Educational

psychology
PRESENTATION TOPIC: INTELLIGENCE
DEPARTMENT: PSYCHOLOGY
SEMESTER: 3RD
GROUP MEMBERS: FATIMA KHAN, RIMSHA FAROOQ, USWA NADEEM
,ANIQA SHARIF, RIMSHA SHAMAS
What is intelligence?
Intelligence is the ability to think, to learn from experience, to solve problems, and to adapt to new
situations. Intelligence is important because it has an impact on many human behaviors. The ability to
learn or understand or to deal with new or trying situations, the ability to apply knowledge to manipulate
one's environment or to think abstractly as measured by objective criteria.
Specifically, current definitions tend to suggest that intelligence is the ability to:
 Learn from experience: The acquisition, retention, and use of knowledge is an
important component of intelligence.
 Recognize problems: To use knowledge, people first must identify the problems it
might address.
 Solve problems: People must then use what they have learned to come up with
solutions to problems.

Types of Intelligence:
According to psychologists, there are four types of intelligence:
1. Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
2. Emotional Quotient (EQ)
3. Social Quotient (SQ)
4. Adversity Quotient (AQ)

1. Intelligence Quotient (IQ): This is the measure of your comprehension ability", solve
maths; memorize things and recall subject matters.
2. Emotional Quotient (EQ): This is the measure of your ability to maintain peace with
others; keep to time; be responsible; be honest; respect boundaries; be humble, genuine and
considerate.

3. Social Quotient (SQ): This is the measure of your ability to build a network of friends and
maintain it over a long period of time.
People that have higher EQ and SQ tend to go farther in life than those with high IQ but low
EQ and SQ. Most schools capitalize in improving IQ level while EQ and SQ are played
down.
A man of high IQ can end up being employed by a man of high EQ and SQ even though he
has an average IQ.
Your EQ represents your character; your SQ represents your charisma. Give in to habits that
will improve these three Qs but more especially your EQ and SQ. EQ and SQ make one
manage better than the other. So, don't teach children only to have higher IQ, but also to have
higher EQ and SQ.

4. The Adversity Quotient (AQ):

The measure of your ability to go through a rough patch in life and come out without losing
your mind.
AQ determines who will give up in face of troubles and may abandon their families.
 Main Theories of Intelligence in Psychology
Given the intense interest in the concept of intelligence, some of the field's greatest minds
have explored it from numerous angles. Following are some of the major theories of
intelligence that have emerged in the last 100 years.
 General intelligence
 Primary mental abilities
 Multiple intelligences
 The triarchic approach to intelligence

General Intelligence:
British psychologist Charles Spearman (1863–1945) described the concept of general
intelligence, or the "g factor." After using factor analysis to examine mental aptitude tests,
Spearman concluded that scores on these tests were remarkably similar.
People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other tests,
while those who scored badly on one test tended to score badly on others. He concluded that
intelligence is a general cognitive ability that researchers can measure and express
numerically.
Components of General Intelligence

There are several key components that are believed to make up general intelligence. these include:
 Fluid reasoning: This involves the ability to think flexibly and solve problems.

 Knowledge: This is a person's general understanding of a wide range of topics and can be equated with
crystallized intelligence.
 Quantitative reasoning: This involves an individual's capacity to solve problems that
involve numbers.

 Visual-spatial processing: This relates to a person's abilities to interpret and manipulate

visual information, such as putting together puzzles and copying complex shapes.

 Working memory: This involves the use of short-term memory such as being able to
repeat a list of items.
Multiple Intelligences
Among more recent ideas about intelligence is Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. He
proposed that traditional IQ testing does not fully and accurately depict a person's abilities. He proposed
eight different intelligences based on skills and abilities that are valued in various cultures.
 Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence: The ability to control body movements and handle objects
skillfully.

 Interpersonal intelligence: The capacity to detect and respond appropriately to the moods,
motivations, and desires of others.

 Intrapersonal intelligence: The capacity to be self-aware and in tune with inner feelings, values,
beliefs, and thinking processes.

 Logical-mathematical intelligence: The ability to think conceptually and abstractly, and to discern
logical or numerical patterns.

 Musical intelligence: The ability to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch, and timbre.

 Naturalistic intelligence: The ability to recognize and categorize animals, plants, and other objects
in nature.

 Verbal-linguistic intelligence: Well-developed verbal skills and sensitivity to the sounds, meanings,
and rhythms of words.

 Visual-spatial intelligence: The capacity to think in images and visualize accurately and abstractly.
Primary Mental abilities:

Psychologist Louis L. Thurstone (1887–1955) focused on seven primary mental abilities rather than a
single, general ability. These include:
 Associative memory: The ability to memorize and recall
 Numerical ability: The ability to solve mathematical problems

 Perceptual speed: The ability to see differences and similarities among objects

 Reasoning: The ability to find rules

 Spatial visualization: The ability to visualize relationships

 Verbal comprehension: The ability to define and understand words

 Word fluency: The ability to produce words rapidly

The Triarchic Approach to Intelligence

Psychologist Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as "mental activity directed

toward purposive adaptation to, selection, and shaping of real-world environments
relevant to one's life."
Although he agreed with Gardner that intelligence is much broader than a single,
general ability, he suggested that some of Gardner's types of intelligence are better
viewed as individual talents. Sternberg proposed the concept of "successful
intelligence," which involves three factors:

 Analytical intelligence: The ability to evaluate information and solve problems

 Creative intelligence: The ability to come up with new ideas

 Practical intelligence: The ability to adapt to a changing environment