Pavement Structure

Highway Engineering (VEB3013)

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Pavement Structure
1. Primary function to carry traffic loading safely
without damaging subgrade;
2. Various combinations of layers between surface and
ground;
3. Many different materials can be used (bound and un-
bound).
Pavement Types
Pavement Types
 Flexible
 Flexible composite
 Rigid
 Rigid composite
Pavement Types
Malaysian Road System
Five categories based on funds for construction and
maintenance for administration purpose:
1. Federal Road – connects entry points and major
cities
2. Toll Road – alternative, design, built & operates
3. State Road – providing intra-state travel
4. Municipal/City Council – including built by
developer
5. Other Roads – jalan kampung by district office from
state funds
Malaysian Road System
Two classification for geometric design purpose:
Urban - U
Rural – R

Subdivided into six hierachy i.e. R1/U1 to R6/U6

according to traffic, speed/geometric design,
and access control
 Pavement Materials
Highway Engineering (VEB3013)
© 2020 U N I V E R S I T I T E K N O L O G I P E T R O N A S
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any
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Selecting Pavement Materials
1. Availability;
2. Suitability with surrounding condition;
3. Impact to the Environment
4. Cost
Common Pavement Materials
• Soil;
• Bitumen;
• Aggregates.
Soil Classification
Soil Characterisation
Shear Test
 Soil & unbound materials cannot withstand tension, but
they can withstand shear;
 Failure in soil & unbound material is always shear failure;
 Deformation in soil & unbound layer always associated with
failure along shear planes;
 known shear tests: direct shear test, triaxial compression
test, and unconfined compression test.
Soil Characterisation
Bearing Test
Loading tests carried out on sub grade soils in-situ with a
load bearing area.

Plate Bearing Test

Soil Characterisation
CBR Test
 Developed because shear strength tests are not
always convenient to carry out;
 Developed by the California State Highways
Department;
 Empirical test to determine bearing capacity of
material against standard crushed aggregate.
Soil Characterisation
CBR Test
Soil Characterisation
CBR Test
Soil Characterisation
CBR Test
Bitumen
Bituminous Material:
• Black/dark coloured solid or viscous cementitious
substances;
• Consist of High molecular weight hydrocarbons
derived from distillation of petroleum/natural
asphalt or residues of destructive distillation of
organic substances (such as coal & wood)
• Extensively used in highway construction due to:
– Excellent binding;
– Water proofing properties;
– Relatively low cost.
Bitumen
Terminology
UK US
Bitumen Asphalt
Asphalt Asphalt Mix
Macadam
Bitumen
Natural Asphalt
Rock Asphalt
Gilsonite (Uintah Basin, US)
Natural Asphalt
Rock Asphalt
Buton Asphalt (Buton Island, Indonesia)
Natural Asphalt
Asphalt Sand
Alberta (Canada)
Natural Asphalt
Lake Asphalt
Trinidad & Tobago
Tar
Petroleum Asphalt
Residue or by-product of petroleum’s refinery
Other Form of Petroleum Asphalt
• Cutbacks
solvent is used to lower the viscosity of the
bitumen

• Bitumen Emulsions
Bitumen is suspended in a finely divided
condition in water and stabilized by emulsifying
agent
Cutbacks
Curing Time
• Rapid curing
– Highly volatile solvent (Gasoline)
– For tack coats, surface treatments
• Medium curing
– Moderately volatile solvent (Kerosene)
– For stockpiled patching mix
• Slow curing
– Low volatility (Low viscosity oil)
– For prime coat, dust control
Bitumen Emulsions
Setting/Breaking Time
– Rapid Setting
– Medium Setting
– Slow Setting

Before Breaking After Breaking

Bitumen Emulsions
• Anionic
– Negative charge
– Alkaline
– Good with limestones (positive charge)
• Cationic
– Positive charge
– Acid
– Good with silica gravels (negative charge)
Aggregates
• Natural Sand & Gravel Deposits
• Crushed Stone (Rock)
• Blast Furnace Slag
• Artificial & Processed Materials
• Pulverized Concrete & Asphalt
• Waste Materials
Aggregate Density & Absorption
Aggregate Density & Absorption
Aggregate Density & Absorption
Aggregate Gradation
Aggregate Gradation
Aggregate Gradation
 Thank You
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mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.