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sin θ
y
90°
135° 45°
II I I II
x
180° 0°
0 90° 180° 270° 360° θ
II I IV
III IV
225° 315°
θ sin θ
270
° 0 0
π/2 1
π 0
3π/2 −1
2π 0
Graph of the Sine Function
3
x 0 2
2 2
sin x 0 1 0 -1 0
Then, connect the points on the graph with a smooth curve that
extends in both directions beyond the five points. A single cycle
is called a period.
y y = sin x
3 1 3 5
2 2 2 2 2 2 x
1
3
• Period: the number of degrees or radians
we must graph before it begins again.
4
Sine is 2π Periodic
sin θ
−3π −2π −π 0 π 2π 3π θ
One period
2π
sin θ: Domain: all real numbers, (−∞, ∞)
Range: −1 to 1, inclusive [−1, 1]
6
The cosine function
Imagine a particle on the unit circle, starting at (1,0) and rotating
counterclockwise around the origin. Every position of the particle
corresponds with an angle, θ, where x = cos θ. As the particle moves
through the four quadrants, we get four pieces of the cos graph:
90° cos θ
135° 45°
II I
θ cos θ
I IV
180° 0°
x θ 0 1
0 90° 180° 270° 360°
π/2 0
II I IV
II III
π −1
225° 315°
270° 3π/2 0
2π 1
Graph of the Cosine Function
3
x 0 2
2 2
cos x 1 0 -1 0 1
Then, connect the points on the graph with a smooth curve that
extends in both directions beyond the five points. A single cycle
is called a period.
y y = cos x
3 1 3 5
2 2 2 2 2 2 x
1
8
Cosine is a 2π Periodic
cos θ
θ
−3π −2π −π 0 π 2π 3π
One period
2π
cos θ: Domain: all real numbers, (−∞, ∞)
Range: −1 to 1, inclusive [−1, 1]
cos θ is an even function; it is symmetric about the y-axis.
cos(−θ) = cos(θ)
Example: Sketch the graph of y = 2 sin (–3x).
Rewrite the function in the form y = a sin bx with b > 0
Use the identity sin (– x) = – sin x: y = 2 sin (–3x) = –2 sin 3x
2
period: =
2
amplitude: |a| = |–2| = 2
b 3
Calculate the five key points.
x 2
0 6 3 2 3
y = –2 sin 3x 0 –2 0 2 0
y
( , 2)
2 2
2 5
6 6 3 2 3 6 x
(0, 0) ( , 0)
3 ( 2 , 0)
2 3
( , -2)
6 10
Properties of Sine and Cosine Functions
11
The Tangent Function
sin
tan
cos
When cos θ = 0, tan θ is undefined.
This occurs every odd multiple of π/2: { … −π/2, π/2, 3π/2, 5π/2, … }
−π/2 −1 0 −∞ −π/2 −∞
2 2
−π/4 −1 −π/4 −1
2 2
0 0 1 0 0 0
2 2
π/4 1 π/4 1
2 2
π/2 1 0 ∞ π/2 ∞
Graph of Tangent Function: Periodic
tan θ Vertical asymptotes
where cos θ = 0
sin
tan
cos
θ tan θ
−π/2 −∞
−π/4 −1
−3π/2 −π/2 0 π/2 3π/2 θ
0 0
π/4 1
π/2 ∞
One period: π
tan θ: Domain: θ ≠ π/2 + πn; i.e., odd multiple of π/2 .
Range: all real numbers (−∞, ∞)
tan θ is an odd function; it is symmetric about the origin.
tan(−θ) = −tan(θ)
The Cotangent Function
cos
cot
sin
When sin θ = 0, cot θ is undefined.
Table from θ = 0 to θ = π.
cotθ is π periodic.
0 0 1 ∞ 0 ∞
2 2
π/4 1 π/4 1
2 2
π/2 1 0 0 π/2 0
2 2
3π/4 −1 3π/4 −1
2 2
π 0 –1 −∞ π −∞
Graph of Cotangent Function: Periodic
Vertical asymptotes
cot θ where sin θ = 0
cos
cot
sin
θ tan θ
0 ∞
π/4 1
3π/4 −1
π −∞
cot θ: Domain: θ ≠ πn
Range: all real numbers (−∞, ∞)
cot θ is an odd function; it is symmetric about the origin.
tan(−θ) = −tan(θ)