4 PICS 1WORD

CELL
Compound Microscope Definitions for Labels
 Eyepiece (ocular lens) with or without Pointer: The part that is looked
through at the top of the compound microscope. Eyepieces typically
have a magnification between 5x & 30x.
 Monocular or Binocular Head: Structural support that holds & connects
the eyepieces to the objective lenses.
 Arm: Supports the microscope head and attaches it to the base.
 Nosepiece: Holds the objective lenses & attaches them to the
microscope head. This part rotates to change which objective lens is
active.
 Base: Bottom base of the microscope that houses the illumination &
supports the compound microscope.
 Objective lenses: There are usually 3-5 optical
lens objectives on a compound microscope
each with different magnification levels. 4x, 10x,
40x, and 100x are the most common magnifying
powers used for the objectives. The total
magnification of a compound microscope is
calculated by multiplying the objective lens
magnification by the eyepiece magnification
level. So, a compound microscope with a 10x
eyepiece magnification looking through the 40x
objective lens has a total magnification of 400x
(10 x 40).
 Specimen or slide: The object used to hold the specimen in place along with slide
covers for viewing. Most slides & slide covers are thin glass rectangles.
 Stage or Platform: The platform upon which the specimen or slide are placed. The
height of the mechanical stage is adjustable on most compound microscopes.
 Stage clips or mechanical stage: Clips on the stage that hold the slide in place on
the mechanical stage.
 Aperture - Disc or Iris Diaphragm: Circular opening in the stage where the
illumination from the base of the compound microscope reaches the platform of the
stage.
 Abbe Condenser: This lens condenses the light from the base illumination and
focuses it onto the stage. This piece of the compound microscope sits below the
stage & typically acts as a structural support that connects the stage to arm or
frame of the microscope.
 Coarse and fine adjustment controls: Adjusts the focus of the microscope. These
knobs increase or decrease the level of detail seen when looking at the slide or
specimen through the eyepiece of the compound microscope.
 Stage height adjustment: Adjusts the position of the mechanical stage vertically &
horizontally. It is important to adjust these knobs so that the objective lens is never
coming into contact with the slide or specimen on the stage.
 Mirror: Reflects light into the base of the microscope. Earlier microscopes used
mirrors that reflected light into the base of the microscope instead of halogen bulbs
as their source of illumination.
 Illumination: Light used to illuminate the slide or specimen from the base of the
microscope. Low voltage halogen bulbs are the most commonly used source of
illumination for compound microscopes.
 Bottom Lens or Field Diaphragm: Knob used to adjust the amount of light that
reaches the specimen or slide from the base illumination.
 In the past, what is the people’s
understanding about cell?
 What is the theory of spontaneous
generation all about?
 Theory of spontaneous generation-
life can arise from non living matter
 Aristotle- the earliest recorded scholar to
articulate the theory of spontaneous
generation
 Jan Baptista van Helmot- proposed
that mice could arise from rags and
wheat kernels left in an open container
for 3 weeks.
Francesco Redi-one of the first
to refute the idea that maggots
(the larvae of flies)
spontaneously generate on
meat left out in the open air
 John Needham-observed that the
broth contained numerous
microscopic creatures.
Lazzaro Spallanzani-
contradicted the ideas of
Needham
Louis Pasteur-the exposure of
a broth to air was not
introducing a life force to the
broth rather airborne
microorganisms. “Life only
comes from life”
The discovery of cells was
made possible by the
development of the microscope
in the 17 century.
th
 CELL
A cell is the smallest unit of life
that can replicate independently,
and cells are often called the
"building blocks of life".
ROBERT HOOKE
 ROBERT HOOKE
• In 1665, English physicist Robert
Hooke used the first light microscope
to look at thin slices of plant tissues.
• Hooke called them“cells” because
they reminded him of a monastery’s
tiny rooms, which were also known as
cells.
 ANTON VAN
LEEUWENHOEK
 ANTON VAN
LEEUWENHOEK
• Using a single powerful lens, he
crafted instruments that could
produce magnified images of very
small objects.
• His simple microscope enabled him
to see things no one had ever seen
before.
 ANTON VAN
LEEUWENHOEK
• In 1674, he was the first person to
see tiny living organisms in a drop
of water.
• He discovered free cells and
observed the nucleus within some
red blood cells.
 ROBERT BROWN
• He discovered the nucleus and
theorized that this structure is a
fundamental and a constant
component of the cell.
 FELIX DUJARDIN
• He found out that living cells
contained an internal substance.
 JAN EVANGELISTA
PURKINJIE
• Protoplasm-a colloidal substance
in the cell which is currently
known as cytoplasm.
THEODOR SCHWANN AND
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN
 THEODOR SCHWANN

A German zoologist concluded that

all animals are composed of cells.
 MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN

A German botanist stated that all

plants are composed of cells.
Schleiden and Schwann came
out with the theory that all
living things are composed of
cells.
RUDOLPH VIRCHOW
 RUDOLPH VIRCHOW
“All living cells come from pre-
existing living cells”
 CELL THEORY
1. All living things are composed of
one or more cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure
and function on organism
3. All living cells come from other
living cells by the process of cell
division.