Tribhuvan University

Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS)

Mid-term Defence Presentation

Presented to:
Internship Advisory Committee
B.V.Sc & A.H.
IAAS, Paklihawa Campus, TU

Interne
Advisor
Anusuya Bhattarai
Dr. Sushil Kumar Poudel
B. V. Sc & A.H.
Senior Veterinary Doctor,
Roll no- Eleven (11)
Animal Medical Centre
Research Site- Animal Medical Centre, Chuchhepati
 Outline of Presentation

Part I
Topic of Interest

Part II
Case Presentation

Part III
Internship Site Visited and
Activities
 Part I

Topic of Interest

Prevalence of the Causes of Anemia in Dogs: A Retrospective

Study
 Outline of Research Proposal
Introduction

• Background information
• Statement of the problem
• Rationale of the study
• Limitation of study

Objectives of Study

Literature Review

Methodology

Calander of Activities
 Introduction

• Anemia is a condition characterized by a reduction in red blood cell count or hemoglobin to

the established reference interval (Robert & Brown, 2004).
• It is the most prevalent hematologic disorder affecting the canine worldwide. This condition
can lead to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity, resulting in lethargy, weakness, and
compromised overall health in dogs(Singh et al., 2012).
• Anemia can be caused by a multitude of factors, including nutritional deficiencies, chronic
diseases, infections, and genetic abnormalities (Sofia et al., 2022).
Background Information
• Anemia is a common concern in veterinary medicine, often acting as a secondary indicator
of various underlying health issues. Dogs of all breeds, ages, and sizes can be susceptible
to anemia, yet the distribution of anemia and the contributing factors may vary
widely(Richard W. & C. Guillermo, 2014).
• While individual case reports and localized studies have offered insights into anemia in
dogs, large-scale data sets can provide a more accurate and generalized understanding of
its prevalence.
• Helpful diagnostic tools for anemia include erythrocyte count, reticulocyte count, and
blood smear characteristics (Robert & Brown, 2004).
Statement of problem
• Anaemia is a frequently diagnosed condition in veterinary practice. As anemia is life-
threatening it is essential to diagnose the underlying cause of anemia (Unit et al., 2012).
• The prevalence and underlying causes of anemia in dogs remain relatively understudied on a
larger scale (Sofia et al., 2022).
• A knowledge gap exists in terms of the distribution of different types of anemia and their
associations with factors such as breed, age, and gender. These gaps affect the ability to
make informed diagnostic decisions and provide a proper treatment plan to effectively
manage anemic dogs(Bhat et al., 2016).
• Addressing this gap is important in improving the overall health and welfare of canine
patients.
Rationale of study

The proposed retrospective study aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of a broad range of
canine medical records. By investigating the prevalence and underlying causes of anemia, the
study aims to:

 Determine the potential associations between anemia and factors such as breed, age, and
gender (Bhat et al., 2016).
 Identify the relationship between anemia and concurrent health conditions along with
potential underlying causes (Sofia et al., 2022).
 Contribute to the advancement of veterinary care(Unit et al., 2012).
Objective

• Main objective- To determine the prevalence of different types of anemia in dogs.

• Specific objective

 To identify the potential associations between anemia and factors such as breed, age, and
gender.
 To investigate the relationship between anemia and underlying health conditions.
Limitations of study
• Incosistent data.
• Selection biases.
• Lack of detailed history of clinical progression.
• Inability to establish causation.
Literature Review
• Anemia is a condition frequently encountered in dogs in veterinary clinical practice.
According to the study parasitemia (E. canis) is found to be one of the major causes of
anemia among the canine population (Weiss et al., 1999).
• The co-infection with several parasites E. canis, Anaplama spp., and Mycoplasma
haemocanis was encountered with hemolytic anemia, severe thrombocytopenia, and
leukocytosis; the severity of anemia is observed to be associated with E. canis infection
(PCV<15%) (Association et al., 2017).
• Chronic kidney disease is also one of the major causes of anemia in dogs. The direct
correlation between the degree of anemia and the extent of chronic renal failure (CRF) is
assessed by serum creatinine concentration (King et al., 1992).
• Presence of anemia is also found to be associated with heart failure (HF) and blood
creatinine (>1.6mg/dl). Prevalence of anemia was highest in dogs with Class-IV heart
failure (33.3%) followed by Class III (15.2%) (Yu & Huang, 2016).
• In the retrospective study in India on the prevalence of anemia, the highest prevalence was
found for the Labrador breed (39.80%) and the lowest for Mastiff (0.89%) (Bhat et al.,
2016).
• In the canine population during the acute stage of Trypanosomiasis anemia is encountered
along with leukocytosis and lymphocytosis(Conrad et al., 2011).
Methodology
• Site of study- Animal Medical Centre (AMC), Chabahil Chuchhepati.
• Research Design- A retrospective study design will be adapted to analyze the data from
medical records of dogs diagnosed with anemia.
• Study Population- The criteria for the population under study are:
 Inclusion criteria- Dogs with confirmed anemia diagnosis (PCV<32%) of any breed or sex
and clinical follow-up at AMC.
 Exclusion criteria- Records with incomplete or missing information, cases of anemia due to
trauma, dogs less than 6 months of age as the reference values are different from that of
adults. Samples recorded with macroscopic alterations such as lipemia, hemolysis, and
blood clots are to be excluded as they result in artifactual changes in CBC.
Study variables

• Dependent variable

 Prevalence of causes of Anemia- This is the main outcome variable of interest. It represents
the frequency or proportion of cases attributed to different causes of anemia. Categories
could include nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases, infectious agents, and blood loss.
 Independent variables
 Dog demographics- Breed, Age, Gender, Weight
 Anemia Diagnosis- Haemoglobin level, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Reticulocyte count,
Types of anemia (microcytic, normocytic, macrocytic).
 Clinical symptoms- Fatigue, pale mucous membrane, weakness, increased heart rate.
 Concurrent disease- Chronic kidney disease, auto-immune disorders, neoplastic conditions.
 Tick borne infestation
Data collection tools and procedures

 Review the medical records available in the software ‘Mero Pet’ in Animal Medical Centre,
Chuchhepati.
 Collect data on dog demographics, whole blood profile, serum biochemistry, anemia
diagnosis, clinical symptoms, and treatment history.

Data analysis

 The collected data will be entered into Microsoft Excel 2010. The analysis will be done by
using SPSS 25 version software.

 The prevalence of anemia will be analyzed with different factors like causes, breed, age,
and gender using the Chi-square test at the confidence level of 95%.
Calander of Activities

Activities Jestha Aashad Shrawan Bhadra Aashwin Kartik/

Mangsir
Literature collection
and proposal
preparation

Data collection

Data analysis and

report writing

Report Submission
References

• Association, T., Kaewmongkol, S., & Thengchaisri, N. (2017). Association of Ehrlichia canis, Hemotropic Mycoplasma
spp. and Anaplasma platys and severe anemia in dogs in Thailand. Veterinary Microbiology.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.022

• Bhat, R. A., Dhaliwal, P. S., & Sood, N. K. (2016). A retrospective study on prevalence of anaemia in dogs. Indian
Journal of Veterinary Pathology, 40(4), 365. https://doi.org/10.5958/0973-970x.2016.00086.9

• Conrad, P., Thomford, J., Yamane, I., Whiting, J., Bosma, L., Uno, T., Holshuh, H. J., & Shelly, S. (1991). Hemolytic
anemia caused by Babesia gibsoni infection in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 199(5),
601–605. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/1787120

• King, L. G., Giger, U., Diserens, D., & Nagode, L. A. (1992). Anemia of Chronic Renal Failure in Dogs. 264–270.

• Richard W., N., & C. Guillermo, C. (2014). Small Animal Internal Medicine. In Igarss 2014 (Issue 1, pp. 1–5).
• Robert, B., & Brown, E. B. (2004). No 主観的健康感を中心とした在宅高齢者における 健康関連指標に関する共
分散構造分析 Title (Issue 1).
• Singh, R., Ravjoyt, S., Beigh, S. A., & Bhardwaj, R. K. (2012). PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN DOGS FROM JAMMU
REGION. 4(1), 32–34).

• Sofia, A. N. A., Andrade, S., Maria, D., & Mendes, C. (2022). FACULDADE DE MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA
PREVALENCE OF THE CAUSES OF ANEMIA IN DOGS FACULDADE DE MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA PREVALENCE
OF THE CAUSES OF ANEMIA IN DOGS.

• Weiss, D. J., Evanson, O. A., & Sykes, J. (1999). A Retrospective Study of Canine Pancytopenia. Veterinary Clinical
Pathology, 28(3), 83–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.1999.tb01053.x

• Yu, I. B., & Huang, H. (2016). Prevalence and Prognosis of Anemia in Dogs with Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease.
2016, 1–6
 Part- II

A Case Presentation on ‘Paraphimosis in Dogs’

Case information
Physical parameters
• Date of arrival at AMC- 25th July 2023 • Weight- 14.7 kg
• Owner’s name- Sapana Ghimire
• Temperature- 101.9‫ﹾ‬F
• Address- Kapan, Kathmandu
• Pet’s name- Willo • Mucous membrane- Pink
• Sex- Male
• Examination
Breed- Mixed
• Age- 4 years • Bright, Alert, Responsive (BAR).
• Physical examination revealed
History
• Exposed penile region observed from the oedematous, hyperaemic, and non-
last week.
• Loss of appetite. retractile protruding penis on gentle
• Difficulty in urination. palpation.
• Vaccination (3 shots) up to date as per
• Presence of several hemorrhagic areas.
owner.
Diagnosis
• Diagnosis was done by visual inspection of the penis
protruding from the prepuce at the time of presentation.
• Diagnosis was done by Dr. Sushil Kumar Poudel.
• After the diagnosis the pet was immediately considered
for correction of paraphimosis and for castration under
GA. No blood tests were recommended.
• The surgical procedures were carried out by Dr. Anil
Yadav.

A dog with paraphimosis

Correction
• The correction procedure was carried out under general anesthesia
(GA).
 Induction- 1.5ml Xylazine: Ketamine in the ratio 1:2 (@1ml/10kg
body weight).
Post sedative preparation
• Canula fixation.
• Ceftriaxone @450 mg I/V.
• Meloxicam@ 0.6ml S/C.
• Preparation of site was done by first shaving and scrubbing with
Savlon.
Fig: Urine withdrawal using
• Local application of 2% lignocaine hydrochloride gel over the penis. a catheter and syringe
Surgical Procedure
• A crescent-shaped incision was
made on the skin cranial to the
prepuce.
• Shortening of the preputial muscle
and advancing of prepuce
cranially.
• The penis was replaced in the
preputial cavity, and the incision
was closed using a purse string
suture pattern.
• Castration was done. Correction Procedure
Post-surgery
• The dog was admitted to the hospital and
monitored till it was normal.
• During the course of its admission, the
medicine given was:
 Ceftriaxone @ 450 mg x I/V x BID for 5 days.
• Skin sutures were removed 10 days
postoperatively.
• An Elizabethan collar was suggested to use to
prevent self-mutilation.
• The dog was discharged on 30th July. Dog after recovery (on the
day of discharge).
Case Discussion

• Paraphimosis is the inability to completely reduce the penis into the preputial cavity. It is
most commonly seen in young male dogs(Monnet, 2023).

• Paraphimosis may be associated secondary to hypoplastic prepuce (congenital or acquired

from early stage castration), trauma (Os penis fracture), relatively small or stenotic
preputial orifice, transmissible venereal Tumor (TVT) (Kumar et al., 2012).

• Paraphimosis due to excessive sexual activity is usually seen in young male dogs(Dash et
al., 2023).
• The skin at the preputial orifice becomes inverted, trapping the extruded penis and
impairing venous drainage. The exposed penis quickly becomes edematous, because its
venous drainage is compromised(Dash et al., 2023).
 Treatment
Diagnosis
• The treatment and management of paraphimosis depend
• Clinicians can make a
on clinical signs and duration of the condition (Dash et
diagnosis of paraphimosis by
al., 2023).
visual inspection of the penis
 Conservative Approach
protruding from the prepuce.
• The use of hyperosmolar magnesium sulfate solution or
• The entire length of the penis
2% lignocaine hydrochloride in combination with ice
should be examined to
packs reduces the edema and facilitated the return of the
determine if any other
penis into the prepuce.
urogenital abnormalities exist.
• The penis is then replaced inside the prepuce by first
The prepuce should also be
sliding the prepuce in a posterior direction, extruding the
examined (Monnet, 2023).
penis further (Thavani, 2023).
• Surgical Approach Differential diagnosis
 In dogs where conservative treatment by • Paraphimosis is easily differentiated
manual reduction is not possible due to from priapism (persistent erection
constricted preputial orifice, preputiotomy without sexual stimulation), a
under general anesthesia should be done. congenitally short prepuce with
 Incision is given at the ventral aspect of the secondary penile exposure, penile
preputial orifice to facilitate the reduction of neoplasia, or a penile hematoma on
the protruded penis into the preputial sheath. the basis of physical
 The incision is closed routinely followed by a examination(Gruenberg & Plumb,
purse string suture at the preputial orifice 2016).
(Somerville & Anderson, 2001).
References

Dash, J., Behera, S. S., Sn, V., Mishra, S. R., & Behera, M. (2023). Management of paraphimosis in dogs : A
report of 4 cases Management of paraphimosis in dogs : A report of 4 cases. July, 4–6.
Kumar, A., Sangwan, V., Mahajan, S. K., Singh, N. D., Singh, K., Anand, A., & Saini, N. S. (2012). Journal of
Advanced Veterinary Research Short Communications Transmissible Venereal Tumor Induced Paraphimosis
in Dogs. 2, 48–49.
Monnet, E. (2023). Small animal soft tissue surgery. Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery, 1–1025.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118997505
Somerville, M. E., & Anderson, S. M. (2001). Phallopexy for treatment of paraphimosis in the dog. Journal of
the American Animal Hospital Association, 37(4), 397–400. https://doi.org/10.5326/15473317-37-4-397
Thavani, K. L. (2023). Management of Paraphimosis in A Stray Dog - A Case Report. 42(2), 79–80.
https://doi.org/10.48165/ijar.2021.42.2.13
Gruenberg, W., & Plumb, D. (2016). Intestinal Diseases in Ruminants. In The Merck Veterinary Manual.
 Part- III

Internship site visited and activities involved

Site Visited

• Site I- Animal Medical Centre, Chuchhepati Kathmandu

• Site II- Central Referral Veterinary Hospital, Tripureshwor Kathmandu
• Site III- Central Veterinary Lab, Tripureshwor Kathmandu
• Site IV - NTNC Central Zoo, Jawalakhel Lalitpur
Site I- Animal Medical Centre

Removal of Abdominal Tumor in Dog A case of pyometra

Abdominocentesis in
the case of ascites in
Dental Scaling in Dog
dog
Illizarov External Fixation in Dog

Oral tumor removal and tooth

extraction in dog
Site II – Central Referral Veterinary Hospital, Tripureshwor

Site Visited

A case of perineal hernia in a male dog

A case of urinary
calculi in a male pug
Site III -Central Veterinary Lab, Tripureshwor

Fibrin deposition in the Mucous and mild

liver and heart hemorrhage in the
trachea
Streaking and observation of Gram-
positive cocci in milk sample of cow PM of broiler chicken ( Tentative Colibacillosis)
Site IV – NTNC,Central Zoo, Jawalakhel

Darting of beer for dressing the Diet formulation and

Site visited wound. feeding to ‘Emu’
Thank You