Introduction to CAD

Arba Minch University

Sawla Campus (AMU-SC)
Electromechanical Department

By: Mr. Ashenafi B. (M.Sc.)

Design-Manufacturing Process
Old (before computer era)

Sketch with pencils

Engineering Drawing
with pencils

Manufacturing
Sketch

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/leonardo-da-vinci-inventions.html
http://youtu.be/Rog5i2n1QVs
Eng. Drawing- http://modelenginenews.org/cardfile/m42.html
Eng. Drawing -Part
Manufacturing http://modelenginenews.org/cardfile/m42.html
 Now…. with computer
CAD (Solid Modeling) CAA (Computer Aided
Analysis)

CAM (Computer
Engineering Aided
Drawing Manufacturing) /Direct
Manufacturing

Manufacturing

CAD is a starting point of everything!

Check, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design
 Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE)
Use of computer systems to
analyze CAD geometry.

Allows designer to simulate

and study how the product
will behave, allowing for
optimization.

Finite-element method
(FEM)
Divides model into
interconnected elements
Solves continuous field
problems.
http://www.cob.unt.edu/slides/Peak/old%205130/Class%2010/Animatn/
 Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
Use of computer systems to plan, manage, and
control manufacturing operations.
Direct or indirect
computer interface
with the plant’s
production resources.
Numerical control of
machine tools.
Programming of
robots.

http://cadcamfunda.com.p.in.hostingprod.com/cadcam_softwares
CAM http://blog.iqsdirectory.com/process-equipment/automation-equipment
-lost-jobs-or-efficient-production/
In this course, we will
cover
CAD (Solid Modeling) CAA (Computer Aided
Analysis)

CAM (Computer
Engineering Aided
Drawing Manufacturing) /Direct
Manufacturing

Manufacturing
 Computer Aided Design (CAD)
What is CAD?
 Originally CAD includes any techniques that use computers
in the design process including drafting, stress analysis and
motion analysis.
 But over the last 35 years, CAD has come to refer more
specifically to Computer Aided Design and Drafting.
 CAD program/software is an electronic tool that enables you
to make quick and accurate orthogonal and 3D drawings with
the use of a computer software packages.
 Computer drawings are neat, clean, highly presentable, and
can be modified easily.
 With CAD, parts or components can be modeled, visualized,
revised, and improved on the computer screen before any
engineering drawings have been created.
Capabilities of CAD
Some of the important capabilities of using CAD are;
1) Presentations
- You can create fine drawings with presentation
symbols and text styles.
- You can use CAD program to make on screen
presentations.
2) Flexibility in editing
- CAD provides the flexibility to make quick
alterations to drawings
- Some of the editing capabilities are such as; move
or copy drawing elements, enlarge or reduce size of
a drawing, make multiple copies of a drawing,
change units of measure and etc.
Capabilities of CAD (Cont.)
3) Units and accuracy level
- CAD program allows you to work with
great accuracy. You can also work with different
units of measure, such as architectural units,
engineering units, scientific units and surveyor
units.
4) Storage and access of drawings
- It is quick and convenient to organize CAD
drawings. You can have thousands of drawings
on a computer’s hard disk and you can open any
one of them within seconds.
Capabilities of CAD (Cont.)
5) Sharing CAD drawings
- The drawings can be shared by a number of users,
allowing them to coordinate projects and work as a
team. This is accomplished by connecting different
computers via a network. You can also publish your
drawings on the Internet and collaborate CAD
projects using a web site.
6) Project reporting
- The computer can be used to prepare project
reports.
7) Engineering analysis
- There is a separate category of programs called
CAE that can use CAD drawings for engineering
Capabilities of CAD (Cont.)

8) Computer aided manufacturing (CAM)

- CAM is a common method of manufacturing
used by large corporations.
- These systems import CAD drawings into
CAM programs to automate the manufacturing
process.
 CAD Drawbacks

•Initial cost of hardware and software

•Need to re-train staff
•Computers may crash and drawings are lost
•Security of files; files may be hacked
•Need to update software

Fig: Line drawing

plus rendering
CAD Models
A CAD model is a computer representation of
an object or part.
It contains all of the design information
including geometry, dimensions, tolerances,
materials and manufacturing information.
CAD models replace the paper blueprints and
engineering drawings
The simplest model used in CAD is a 2D model.
This model is essentially the computer graphics
equivalent to an orthographic projection.
 CAD Models (Cont.)
A 3D model is the most general model used in
CAD software. This model is equivalent to an
isometric view.
2 basic types of 3D models are wire frame and
surface models.
In a 3D wire frame model, only edges of the
object are represented.
A 3D surface model defines the object in terms of
surfaces such as plates (flat) and shells (curved) in
addition to edges.
Solid Modeling
The current state of the art in CAD, is the most
sophisticated method of representing an object.

Unlike wire frame or surface models, a solids

model represents an object in the virtual
environment just as it exists in reality, having
volume as well as surfaces and edges. In this
way, the interior of the object is represented in
the model as well as the outer surfaces.
 Use of solid models
Can be used for stress analysis, heat transfer
analysis, fluid flow analysis, and computer aided
manufacturing.
In the manufacturing process, to automatically
generate machine tool paths to machine an object.
To simulate the removal of material from an
initial block of material on the computer
Can be linked to Computer Numerical Control
(CNC) machine to carry out the removal of
material automatically allowing many identical
parts to be machined based directly on the solid
models.
 CAD Process
 Two types of activities: synthesis and
analysis.
 Synthesis is largely qualitative and hard to
capture on computer.
 Analysis can be greatly enhanced with
computers
 Once analysis is complete, design
evaluation- rapid prototyping
 Software packages for design optimization
Components of CAD/CAM/CAE
Systems
Major component is hardware
and software allowing shape
manipulation:

Hardware includes graphic

devices and their peripherals for
input and output operations.
Software includes program
packages that manipulate or
analyze shapes according to user
interaction.
Hardware Components
Graphic device is composed of a display
processing unit, a display device, and one or
more input devices
Input devices:
Mouse
Space ball
Data tablet with a puck or stylus
Keyboard
Output Devices:
Plotters
Color laser printers
Software Components
CAD software allows the designer to
create and manipulate a shape
interactively and store it.
CAM software plans, manages and
controls the operations of a
manufacturing site
CAE software analyzes design
geometry, allowing designer to study
product behavior.
 Rapid Prototyping
Layer by layer fabrication of 3D
physical models from CAD.
Fast and inexpensive alternative
for producing prototypes and
functional models.
Build parts in thin layers.
Minimum operation time;
Rapid Prototyping has typically runs unattended.
surgical applications

In addition to providing 3D visualization for digitally

rendered items, it can be used to test the efficiency of a
part/product design before manufacturing in large
quantities.
Rapid Prototyping Cycle
 CAD software
• AutoCAD, SolidWorks, Pro/Engineer, CATIA,
……

• Which one is the best?

Depends what you want.

• In this course, we are reliant on AutoCAD

software.
Introduction to AutoCAD

AutoCA
D
 Cont.
AutoCAD is an abbreviation stands for Automated
Computer Aided Design/ Drawing /Drafting which is an
application software that designers (Engineers &
Architects) use in their daily design activities and it by far,
helps in reducing the bulk of work to be done, had the
design been with ruler and pencil.
The use of CAD process provides enhanced graphics capabilities
which allows any designer to:
 Conceptualize his ideas
 Modify the design very easily
 Perform animation
 Make design calculations
 Use colures, fonts and other aesthetic features
 Advantage of AutoCAD
AutoCAD enhances the productivity and
quality of designs.
 Drawings get prepared in relatively shorter
duration.
 Reduced the manpower requirement .
 AutoCAD software is cost effective and
highly affordable.
 Designs can be drawn with greater accuracy.
 Facilitates easy modification and revision of
drawings.
 AutoCAD package utilize four areas on the screen:
I. Drawing Area: To provide space to prepare a drawing.
II. Menu Area: To allow the entry of various commands for preparing the
drawings.
III. Command Area: It consists number of dialog boxes which can be
utilized for preparing the drawings.
IV. Tool Area: To allow selection of various options for the drawing.
AutoCAD Window
 HOW AutoCAD WORKS

There is a co-ordinate system used in

AutoCAD.
 Every drawing shows its co-ordinate.
 There is so many commands like copy,
move ,rotate ,mirror in 2D, array , offset,
chamfer, fillet & more.
 Different types of drawing can be made in the
same time by using a command that is LAYER.
 Using line , arc , circle , rectangle , ellipse &
polygon , so many drawing of different type can
 Co-Ordinate System
 Every thing that we draw in AutoCAD is exact.
 All object drawn on screen is based on simple X-Y coordinate
system.
 In AutoCAD it is known as world co-ordinate system (WCS).
 We are drawing a line, so we have two points A(-10,-4) and
B(9,6). As shown in figure.
 UCS vs WCS
The AutoCAD world is 3 dimensional. However, if we
want to draw a 2d object, such as a plan or a section, we
will use only 2 dimensions (x and y).
 WCS (world coordinate system) is the imaginary plane
that is parallel to the ground. It is the default coordinate
system.
 Modifications made to the World Coordinate System
(WCS) result in a User Coordinate System (UCS). It is
the plane that you work on. It enables the user to draw 3
dimensional objects.
 To create a new UCS, type ‘ucs’ on the command
window, then say New and specify 3 points on your new
 Angle Measurement in AutoCAD
Positive degrees are measured counter clockwise starting
from 3 o’clock that means from positive x-axis. Clockwise
angle measurement results negative degree.
Way to Provide Commands

1. Keystrokes/ Using Key Board

2. Drop Down Menu
3. Shortcut Icons
Ways of Inserting Point Commands

1. Absolute Co-ordinate Entry

X,Y
2. Relative Co-ordinate Entry
@X,Y
3. Polar Co-ordinate Entry
@D<A
Basic Drawing and Modifying Commands
Example-1
More Commands (i.e. Modifying & OSnap)
Example-2
Assignment-1
Assignment-2
Selecting Objects in AutoCAD
Important Modifying Commands
Example-3
Power Modifying Commands
Example-3
Assignment-2
Layers, Dimensioning, Text & Scale
Example-4
Direct Distance Entry & Object Tracking
Direct Tracking (ORTHO): Direct distance
entry. Constrains cursor movement to the horizontal or
vertical.
Polar Tracking (POLAR): Polar distance entry.
Object Snap Tracking.
Polyline Commands & Layouts
Hatching-Filling Areas
Three-Dimensioning (3D)
Drawing
Example-1
Example-2
Example-3
Example-4
Example-5
Assignment-4
End!!