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Physics Project
Physics Project
PROJECT – SELF
INDUCTANCE OF COILS
Made By:
Pranav Narang XI B (Science)
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index
1 CERTIFICATE 1
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
3 INDEX 3
5 THEORY 5
6 INDUCTANCE OF COILS 6
9 PROCEDURE 9
10 OBSERVATIONS 10
11 RESULTS 11
12 SOURCES OF ERROR 12
13 PRECAUTIONS 12
14 APPLICATIONS 13
15 BIBLIOGRAPHY 14
AIM AND INTRODUCTION
AIM:
To study the factor on which the self inductance of a coil depends by
observing the effect of this coil, when put in series with a resistor
(bulb) in a circuit fed up by an A.C. source of adjustable frequency.
INTRODUCTION
In electromagnetism and electronics, inductance is the property of an
electrical conductor by which a change in current through it induces
an electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby
conductors by mutual inductance.
These effects are derived from two fundamental observations of
physics: a steady current creates a steady magnetic field described
by Oersted’s law, and a time-varying magnetic field induces an
electromotive force (EMF) in nearby conductors, which is described
by Faraday’s law of induction. According to Lenz’s law a changing
electric current through a circuit that contains inductance induces a
proportional voltage, which opposes the change in current (self-
inductance). The varying field in this circuit may also induce an
EMF in neighboring circuits (mutual inductance).
THEORY
Theory
Self inductance is the property of a coil which opposes the change in current through it.
The self inductance of a coil (long solenoid) is
L =( μ_0 μ_r N2 A)/l
where µr = Relative magnetic permeability of magnetic material, µr =μ/μ_0
N =Total number of turns in solenoid
A = Area of cross-section of solenoid
l = Length of solenoid
Hence, the self inductance depends upon
No. of turns in solenoid
Geometry of coil, L A , L 1/l
Nature of core material, L µ
When an inductor is connected in series with a resistor (bulb) with a variable source of
frequency , then current flowing in the bulb is
Irms = E_rms/Z
where Z =√(R2 )+ ω2 L2 = Impedance of the a.c. circuit
Here R = Resistance of bulb
L = Self inductance of coil
ω = 2πf = Angular frequency of a.c. source.
The brightness of bulb i.e., Heat generated in bulb is
H = I_rme2 Zt
P = H/t = Irms2 Zt
P = Irms2 √R2 + ω2 L2
INDUCTANCE OF
COILS
Inductance of a Coil
L = VL/(di/dt) = 1volt/(1A/s) = 1Henry
Where: L is the inductance in Henries, VL is the voltage across the coil and
di/dt is the rate of change of current in Amperes per second, A/s.
Inductance, L is actually a measure of an inductors “resistance” to the
change of the current flowing through the circuit and the larger is its value in
Henries, the lower will be the rate of current change.
We know from the previous tutorial about the inductor, that inductors are
devices that can store their energy in the form of a magnetic field. Inductors
are made from individual loops of wire combined to produce a coil and if
the number of loops within the coil are increased, then for the same amount
of current flowing through the coil, the magnetic flux will also increase.
So by increasing the number of loops or turns within a coil, increases the
coils inductance. Then the relationship between self-inductance, ( L ) and the
number of turns, ( N ) and for a simple single layered coil can be given as:
Self Inductance of a Coil
L = Nφ / I
Where:
L is in Henries
N is the Number of Turns
Φ is the Magnetic Flux Linkage
Ι is in Amperes
This expression can also be defined as the flux linkage divided by the
current flowing through each turn. This equation only applies to linear
magnetic materials.
APPARATUS AND CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM
Materials Required:
A coil of large turns,
a.c. source of adjustable frequency,
an electrical bulb,
(6V) a.c. ammeter of suitable range rheostat
, a soft iron rod,
one way key,
connecting wires etc.
Circuit Diagram
DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
Procedure:
1. • Make all connections as shown in circuit diagram.
2. • Switch on the A.C. supply and adjust the constant current in the circuit
by using the variable resistor (R1) (let frequency of source is 60 Hz and
voltage is 6V).
3. • Record the current in A.C. ammeter and see the brightness of bulb.
4. • Now, put the soft iron rod inside the inductor core and record the current
in A.C. ammeter and again check the brightness of bulb. The current and
brightness both decreases.
5. • Now, switch off the supply and decrease the frequency of A.C. source
(say 50 Hz).
6. • Again switch on the supply and adjust the current in circuit at same
constant voltage 6V by using the rheostat. Note the current in ammeter
and brightness of bulb. The current and brightness both will increases.
7. • Again insert the iron in the core of coil and note the current and
brightness. The current and brightness both decreases.
8. • Repeat the steps 5, 6 and 7 for different frequency of A.C. source(say 40
Hz,30 Hz and 20 Hz).
OBSERVATIONS
2 50 Hz 5.5 A 4.9 A
3 40 Hz 5.2 A 4.6 A
4 30 Hz 4.8 A 4.3 A
5 20 Hz 4.4 A 4.0 A
RESULTS
Source of Error:-
The resistance of circuit mat increase slightly due to heating effect of
current.
There may be eddy current in soft iron coil.
In electromagnetism and electronics, inductance is the property of an
electrical conductor by which a change in current through it induces an
electromotive force in both the conductor itself and in any nearby
conductors by mutual inductance.
Precautions:-
1. The coil should have number of turn.
2. Current should be passed for a small time to avoid the heating effect.
3. There should not be parallax in taking the reading of ammeter.
APPLICATIONS
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/magnetic-
effects-electric-current/force-current-carrying-conductor.php
http://gradestack.com/CBSE-Class-10th-Course/Magnetic-
Effects-of/Force-on-a-Current-/15035-2998-4742-study-wtw
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/
forwir2.html
https://www.seminarsonly.com/Engineering-Projects/Physics/
self-inductance-of-a-coil.php
https://www.elprocus.com/what-is-self-inductance-theory-
factors-its-applications/