COURSE – BASIC BSC (N) II YR

MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING-I

Unit XII Communicable Disease

MEASLES AND MUMPS

PROF.K.MUNIAMMA DEVI
MEASLES
 INTRODUCTION

It is an infection of the respiratory and immune system,

caused by a paramyxovirus or rubeola

• Secretions from nose and mouth is highly contagious

• Incubation period: 7-10 days

• Infective period: 4-9 days

 DEFINITION
Measles is a highly infectious illness caused by the
rubeola virus characterized by a maculo papular rash
erupting successively over the neck, face, body and
extremities and accompanied by a high fever.
 CAUSES

Measles is caused by the measles virus, a single-

stranded, negative-sense, enveloped RNA virus of the
genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae
 TRANSMISSION

 Measles is a highly contagious virus that lives in the

nose and throat mucus of an infected person.

 It can spread to others through coughing and

sneezing.

 Also, measles virus can live for up to two hours in an

airspace where the infected person coughed or
sneezed.
 RISK FACTORS

Being unvaccinated - If a person haven't received

measles vaccine he is more likely to develop measles
disease.

Traveling internationally - If a person travel to

developing countries (if measles is prevalent), he is at
higher risk of catching the disease.

Vitamin A deficiency - If a person don't have enough

vitamin A in the diet, he is more likely to have more-
severe symptoms and complications.
 ETIOPATHOGENESIS

Due to infection / causes

Through the portal of entry , respiratory tract

where the virus multiplies in respiratory
epithelium
Primary viremia occurs resulting in infection of the
reticuloendothelial system

Secondary viremia and systemic symptoms

 SYMPTOMS

The symptoms of measles always include fever and

three Cs:

 cough

 coryza, or runny nose

 conjunctivitis
CONTD…
other symptoms may include:
 sneezing / dry hacking cough
 swollen eyelids and inflamed eyes
 watery eyes
 photophobia, or sensitivity to light
 a reddish-brown rash
 Koplik’s spots (grayish-white spots with bluish-white
centers) in the mouth, insides of cheeks, and throat
 generalized body aches
 STAGES
The infection occurs in sequential stages for 2-3 weeks.

1. Infection and incubation

 Incubation period: 10 to 14 after getting infected
 No signs / symptoms of measles during this time.

2. Nonspecific signs and symptoms

 Mild to moderate fever,
 Persistent cough
 Runny nose
 Inflamed eyes (conjunctivitis) and
 Sore throat, lasts for 2-3 days.
 STAGES, contd…

3. Acute illness and rash

 The rash consists of slightly raised, small red spots,
give the skin a splotchy red appearance.
 The face breaks out first and the rash spreads to the
arms, trunk, then over the thighs, legs and feet.
 The fever rises sharply, (104 -105.8 F / 40 - 41 C).
 The measles rash gradually recedes, fading first from
the face and last from the thighs and feet.
 STAGES, contd…

4. Communicable period

A person with measles can spread the virus to

others for about eight days, starting four days before the
rash appears and ending when the rash has been
present for four days.
 COMPLICATIONS

• Ear infection. (most common complication)

• Bronchitis, laryngitis or croup.

• Pneumonia: People with compromised immune

systems can develop an especially dangerous variety

of pneumonia that is sometimes fatal.

CONTD..
• Encephalitis
• About 1 in 1,000 people develops encephalitis.
• May occur right after measles, or it might not occur
until months later.

• Pregnancy problems
• During pregnancy measles can cause preterm labor,
low birth weight or maternal death.
DIAGNOSIS

• Positive serology : measles antibody titre in

serum( IgM antimeasles antibody present 3
days after rash and persists 1month)
 TREATMENT

Bed rest to help boost immune system

good nutrition/ adequate fluid intake for dehydration.
acetaminophen or ibuprofen to reduce fever.
antibiotics: to treat eye/ ear infections, and pneumonia.
a humidifier to ease a cough and sore throat.
All children with measles should receive two doses of
vitamin A supplements, given 24 hours apart.
Vitamin A can help prevent eye damage and blindness.
 PREVENTION

The only way to prevent measles is to get the

measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.

Vaccine

MMR vaccine given at 12 to 15 months old (first dose)

and again at 4 to 6 years (booster dose)

 STEPS TO PREVENT INFECTION

 Wash hands often with soap and water / clean hands

with hand sanitizer (containing at least 60% alcohol).
 Don’t touch eyes, nose, or mouth.
 Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when
coughing or sneezing.
 Try to avoid close contact (hugging, or sharing eating
utensils or cups) with people who are sick..
 CONCLUTION

Measles is the acute communicable disease but

have become an unusual disease due to preventable

methods

However, it is still a cause of deaths of children in the

rural area,
MUMPS
 DEFINITION

Mumps is a viral disease caused by the mumps

virus characterized by fever, muscle pain, headache,
poor appetite, and painful swelling of one or both parotid
salivary glands.
Symptoms typically occur 16 to 18 days after exposure
and resolve after 7 to 10 days.
 CAUSES

• It can be transmitted by respiratory secretions

(e.g. saliva) from a person already affected with the
condition.
• When contracting mumps, the virus travels from the
respiratory tract to the salivary glands and
reproduces, causing the glands to swell.
 RISK FACTORS

Unvaccinated individuals with no proof of immunity

Children between 2-12 years
International travel, (countries without mumps vaccine)
Individuals in states of immunodeficiency.
Working or living in close proximity to individual(s)
infected with rubeola virus.
 SYMPTOMS

Symptom develop a few days before parotid gland swell

These can include:
headache
joint pain
feeling sick
dry mouth
mild abdominal pain
feeling tired
loss of appetite
a high temperature (fever) of 38C (100.4F), or above
CONTD….

Initial symptoms: ear ache on affected side, pain and

stiffness on opening the mouth

Pain and swelling due to involvement of parotid,

sublingual and submandibular glands

Swelling subsides in 1-2 weeks

Can affect testis, pancreas, ovaries, prostate and CNS

Severe cases: Fever 3-5 days

 COMPLICATIONS

 inflammation of the testicles (orchitis) in males who

have reached puberty, leading to testicular atrophy
inflammation of the ovaries (oophoritis) and mastitis
deafness
pancreatitis
encephalitis
meningitis
 INVESTIGATIONS

• Mumps is diagnosed based on clinical symptoms,

(swelling of neck and lower face region, which is a
trademark of mumps infection

• Buccal swab PRC

• Antibody test
• Salivary Culture
• Spinal Tap
• Pancreatic Enzyme testing
 TREATMENT

• Treatment is focused on relieving symptoms until

body’s immune system fights off the infection.

• There are currently no medications to treat the

mumps virus.

• The infection usually passes within a week or two.

CONTD…
adequate bed rest until symptoms have passed
over-the-counter painkillers (Ibuprofen/ paracetamol)
(children < 16 years should not be given aspirin)
drink plenty of fluids
apply a warm or cool compress to swollen glands to
help reduce any pain
eat foods that don't require a lot of chewing, such as
soup, mashed potatoes and scrambled eggs
 PREVENTION

• The only way to prevent MUMPS is to get the

measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.

• MMR vaccine given at 12 to 15 months old (first

dose) and again at 4 to 6 years (booster dose)
 REFERENCES

• 1.Park.K (2019) . Park's Textbook of Preventive and

SocialMedicine.25THedition.BanarsidasBhanot
publishers.

• 2. Dhaar G.M, Robbani.I, (2006)Foundations of

community medicine,(I edition), Elsevier
publication, New Delhi.

• 3. Communicable diseases CABI.org

THANK YOU