proportional flow filter, as only a proportion of
the main flow is filtered. It is characterized by
a low pressure drop, and does not need the
protection of a pressure relief valve.
 Filter

Proportional flow filter

Pressure drop across the filter element is an accurate indication
of its cleanliness, and many filters incorporate a differential
pressure meter calibrated with a green (clear), amber (warning),
red (change overdue) indicator. Such types are called indicating
filters.
 Filter

Proportional flow filter

A circulation pump used to filter and clean the fluid when the draw
from the main pumps is small.

The circulation pump is only used for

filter
 Problems

Explain the operation principles from the figure below.

 Problems

Explain the operation principles from the figure below. Give diameters by
yourself, find the balancing conditions
 Problems

Multiple choice problems

1) Which of the following statements are true?

1. Bell housing connects motor and pump

2. Centrifugal pump is a non-positive displacement pump
3. Centrifugal pumps allow the back flow of fluid from delivery side to the
suction side of the pump
4. The function of vent plug used in a reservoir is to flush out oil

a. 1, 2 and 4
b. 2, 3 and 4
c. 2 and 3
d. all of the above
 Problems

Multiple choice problems

2) Which type of motion is transmitted by hydraulic actuators?

a. linear motion
b. rotary motion
c. both a. and b.
d. none of the above
3) What is the function of electric actuator?

a. converts electrical energy into mechanical torque

b. converts mechanical torque into electrical energy
c. converts mechanical energy into mechanical torque
d. none of the above
4) Which of the following is a hydraulic cylinder based on construction?

a. single acting cylinder

b. double acting cylinder
c. welded design cylinder
d. all of the above
 Problems

Multiple choice problems

5) Which of the following statements are true?

1. piston pumps are self priming

2. piston pumps require high maintenance
3. piston pumps have low cost of production
4. piston pumps have low volumetric efficiency
a. 1 and 2
b. 3 and 4
c. 1 and 3
d. all of the above
6) What will be the discharge of oil in axial piston pump, when the angle of
swash plate is zero?

a. discharge of oil is maximum

b. discharge of oil is minimum
c. there is no discharge of oil
d. none of the above
 Problems

Multiple choice problems

7) When the angle of swash plate decreases

a. flow rate increases

b. flow rate decreases
c. flow rate does not depend on swash plate angle
d. none of the above
8) In axial piston pump, the yoke is pushed away from cylinder block due
to which,

a. yoke angle increases

b. swash plate angle decreases
c. both a. and b.
d. none of the above
 Problems

Multiple choice problems

9) Angle of swash plate in axial piston pump is adjusted by

a. compensator
b. yoke
c. both a. and b.
d. none of the above
10) Which factors are considered while designing a axial piston pump?

a. use of swash plate

b. application in open loop or closed loop circuit
c. design of bent axis piston pump
d. all of the above