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Water Chemistry IN Thermal Power Plants
Water Chemistry IN Thermal Power Plants
IN
THERMAL POWER PLANTS
Introduction : The rain water is the purest form of all waters. But when rain
water flows on the earth it gains impurities.
Agglomeration
Build-up
Decrease in efficiency
Danger of explosion
Coal
Steam
Turbine
Generator
Use of water in Thermal Power Plant
Steam Production
Steam Condensation – condenser tubes
Ash Disposal
Fire Safety
Service Water
Fouling
Colloidal Silica Scaling and deposition
Oil and Grease
Carryover & Foaming
Calcium / Magnesium Scaling
Sodium / Potassium Corrosion
Chlorides / Sulfates Corrosion
Carbonates / Bi Carbonates and Hydroxides Scaling and foaming
Silica scaling and deposition
1. Primary Treatment
2. Secondary Treatment
Primary Treatment of Water
Sedimentation
Aeration
Clarification
Coagulation
Flocculation
Filtration
Reservoir
Process of Sedimentation
Settling Time for particles
Cascade Aerator at KTPS-VI Stage
Cascade Aerator
Process of Coagulation
Coagulation & Flocculation
Clarifier-VI
Stage
Water Treatment in Clarifier
Zones of Clarifier
Filtration through sand bed
Instead of the water passing through small orifices through
which particles cannot pass, it runs through a bed of filter
medium, typically 0.75 mm sand 750 mm deep. The orifices
between such sand particles are relatively large, but dirt is
adsorbed onto the large surface area presented by the
medium.
ADSORPTION
The main difference is that while absorption involves the
mass transfer of particles into another material (one
substance absorbing another), adsorption takes place with
the adhesion of particles onto the surface of a substance.
Adsorption vs. Absorption
Rapid Gravity Filter
Types of Ions
Two types of Ions
Positively Charged Cations
Negatively Charged Anions
Formation of Salts
Ion Exchange Process
Ion Exchange Theory
Process of Ion Exchange
DEMINERALIZATION PLANT
Degasser
Internal Structure of a Resin Bed
Chemicals Used for Regenerating Cation Exchange Resin
Hydrochloric Acid
Sulphuric Acid
pH
pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes
from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate
acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base. pH
is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen
and hydroxyl ions in the water.
Deaerator
Boiler Drum
Boiler Drum
Boiler Drum Internal View
Condensate Polishing Unit
Contaminants of Feed Water
Oxides of iron, copper derived from turbine & condensate circuit.
Solids
Non Ferric Filter Alum
Ferric Chloride
Lime
Caustic Soda Lye Flakes
Sodium Metabisulphite
Ion exchange resins
Various Chemicals Used in Power Station
Route of entry
Skin contact, ingestion
And dust inhalation.
Effects on acute exposure
Eyes, Skin corrosive, cause severe burns,
sore throat, vomiting, scar or perforated
digestive track.
Safety Appliances for handling solids
Various Chemicals Used in Power Station
Liquids
Petrochemicals
Sulphuric Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
Caustic Soda Lye
Sodium Hypochlorite
Hydrazine Hydrate
Ammonia Solution
Antiscalant cum corrosion inhibitor
Biocide
Bio dispersant
Various Chemicals Used in Power Station
Acids
Route of entry
Skin contact, ingestion & inhalation.
Sulphuric Acid
Nature of material:- Large amount of Heat is
generated when water mixes with acid.
Sometimes, acid gets sprinkled.
Always add acid to water.
Acid spilled on material like paper, wood etc.,
may ignite combustion.
Severe burns when it comes in contact with
skin.
Various Chemicals Used in Power Station
Sulphuric Acid
Spillage or leakage:-
Don’t pour water over concentrated acid.
Dilute the spilled/ leaked acid slowly by
mixing water from the other side.
The diluted acid can be neutralized with lime
or washing soda
Various Chemicals Used in Power Station
Sulphuric Acid
Accidental Exposure:-
Eyes: wash them with clean water at least for 15
minutes.
Body: Remove the contaminated clothing and wash
the body with plenty of water. Cover the wounds with
clean cloth.
Don’t wash wounds with base or soda
Ingestion: don’t force vomiting. Drink plenty of
water.
Safety Appliances for handling Acids
Safety Appliances for handling Acids
Various Chemicals Used in Power Station
Gases
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Carbon dioxide
Liquid Chlorine
Safety with Liquid Chlorine Tonner
Various Chemicals Used in Power Station
Chlorine
Nature of material:-
Liquefied gas under pressure
Highly toxic & corrosive to tissues
Fatal if inhaled in high concentrations
Strong oxidizer
Reacts violently
Sometimes it supports combustion
Various Chemicals Used in Power Station
Chlorine Exposure
Low concentrations
Irritation of eyes, throat and lungs
Moderate concentrations
Severe cough, chest pain, breathing
shortness.
Concentrations > 50ppm
Bronchi spasm, inflammation and lung edema
over a period of time.
Safety with Liquid Chlorine Tonner
Structure of Liquid Chlorine Tonner
Wind Direction indicators near Chlorination Plants
Safety with Liquid Chlorine Tonner
Safety with Liquid Chlorine Tonner
Safety with Liquid Chlorine Tonner
Safety with Liquid Chlorine Tonner
Safety with Liquid Chlorine Tonner
Electric Cable Material