MEASURING

HORIZONTAL
DISTANCE
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MEASURING HORIZONTAL DISTANCE
 DISTANCE BY PACING

 DISTANCE BY TAPING

 DISTANCE BY TACHEMETRY

 DISTANCE BY GRAPHICAL AND MATHEMATiCAL

METHODS
 DISTANCE BY MECHANICAL
DEVICES
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DISTANCE BY PACING
FORMULA:

where:
PF = Pace Factor
L = Length of Line
PM = Mean No. of Paces

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EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1
A 45-m course, CD, on level ground was paced by a
surveyor for the purpose of determining his pace
factor. The number of paces for each trial taken are
shown in the accompanying tabulation. And determine
the pace factor.
TRIAL LINE TAPED DIST. NO. OF
PACES
1 AB 45 m 50
2 BA 45 m 53
3 AB 45 m 51
4 BA 45 m 53
5 AB 45 m 52 UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

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6 BA 45 m 53
CSURV123P-SURVEYING1
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Solution:
a) Find first the mean no. of paces (PM):

where:
n=6

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EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Solution:
Solving for the Pace Factor (PF):

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EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2

Using the Pace Factor in Example no. 1, if the

surveyor then took 771, 770,768,770,772, and 769
paces in walking an unkown distance AB, what is the
length of the line?
Given:
PF = 0.865 m/pace
paces= 771, 770, 768, 770, 772, 769
n=6
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EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2

Solution:
Find first the mean no. of paces:
PM = (771 + 770 + 768 + 770 + 772 + 769 ) / 6
PM = 770 paces

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EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2

Solution:
Finding the length of the line
From:
PF = L/n
L = PF x n
L = (770 paces) (0.865 m/pace)
L = 666.10 m
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EXAMPLE PROBLEM 3

In Problem No. 2, assuming that the taped length of line

AB is 667.0m, determine the relative precision of the
measurement performed.
RP = (error / length)
Error = Taped distance - Paced Distance
Error = 667.0 m - 666.9m
Error = 0.9
RP = 0.9/667 = 1 /741 say 1/700
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DISTANCE BY STADIA

FORMULA:
D = Ks + C
where:
D = horizontal distance
K = stadia interval factor
s= the difference between the upper and lower stadia hair
reading
C = the distance from the center of the instrument to the
principal focus UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

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DISTANCE BY TAPING

USING GRADUATED TAPE

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DISTANCE BY TACHYMETRY

1. DISTANCE BY STADIA METHOD

2. SUBTENSE BAR METHOD

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DISTANCE BY STADIA

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EXAMPLE NO.4

A stadia rod held at a distant point B is sighted by an

instrument set up at A. The upper and lower stadia hair
readings were observed as 1.300m and 0.900m,
respectively. If the stadia interval Factor is 100, and the
instrument Constant C is 0, determine the legnth of line AB.
Given:
K = 100
C=0
UH = 1.300m and LH = 0.900m UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

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EXAMPLE NO.4

Solution:
D = Ks + C
where
s = UH - LH
s = 1.300m - 0.900m
s = 0.400m
D = (100)(0.400) + 0
D = 40m
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SUBTENSE BAR METHOD

D = 1/Tan(α/2)

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SEATWORK

A subtense bar 2.0m long is set up near the middle of

the traverse line PQ. Using a theodolite set up at P, the
angle subtended reads 1°24' 08 ”. When the theodolite
was transfered and set up at Q, the corresponding
subtended angle was observed as 0°55' 47”. Determine
the horizontal distance between P and Q.

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EXAMPLE 5
point s

D1
D2

D
where:

D1 = Distance from P to S
D2 = Distance from Q to S
D = Distacne from P to Q

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EXAMPLE 5
Solution:

D = D1 + D2

solving for D1:

D1 = 1 / (tan(α/2))
= 1 / tan (0°20' 14” /2)
D1 = 339.81m

Solving for D2:

D2 = 1/(tan (β/2))
= 1 / tan (0°23' 47” /2)
D2 = 289.09m

Therefore:
Distance between P and Q is:
D = D1 + D2 UNIVERSITY OF NEGROS OCCIDENTAL RECOLETOS

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= 339.81m + 289.09m CSURV123P-SURVEYING1
D = 628.90m
CORRECTION DUE TO INCORRECT TAPE LENGTH

Corr = TL - NL

where:

Corr = correction per tape length

TL = actual Length of the tape
NL = nominal length of the tape
SEATWORK NO. 1
Problem No. 1
Five measurements were made to determine the length of a line and recorded as follows:
350.33, 350.22, 350.30, 350.27, 350.30 meters. If these measurements were given weight of
4, 5, 1, 4, 6 respectively, the most probable value of the length measure is _.

Problem No. 2
The interior angles of a quadrilateral are as follows:
Angles Value No. Of
Measurements
A 92° 2
B 88° 4
C 71° 3
D 110° 6
Find the corrected value of the angles.