JUNE 2019

CSC098: FOUNDATION COMPUTING I

Topic 3:
HARDWARE
COMPONENTS

By: Nawal Abdul Razak

JUNE 2019

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, student should be

able :
• To explain hardware components of a computer.
• To explain data and information processing in a computer.
• To express various ways in controlling power.
• To explain various ways in minimizing risk of injury.
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TOPICS

Input and Processing ,

output Storage and
devices Connectivity

Power
Ergonomics
control
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Memory and Connection Communication

Input devices Output devices
Storage devices device Devices
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Input Devices
• Devices used to enter data and instructions into the computer
• Examples of input devices
✔ Keyboards to enter typed data and commands
✔ Mouse to enter responses and commands
✔ Microphone to input sounds
✔ Scanner to input nondigital text
✔ Digital camera to input digital images
✔ Stylus to tap commands or draw on screen
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Input Devices: Keyboards

• Touch screen keyboards
• QWERTY layout
• Wireless keyboards
• work via radio frequencies
• Bluetooth technology
• wireless transmission standard that connects devices such as smartphones, tablets, and
laptops to peripheral devices
• Alternative keyboards
• Flexible keyboards
• Virtual laser keyboard
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Input Devices: Mice and Other Pointing Devices

• Optical mouse
• Internal sensor or laser detects movement
• Moves pointer on the screen
• Wireless mouse
• Optical and trackball
• Data sent by radio frequency (RF) or Bluetooth technology
• Touch pad or trackpad
• a small, touch-sensitive area at the base of the keyboard.
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Input Devices: Mice and Other Pointing Devices

• Game controllers send data to computer
✔ Joysticks
✔ Game pads
✔ Steering wheels

• Most are wireless to provide extra mobility

• Force-feedback joysticks and steering wheels deliver data in both directions.
(eg: machine gun, the stick would vibrate in your hands)
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Input Devices: Image Input

• Digital cameras, camcorders, cell phones
• Capture pictures and video
• Flatbed scanners
• Create digital image
• Webcams
• Capture and transmit live video
• Used for videoconferences
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Input Devices: Sound Input

• A microphone (mic) captures sound waves and transfer them to digital format
• Microphone with voice recognition software
• Sound input allows
• Video conferencing
• Audio conferencing
• Chatting with friends or family over the Internet
instead of using a phone
• Recording podcasts
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Input Devices: Sound Input

• Unidirectional (1-direction)
• Omnidirectional (all direction at once)
• Bidirectional (from front and back of the mic)
• Clip-on microphones
• Close-talk microphones (attached to a headset-
eg: telephones, videoconferencing)
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Input Devices: Sensors

• Sensor – any device that detects or measures something
• Example of sensors found in smartphones and tablets
• Accelerometer • Barometer
• Gyroscope • Thermometer
• Magnetometer • Pedometer
• Proximity sensor • Fingerprint sensor
• Light sensor • Heart rate monitor
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Output Devices
• Send data out of the computer
• Text
• Pictures
• Sounds
• Video

• Examples
• Monitors
• Printers
• Speakers and earphones
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Output Devices: Image output (monitor)

• Liquid crystal display (LCD)
• Flat panel
• Light and energy efficient

• Light-emitting diode (LED)

• More energy efficient than LCD monitors
• Better color accuracy and thinner panels

• Organic light-emitting diode (OLED)

• Use organic compounds that produce light
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Output Devices: Monitors

• How LCD monitors work

• Screens are grids made up of millions of tiny dots called pixels

• Each pixel is composed of red, blue, and green subpixels (and
sometimes yellow)
• Two or more sheets of material are filled with liquid crystal solution
• Crystals block or let light shine through to cause images to form on the
screen
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Output Devices: Monitors

• Choosing an LCD Monitor
Criteria Description

Aspect ratio Width to height proportion

Resolution Number of pixels displayed on screen

Contrast ratio Difference in light intensity between brightest

white and darkest black
Viewing angle Distance in degrees from which you can move to
the side of (or above or below) a monitor
Brightness Greatest amount of light showing when the
monitor is displaying pure white
Response time Time it takes for a pixel to change colour
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Output Devices: Monitors

• 27-inch monitor
• 2560 × 1440 pixels

• 21.5-inch monitor
• 1680 × 1050 pixels

• Blu-ray movies
• Require at least 1920 × 1080 pixels

• Ultra HD monitor
• 3840 x 2160 resolution
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Output Devices:
• Built-in features
• Speakers, webcams, microphones (on
laptop)
• Multiformat memory card reader
• USB ports
• Projectors
• Entertainment projectors
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Output Devices: Printers

• Impact Printer
• Has tiny hammer-like keys that strike the paper through an inked ribbon to make
marks on the paper.
• Eg: dot-matrix

• Nonimpact printer
• Sprays ink (eg: inkjet printers) or uses laser beams (eg: laser printers) to transfer
marks onto the paper.

• Nonimpact printers have replaced impact printers almost entirely

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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Output Devices: Printers

Faster printing Affordable

speed

Inkjet High-quality
Quick and Higher quality color
quietLaser printouts

More Quick and

expensive quiet
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Output Devices: Printers

• Wireless printer
• No wires
• Several people can print to same printer from different places
• Two types – WiFi and Bluetooth
• Range of up to approx. 300 feet
• WiFi sends data more quickly
• Allows you to print from portable devices
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

• All-in-one printer
• Functions as printer, scanner, copier, and fax

• Plotter
• Used to print oversize images

• Thermal printer
• Emerging as popular
technology for mobile
and portable printing

• 3 D printer
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Output Devices: Printers

• Selecting a printer
• Primary printing need first
• Speed (pages per minute)
• Resolution (dots per inch)
• Color output
• Cost of consumables
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Sound Output
• Speaker is output device for sound
• Inexpensive speakers come with computers
• Surround-sound speakers
• Wireless speaker systems

• Headphones or earbuds avoid distracting others

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1. Which of the following is an 2. This type of printer uses to fuse the

example of an input device? toner to the page

A. Trackpad
A. Laser printer
B. Touch-responsive glass panel
B. Inkjet printer
C. Lavalier
C. 3D printer
D. All of the above
D. Cloudy-ready printer
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Processing and Memory on the

Motherboard
• Motherboard:
• Main circuit board containing central electronic
components of the computer
• CPU
• ROM, RAM, and cache
• Slots for expansion cards
• Network interface card (NIC)
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Processing and Memory on the Motherboard: Memory

RAM
Random access memory
• Stores instructions and data
• Series of several memory
cards or modules
• Temporary (volatile)
storage
ROM
Read-only memory
• Stores startup instructions
• Permanent (nonvolatile)
storage
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Processing and Memory on the Motherboard: Memory

• Central Processing Unit
• CPU or processor
• “Brains” of the computer
• Controls all functions of the computer’s components
• Processes all commands and instructions
• Billions of tasks per second
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Processing and Memory on the Motherboard: Memory

• CPU Performance Measures
• Processor speed measured in hertz (Hz)
• Megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz)
• Number of cores
• Single
• Dual
• Quad
• Ten
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Storing Data and Information: Hard Drives

• Primary device for permanent storage
• Holds stored programs and data
• Internal hard drive
• Inside the system
• Holds all permanently stored programs and data
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Storing Data and Information: Hard Drives

• Hard disk drive • Solid-State Drive (SSD)

⮚ No moving parts
⮚ Primary storage device
⮚ No noise
⮚ Nonvolatile storage
⮚ Emits little heat
⮚ Internal drive
⮚ Requires little power
⮚ External hard drive
⮚ Less likely to fail
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Storing Data and Information: Hard Drives

• Permanent storage devices are located in your

desktop or laptop computer in a space
called a drive bay.

• Internal drive bays

• Reserved for internal hard drives

• External drive bays

• House CD or DVD drives
• Notebook expansion attaches external
drive via USB port
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Storing Data and Information: Hard Drives

• External hard drives
• Large portable storage needs
• Small and lightweight
• Attach to computer via USB port
• Care must be taken when transporting
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Storing Data and Information: Cloud Storage

Cloud storage : to use a service that keeps your files on the Internet (in the “cloud”)
rather than storing files solely on a local device.
• cloud storage service requires the software or an app is installed on the device.
• Types of Cloud Storage
• Dropbox
• OneDrive
• iCloud
• Google Drive
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Storing Data and Information: Flash Storage

• Flash drive—jump drive, USB drive, thumb drive
• Solid-state flash memory
• No moving parts
• Significant storage capacity
• USB
• Appears as another disk drive
• Wireless flash drives
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Storing Data and Information: Flash Storage

• Flash memory card
• Convenient
• Portable
• Solid-state flash memory
• Transfer data between devices
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Storing Data and Information: Optical Storage

• Compact discs (CDs)
• Audio files

• Digital video discs (DVDs)

• Store more data than CDs

• Blu-ray discs (BDs)

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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Connecting Peripherals to the Computer

• A port is a place through which a peripheral device attaches to computer
• Many ports are located on the back of the computer
• Some commonly used ports are placed on the front and sides for easier access
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Connecting Peripherals to the Computer: High-Speed and Data

Transfer Ports
• Thunderbolt Ports
• Developed by Intel
• Fiber optic technology
• Transfer speeds up to 20 GB/s
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Connecting Peripherals to the Computer: High-Speed and Data

Transfer Ports
• Universal serial bus (USB) is the most common port type used to connect input and output
devices to a computer
• USB 2.0 port is current standard
• Transfer data at 480 megabits per second

• New USB 3.0 standard provides transfer speeds that are 10 times faster
• Should quickly become the port of choice
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Connecting Peripherals to the Computer: High-Speed and Data

Transfer Ports
• FireWire 800
• Doubles rate to 800 Mbps

• Fire Wire is declining in popularity

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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Connecting Peripherals to the Computer: Connectivity and

Multimedia Ports
• Connectivity port
• Access to networks and the Internet
• Ethernet port
• Up to 10,000 Mbps

• Audio ports
• Connect headphones, microphones, speakers
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Connecting Peripherals to the Computer: Connectivity and

Multimedia Ports
• Video ports
• Connect monitors and multimedia devices
• Video graphics array (VGA) - port to connect older LCD monitors
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Connecting Peripherals to the Computer:

Connectivity and Multimedia Ports
• Digital video interface (DVI): Ports used to connect newer LCD
monitors and other multimedia devices
• Video ports
• Connect monitors and multimedia devices
• High-definition multimedia interface (HDMI)
• Digital connector for use in HD home theater
environments
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Connecting Peripherals to the Computer: Connectivity and

Multimedia Ports
• Expansion cards
• New port standards

• Expansion hubs
• Connect several devices to a port
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Power Controls
• Power supply transforms wall voltage
to voltages required by computer chips
• Cold boot: Powering on your computer
from a completely turned-off state
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Power Controls
• Sleep Mode
• Documents, applications, data remain in RAM
• Hibernate
• Similar to Sleep
• All data is stored on hard drive
• Computer is powered off
• Warm boot
• Restarting the system while it’s powered on
• Cold boot
• Powering computer from a complete turned off state
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ERGONOMICS

Refer to how you set up your computer to minimize risk of

injury, discomfort, or eyestrain
ERGONOMICS
Guidelines to follow: Monitor position, adjustable chair,
proper position while typing, take breaks, adequate lighting
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ERGONOMICS

Devices for People with Disabilities

• Voice recognition
• Larger key keyboards
• Display screen keyboards
• Specialized input consoles
• Keyboards designed for one hand
• Special trackballs
• Head-mounted pointing devices
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ERGONOMICS
JUNE 2019

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

1. Which of the following is NOT an 2. Which power control option

essential component of a performs a warm boot?
motherboard?
a) CPU
a) Restart
b) RAM
b) Sleep
c) Expansion slot
c) Log off
d) Flash memory card
d) Shut down
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REFERENCES

Evans,A., Martin, K. and Poatsy, M.A.,Technology In Action, 16th edition, Pearson Prentice
Hall, 2021.
i. Input and output devices, Processing, Storage, and
Connectivity, Power control, Ergonomics (Chapter 2, 73 - 99)