Electrocardiography

(ECG) Q & A

Francis Paul V. Jagolino, MD, MMHA, FPSP

Faculty, EAC School of Medicine
Faculty, San Beda College of Medicine
Faculty, EAC School of Respiratory Therapy
The ability of muscle to shorten forcefully is

A. Contractility
B. Excitability
C. Extensibility
D. Elasticity
The ability of muscle to shorten forcefully is

A. Contractility
B. Excitability
C. Extensibility
D. Elasticity
The ability of muscle to respond to a stimulus is

A. Contractility
B. Excitability
C. Extensibility
D. Elasticity
The ability of muscle to respond to a stimulus is

A. Contractility
B. Excitability
C. Extensibility
D. Elasticity
The ability of muscle to contract when stretched
beyond its normal resting length is

A. Contractility
B. Excitability
C. Extensibility
D. Elasticity
The ability of muscle to contract when stretched
beyond its normal resting length is

A. Contractility
B. Excitability
C. Extensibility
D. Elasticity
The ability of muscle to recoil to its resting
length after being stretched is

A. Contractility
B. Excitability
C. Extensibility
D. Elasticity
The ability of muscle to recoil to its resting
length after being stretched is

A. Contractility
B. Excitability
C. Extensibility
D. Elasticity
Which statement is true of a resting membrane
potential?
A. The plasma membrane is negative on the
outside with more sodium ions outside
B. The plasma membrane is negative on the
outside with more potassium ions outside
C. The plasma membrane is positive on the
outside with more sodium ions outside
D. The plasma membrane is positive on the
outside with more potassium ions outside
Which statement is true of a resting membrane
potential?
A. The plasma membrane is negative on the
outside with more sodium ions outside
B. The plasma membrane is negative on the
outside with more potassium ions outside
C. The plasma membrane is positive on the
outside with more sodium ions outside
D. The plasma membrane is positive on the
outside with more potassium ions outside
What occurs during the process of
depolarization?
A. Potassium gates open out of the cell making
the outside more positive
B. Sodium gates open into the cell making the
inside more negative
C. Calcium gates open into the cell making the
inside more positive
D. Sodium gates open into the cell making the
inside more positive
What occurs during the process of
depolarization?
A. Potassium gates open out of the cell making
the outside more positive
B. Sodium gates open into the cell making the
inside more negative
C. Calcium gates open into the cell making the
inside more positive
D. Sodium gates open into the cell making the
inside more positive
What occurs during the process of
repolarization?

A. Potassium gates open out of the cell making

the outside more positive
B. Sodium gates open into the cell making the
inside more negative
C. Calcium gates open into the cell making the
inside more positive
D. Sodium gates open into the cell making the
inside more positive
What occurs during the process of
repolarization?

A. Potassium gates open out of the cell making

the outside more positive
B. Sodium gates open into the cell making the
inside more negative
C. Calcium gates open into the cell making the
inside more positive
D. Sodium gates open into the cell making the
inside more positive
Which of the following is NOT a function of the
heart which helps to maintain homeostasis?

A. Routing blood
B. Generating blood pressure
C. Regulating blood supply
D. None of the above
Which of the following is NOT a function of the
heart which helps to maintain homeostasis?

A. Routing blood
B. Generating blood pressure
C. Regulating blood supply
D. None of the above
The heart is surrounded by this sac

A. Peritoneum
B. Meninges
C. Pleura
D. Pericardium
The heart is surrounded by this sac

A. Peritoneum
B. Meninges
C. Pleura
D. Pericardium
What membrane covers the surface of the
heart?

A. Fibrous pericardium
B. Visceral pericardium
C. Parietal pericardium
D. None of these membranes are the covering of
the heart's surface
What membrane covers the surface of the
heart?

A. Fibrous pericardium
B. Visceral pericardium
C. Parietal pericardium
D. None of these membranes are the covering of
the heart's surface
The heart wall is composed of three layers.
Which of the following is NOT a layer of the
heart wall?

A. Endocardium
B. Intercardium
C. Epicardium
D. Myocardium
The heart wall is composed of three layers.
Which of the following is NOT a layer of the
heart wall?

A. Endocardium
B. Intercardium
C. Epicardium
D. Myocardium
What is the name of the heart wall layer that
forms the inner surface of the heart chamber?

A. Epicardium
B. Myocardium
C. Endocardium
D. Pericardium
What is the name of the heart wall layer that
forms the inner surface of the heart chamber?

A. Epicardium
B. Myocardium
C. Endocardium
D. Pericardium
What are the veins that carry blood to the
heart?

A. Pulmonary veins
B. Inferior vena cava
C. Superior vena cava
D. All of these veins carry blood to the heart
What are the veins that carry blood to the
heart?

A. Pulmonary veins
B. Inferior vena cava
C. Superior vena cava
D. All of these veins carry blood to the heart
What are the two arteries that carry blood away
from the heart?

A. Superior vena cava and aorta

B. Pulmonary trunk and aorta
C. Pulmonary trunk and pulmonary vein
D. Pulmonary trunk and inferior vena cava
What are the two arteries that carry blood away
from the heart?

A. Superior vena cava and aorta

B. Pulmonary trunk and aorta
C. Pulmonary trunk and pulmonary vein
D. Pulmonary trunk and inferior vena cava
The right atrium receives blood from which of
the following veins?

A. Superior vena cava

B. Inferior vena cava
C. Coronary sinus
D. All of these veins carry blood to the right
atrium
The right atrium receives blood from which of
the following veins?

A. Superior vena cava

B. Inferior vena cava
C. Coronary sinus
D. All of these veins carry blood to the right
atrium
What are the blood vessels that carry blood to
the left atrium?

A. Pulmonary veins
B. Pulmonary arteries
C. Superior and inferior vena cava
D. All of these blood vessels carry blood to the
left atrium
What are the blood vessels that carry blood to
the left atrium?

A. Pulmonary veins
B. Pulmonary arteries
C. Superior and inferior vena cava
D. All of these blood vessels carry blood to the
left atrium
Which one of the following is a depression in the
right atrium that was the former opening
between the left and right atria of the fetal
heart?

A. Ductus arteriosus
B. Chordae tendineae
C. Fossa ovalis
D. None of these are correct
Which one of the following is a depression in the
right atrium that was the former opening
between the left and right atria of the fetal
heart?

A. Ductus arteriosus
B. Chordae tendineae
C. Fossa ovalis
D. None of these are correct
What is the function of heart valves?

A. To separate the ventricles

B. To make sure that blood flows in both
directions in the ventricles
C. To create turbulence in the ventricles
D. To prevent backflow of blood and ensure one-
way flow of blood in the heart
What is the function of heart valves?

A. To separate the ventricles

B. To make sure that blood flows in both
directions in the ventricles
C. To create turbulence in the ventricles
D. To prevent backflow of blood and ensure
one-way flow of blood in the heart
What is the name of the right atrioventricular
valve?

A. Bicuspid valve
B. Pulmonary semilunar valve
C. Tricuspid valve
D. All of the above are correct
What is the name of the right atrioventricular
valve?

A. Bicuspid valve
B. Pulmonary semilunar valve
C. Tricuspid valve
D. All of the above are correct
What are the string-like structures that attach
the atrioventricular valves to the heart wall?

A. Chordae tendineae
B. Pectinate muscles
C. Coronary sinuses
D. Ductus arteriosus
What are the string-like structures that attach
the atrioventricular valves to the heart wall?

A. Chordae tendineae
B. Pectinate muscles
C. Coronary sinuses
D. Ductus arteriosus
Which semilunar valve separates the left
ventricle and the aorta?

A. Pulmonary semilunar valve

B. Aortic semilunar valve
C. Atrioventricular valve
D. Papillary valve
Which semilunar valve separates the left
ventricle and the aorta?

A. Pulmonary semilunar valve

B. Aortic semilunar valve
C. Atrioventricular valve
D. Papillary valve
When the ventricles contract

A. The atrioventicular valves open and the

semilunar valves open
B. The atrioventicular valves open and the
semilunar valves close
C. The atrioventicular valves close and the
semilunar valves open
D. The atrioventicular valves close and the
semilunar valves close
When the ventricles contract

A. The atrioventicular valves open and the

semilunar valves open
B. The atrioventicular valves open and the
semilunar valves close
C. The atrioventicular valves close and the
semilunar valves open
D. The atrioventicular valves close and the
semilunar valves close
What areas of the heart are supplied by the left
coronary artery?

A. Right atrium, left ventricle and left posterior

ventricle
B. Left atrium, left ventricle and right anterior
ventricle
C. Right atrium, left ventricle and right posterior
ventricle
D. Right atrium, right ventricle and left posterior
ventricle
What areas of the heart are supplied by the left
coronary artery?

A. Right atrium, left ventricle and left posterior

ventricle
B. Left atrium, left ventricle and right anterior
ventricle
C. Right atrium, left ventricle and right posterior
ventricle
D. Right atrium, right ventricle and left posterior
ventricle
Blood is drained from the heart muscle by which
of the following blood vessels?

A. Coronary arteries
B. Superior vena cava
C. Pulmonary veins
D. Coronary sinus
Blood is drained from the heart muscle by which
of the following blood vessels?

A. Coronary arteries
B. Superior vena cava
C. Pulmonary veins
D. Coronary sinus
During depolarization, which of the following ion
channels open?

A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Hydrogen
D. Both sodium and potassium channels open
During depolarization, which of the following ion
channels open?

A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Hydrogen
D. Both sodium and potassium channels open
During depolarization,
A. Sodium channels open, potassium channels
open
B. Sodium channels open, potassium channels
close
C. Sodium channels close, potassium channels
open
D. None of the above are correct
During depolarization,
A. Sodium channels open, potassium channels
open
B. Sodium channels open, potassium channels
close
C. Sodium channels close, potassium channels
open
D. None of the above are correct
During final repolarization,
A. Sodium channels close, potassium channels
open
B. Sodium channels open, potassium channels
close
C. Sodium channels close, potassium channels
open
D. None of the above are correct
During final repolarization,
A. Sodium channels close, potassium channels
open
B. Sodium channels open, potassium channels
close
C. Sodium channels close, potassium channels
open
D. None of the above are correct
What is the pacemaker of the heart?

A. Purkinje fibers
B. Atrioventricular node
C. Atrioventricular valve
D. Sinoatrial node
What is the pacemaker of the heart?

A. Purkinje fibers
B. Atrioventricular node
C. Atrioventricular valve
D. Sinoatrial node
When the SA node depolarizes and the heart
contracts, which one of the following is directly
determined by the SA node?

A. Heart rate
B. Peripheral resistance
C. Pulmonary rate
D. Vasoconstriction
When the SA node depolarizes and the heart
contracts, which one of the following is directly
determined by the SA node?

A. Heart rate
B. Peripheral resistance
C. Pulmonary rate
D. Vasoconstriction
What ion is primarily responsible for the
depolarization of the SA node of the heart?

A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Chloride
D. Calcium
What ion is primarily responsible for the
depolarization of the SA node of the heart?

A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Chloride
D. Calcium
When the SA node depolarizes, which of the
following heart chambers contracts first?

A. Right and left ventricles

B. Right and left atria
C. Right atria and right ventricle
D. Left atria and left ventricle
When the SA node depolarizes, which of the
following heart chambers contracts first?

A. Right and left ventricles

B. Right and left atria
C. Right atria and right ventricle
D. Left atria and left ventricle
Which of the following is the correct sequence of
structures in the heart's conducting system?

1 AV bundles
2 AV node
3 Purkinje fibers
4 SA node

A. 1,2,3,4
B. 4,2,3,1
C. 4,2,1,3
D. 2,4,1,3
Which of the following is the correct sequence of
structures in the heart's conducting system?

1 AV bundles
2 AV node
3 Purkinje fibers
4 SA node

A. 1,2,3,4
B. 4,2,3,1
C. 4,2,1,3
D. 2,4,1,3
Which one of the following conditions is life
threatening?

A. Sinus rhythm
B. Ventricular fibrillation
C. AV block
D. Bradycardia
Which one of the following conditions is life
threatening?

A. Sinus rhythm
B. Ventricular fibrillation
C. AV block
D. Bradycardia
Which one of the following conditions is a heart
rate less than 60 beats per minute?

A. Sinus rhythm
B. Ventricular fibrillation
C. AV block
D. Bradycardia
Which one of the following conditions is a heart
rate less than 60 beats per minute?

A. Sinus rhythm
B. Ventricular fibrillation
C. AV block
D. Bradycardia
Which one of the following waves would be
seen in a normal ECG?

A. P wave
B. T wave
C. QRS complex
D. All of the above would be seen in a normal
ECG
Which one of the following waves would be
seen in a normal ECG?

A. P wave
B. T wave
C. QRS complex
D. All of the above would be seen in a normal
ECG
What wave of the ECG represents ventricular
depolarization?

A. P wave
B. T wave
C. QRS complex
D. All of the above would represent ventricular
depolarization in an ECG
What wave of the ECG represents ventricular
depolarization?

A. P wave
B. T wave
C. QRS complex
D. All of the above would represent ventricular
depolarization in an ECG
What wave of the ECG represents ventricular
repolarization?

A. P wave
B. T wave
C. QRS complex
D. All of the above would represent ventricular
depolarization in an ECG
What wave of the ECG represents ventricular
repolarization?

A. P wave
B. T wave
C. QRS complex
D. All of the above would represent ventricular
depolarization in an ECG
During the PR interval,

A. The ventricles contract

B. The atria contract
C. The atria and ventricles are at rest
D. Both the atria and ventricles contract
During the PR interval,

A. The ventricles contract

B. The atria contract
C. The atria and ventricles are at rest
D. Both the atria and ventricles contract
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events
during ventricular systole?

1 AV valves close
2 Blood is ejected into the pulmonary trunk and aorta
3 Semilunar valves open
4 Ventricles begin to relax and enter into ventricular diastole
5 Ventricles contract and blood pressure in ventricles
increase

A. 4,2,3,1,5
B. 5,2,3,1,4
C. 5,1,3,2,4
D. 4,1,3,5,2
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events
during ventricular systole?

1 AV valves close
2 Blood is ejected into the pulmonary trunk and aorta
3 Semilunar valves open
4 Ventricles begin to relax and enter into ventricular diastole
5 Ventricles contract and blood pressure in ventricles
increase

A. 4,2,3,1,5
B. 5,2,3,1,4
C. 5,1,3,2,4
D. 4,1,3,5,2
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events
during ventricular diastole?

1 When ventricular blood pressure become less than

atrial pressure, AV valves open
2 Atria contract and force their blood into the ventricles
3 Semilunar valves close
4 Ventricles relax and blood pressure in ventricles
decrease

A. 4,3,1,2
B. 2,3,1,4
C. 1,3,2,4
D. 4,1,3,2
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events
during ventricular diastole?

1 When ventricular blood pressure become less than

atrial pressure, AV valves open
2 Atria contract and force their blood into the ventricles
3 Semilunar valves close
4 Ventricles relax and blood pressure in ventricles
decrease

A. 4,3,1,2
B. 2,3,1,4
C. 1,3,2,4
D. 4,1,3,2
Which one of the following events does NOT
occur during ventricular systole?

A. Ventricular pressure increases

B. AV valves close
C. Semilunar valves open
D. All of these events occur during ventricular
systole
Which one of the following events does NOT
occur during ventricular systole?

A. Ventricular pressure increases

B. AV valves close
C. Semilunar valves open
D. All of these events occur during ventricular
systole
Which one of the following events does NOT
occur during ventricular diastole?

A. Ventricular pressure decreases

B. AV valves close
C. Semilunar valves close
D. All of these events occur during ventricular
diastole
Which one of the following events does NOT
occur during ventricular diastole?

A. Ventricular pressure decreases

B. AV valves close
C. Semilunar valves close
D. All of these events occur during ventricular
diastole
Which one of the following is the highest blood
pressure in the aorta?

A. Pulmonary pressure
B. Systolic pressure
C. Diastolic pressure
D. None of the above are the highest blood
pressure in the aorta
Which one of the following is the highest blood
pressure in the aorta?

A. Pulmonary pressure
B. Systolic pressure
C. Diastolic pressure
D. None of the above are the highest blood
pressure in the aorta
What is the approximate diastolic blood
pressure in the aorta?

A. 272 mm Hg
B. 120 mm Hg
C. 80 mm Hg
D. 25 mm Hg
What is the approximate diastolic blood
pressure in the aorta?

A. 272 mm Hg
B. 120 mm Hg
C. 80 mm Hg
D. 25 mm Hg
Which of the following is responsible for the first
heart sound of "lubb"?

A. Aortic semilunar valve closing

B. Tricuspid valve closing
C. Pulmonary semilunar valve closing
D. Both the aortic and pulmonary semilunar
valves closing
Which of the following is responsible for the first
heart sound of "lubb"?

A. Aortic semilunar valve closing

B. Tricuspid valve closing
C. Pulmonary semilunar valve closing
D. Both the aortic and pulmonary semilunar
valves closing
Which of the following is responsible for the
second heart sound of "dupp"?

A. Aortic semilunar valve closing

B. Tricuspid valve closing
C. Pulmonary semilunar valve closing
D. Both the aortic and pulmonary semilunar
valves closing
Which of the following is responsible for the
second heart sound of "dupp"?

A. Aortic semilunar valve closing

B. Tricuspid valve closing
C. Pulmonary semilunar valve closing
D. Both the aortic and pulmonary semilunar
valves closing
What is the cause of heart murmurs?

A. An elevated systolic blood pressure

B. Faulty heart valves
C. AV block
D. None of the above are correct
What is the cause of heart murmurs?

A. An elevated systolic blood pressure

B. Faulty heart valves
C. AV block
D. None of the above are correct
An incompetent bicuspid valve causes

A. Pulmonary edema
B. Peripheral edema
C. Hypotension
D. Arrhythmia
An incompetent bicuspid valve causes

A. Pulmonary edema
B. Peripheral edema
C. Hypotension
D. Arrhythmia
The cardiac output is affected by all of the
following EXCEPT

A. Peripheral resistance
B. Heart rate
C. Stroke volume
D. All of the above affect the cardiac output
The cardiac output is affected by all of the
following EXCEPT

A. Peripheral resistance
B. Heart rate
C. Stroke volume
D. All of the above affect the cardiac output
Which one of the following extrinsic factors
decreases heart rate?

A. Epinephrine
B. Norepinephrine
C. Sympathetic stimulation
D. Parasympathetic stimulation
Sympathetic Effects on Cardiac Rhythmicity

• Increases the rate of sinus nodal discharge

• Increases the rate of conduction, as well as
the level of excitability in all portions of the
heart.
• Increases greatly the force of contraction of all
the cardiac musculature, both atrial and
ventricular
• “SPEEDS UP THE HEART”
 Parasympathetic Effects on Cardiac
Rhythmicity
• Decreases the rate of rhythm of the sinus node.
• Decreases the excitability of the A-V junctional fibers
between the atrial musculature and the A-V node, thereby
slowing transmission of the cardiac impulse into the
ventricles.
• Strong stimulation of the vagus nerve can stop completely
the rhythmical excitation by the sinus node or block
completely transmission of the cardiac impulse from the
atria into the ventricles through the A-V mode causing
“Ventricular Escape”
• “SLOWS DOWN THE HEART”
Which one of the following extrinsic factors
decreases heart rate?

A. Epinephrine
B. Norepinephrine
C. Sympathetic stimulation
D. Parasympathetic stimulation
Blood pressure is monitored in the aorta by
pressure receptors called

A. Photoreceptors
B. Baroreceptors
C. Meissner's corpuscles
D. None of the above are correct
Blood pressure is monitored in the aorta by
pressure receptors called

A. Photoreceptors
B. Baroreceptors
C. Meissner's corpuscles
D. None of the above are correct
When blood pressure increases, which one of
the following events occur?

A. Increased sympathetic stimulation of heart

with increased heart rate
B. Increased parasympathetic stimulation of
heart with decreased heart rate
C. Increased sympathetic stimulation of heart
with decreased heart rate
D. None of the above are correct
When blood pressure increases, which one of
the following events occur?

A. Increased sympathetic stimulation of heart

with increased heart rate
B. Increased parasympathetic stimulation of
heart with decreased heart rate
C. Increased sympathetic stimulation of heart
with decreased heart rate
D. None of the above are correct
Which one of the following is increased when
the adrenal glands release epinephrine and
norepinephrine?

A. Heart rate
B. Stroke volume
C. Blood pressure
D. All of the above are increase with epinephrine
and norepinephrine
Which one of the following is increased when
the adrenal glands release epinephrine and
norepinephrine?

A. Heart rate
B. Stroke volume
C. Blood pressure
D. All of the above are increase with
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Which one of the following chemicals has no
effect on the heart rate?

A. PH
B. Oxygen
C. Nitrogen
D. All of the above are required for blood
clotting
Which one of the following chemicals has no
effect on the heart rate?

A. PH
B. Oxygen
C. Nitrogen
D. All of the above are required for blood
clotting
What is the effect of a significant decrease in
oxygen on the heart?

A. Increased heart rate

B. Decreased heart rate
C. No change in heart rate
What is the effect of a significant decrease in
oxygen on the heart?

A. Increased heart rate

B. Decreased heart rate
C. No change in heart rate
Which one of the following is a change in the
heart that is associated with age?

A. Hypertrophy of the heart

B. Increased maximum heart rate
C. Increased cardiac output
D. All of the above are seen in elderly people
Which one of the following is a change in the
heart that is associated with age?

A. Hypertrophy of the heart

B. Increased maximum heart rate
C. Increased cardiac output
D. All of the above are seen in elderly people
Which one of the following is a change in the
heart that is associated with age?

A. Arrhythmias of the heart

B. Decreased maximum heart rate
C. Decreased cardiac output
D. All of the above are seen in elderly people
Which one of the following is a change in the
heart that is associated with age?

A. Arrhythmias of the heart

B. Decreased maximum heart rate
C. Decreased cardiac output
D. All of the above are seen in elderly people
Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary,
striated, with branching cells and intercalated
disks?

A. Skeletal muscle
B. Smooth muscle
C. Cardiac muscle
Which type of muscle tissue is involuntary,
striated, with branching cells and intercalated
disks?

A. Skeletal muscle
B. Smooth muscle
C. Cardiac muscle
What ion is found in higher concentration on the
inside of a nerve cell?

A. Na+
B. Cl–
C. Ca2+
D. K+
What ion is found in higher concentration on the
inside of a nerve cell?

A. Na+
B. Cl–
C. Ca2+
D. K+
What is the primary method of maintaining the
difference in sodium and potassium ions across
the plasma membrane?

A. Sodium-potassium pump
B. Passive membrane permeabilities
C. Diffusion
D. Filtration
What is the primary method of maintaining the
difference in sodium and potassium ions across
the plasma membrane?

A. Sodium-potassium pump
B. Passive membrane permeabilities
C. Diffusion
D. Filtration
What type of membrane channels are nongated
and responsible for the permeability of the
membrane at rest?

A. Na-K pump
B. Leak channels
C. Ligand-gated ion channels
D. Voltage-gated ion channels
What type of membrane channels are nongated
and responsible for the permeability of the
membrane at rest?

A. Na-K pump
B. Leak channels
C. Ligand-gated ion channels
D. Voltage-gated ion channels
Which of the following is NOT true about the
resting membrane potential?
A. It is measured at approximately –70mV on
nerve cell membranes
B. The membrane is said to be polarized
C. It is an equilibrium based on sodium ion
diffusion
D. It is an equilibrium based on potassium ion
diffusion
Which of the following is NOT true about the
resting membrane potential?
A. It is measured at approximately –70mV on
nerve cell membranes
B. The membrane is said to be polarized
C. It is an equilibrium based on sodium ion
diffusion
D. It is an equilibrium based on potassium ion
diffusion
A potential that does not degrade and travels
along an axon is called a(an)

A. Graded potential
B. Local potential
C. Action potential
D. After potential
A potential that does not degrade and travels
along an axon is called a(an)

A. Graded potential
B. Local potential
C. Action potential
D. After potential
The movement of sodium ions through activated
voltage-gated Na+ channels into the cell is called

A. Polarization
B. Depolarization
C. Repolarization
D. Hyperpolarization
The movement of sodium ions through activated
voltage-gated Na+ channels into the cell is called

A. Polarization
B. Depolarization
C. Repolarization
D. Hyperpolarization
The closing of voltage-gated Na+ inactivation
channels begins a period called

A. Polarization
B. Depolarization
C. Repolarization
D. Hyperpolarization
The closing of voltage-gated Na+ inactivation
channels begins a period called

A. Polarization
B. Depolarization
C. Repolarization
D. Hyperpolarization
What ion is necessary for the release of
neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles?

A. Chloride
B. Sodium
C. Potassium
D. Calcium
What ion is necessary for the release of
neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles?

A. Chloride
B. Sodium
C. Potassium
D. Calcium
The rhythm is described as sinus, this indicates
in the ECG tracing as.

A. A QRS-complex precedes each T-wave

B. P-waves are present
C. QRS-complex are present
D. A P-wave precedes each QRS-complex
The rhythm is described as sinus, this indicates
in the ECG tracing as.

A. A QRS-complex precedes each T-wave

B. P-waves are present
C. QRS-complex are present
D. A P-wave precedes each QRS-complex
The absence of P-wave and an irregular rhythm
would suggest a diagnosis of
A. 2nd degree heart block
B. Ventricular tachycardia
C. 1st degree heart block
D. Atrial fibrillation
The absence of P-wave and an irregular rhythm
would suggest a diagnosis of
A. 2nd degree heart block
B. Ventricular tachycardia
C. 1st degree heart block
D. Atrial fibrillation
In leads I, aVL, V5, V6 represent the view of the
heart is
A. Septal
B. Inferior
C. Anterior
D. Lateral
In leads I, aVL, V5, V6 represent the view of the
heart is
A. Septal
B. Inferior
C. Anterior
D. Lateral
Which artery is most likely to be affected if ST-
elevation is seen in leads V3 and V4
A. Left anterior descending coronary artery
B. Right coronary artery
C. Left circumflex coronary artery
D. All of the above
Which artery is most likely to be affected if ST-
elevation is seen in leads V3 and V4
A. Left anterior descending coronary artery
B. Right coronary artery
C. Left circumflex coronary artery
D. All of the above
In leads II, III, aVF represent the view of the
heart is
A. Septal
B. Inferior
C. Anterior
D. Lateral
In leads II, III, aVF represent the view of the
heart is
A. Septal
B. Inferior
C. Anterior
D. Lateral
ST depression classically suggest

A. Hypernatremia
B. Myocardial ischemia
C. Myocardial infarction
D. Hyperkalemia
ST depression classically suggest

A. Hypernatremia
B. Myocardial ischemia
C. Myocardial infarction
D. Hyperkalemia
In leads V3 and V4 represent the view of the
heart is

A. Septal
B. Inferior
C. Anterior
D. Lateral
In leads V3 and V4 represent the view of the
heart is

A. Septal
B. Inferior
C. Anterior
D. Lateral
Leads for Anterior Left Ventricle
The earliest ECG change seen during myocardial
infarction is

A. ST-depression
B. Tall P-waves
C. ST-elevation
D. Tall peaked-T waves
The earliest ECG change seen during myocardial
infarction is

A. ST-depression
B. Tall P-waves
C. ST-elevation
D. Tall peaked-T waves
In leads V1 and V2 represent the view of the
heart is

A. Septal
B. Inferior
C. Anterior
D. Lateral
In leads V1 and V2 represent the view of the
heart is

A. Septal
B. Inferior
C. Anterior
D. Lateral
ST-elevation was seen in leads II, III & aVF it
would suggest

A. An anterior myocardial infarction

B. An inferior myocardial infarction
C. A septal myocardial infarction
D. A posterior myocardial infarction
ST-elevation was seen in leads II, III & aVF it
would suggest

A. An anterior myocardial infarction

B. An inferior myocardial infarction
C. A septal myocardial infarction
D. A posterior myocardial infarction
ST-elevation suggests

A. Heart block-Mobitz type II

B. Heart murmur
C. Bundle branch block
D. Myocardial infarction
ST-elevation suggests

A. Heart block-Mobitz type II

B. Heart murmur
C. Bundle branch block
D. Myocardial infarction
The most common cause of right axis deviation
is

A. Atrial septal defect

B. Ventricular septal defect
C. Right ventricular hypertrophy
D. Left ventricular hypertrophy
The most common cause of right axis deviation
is

A. Atrial septal defect

B. Ventricular septal defect
C. Right ventricular hypertrophy
D. Left ventricular hypertrophy
A positive inotropic action is one of the effects
of digitalis drugs. Positive inotropic action
means:

A. Decreased conduction of the myocardium

B. Decreased heart rate
C. Increased myocardial contraction
D. Decreased myocardial contraction
A positive inotropic action is one of the effects
of digitalis drugs. Positive inotropic action
means:

A. Decreased conduction of the myocardium

B. Decreased heart rate
C. Increased myocardial contraction
D. Decreased myocardial contraction
The serum potassium level that determines
hypokalemia is

A. Less than 3.5 mEq/L

B. Less than 4.5 mEq/L
C. Less than 5.3 mEq/L
D. More than 6 mEq/L
The serum potassium level that determines
hypokalemia is

A. Less than 3.5 mEq/L

B. Less than 4.5 mEq/L
C. Less than 5.3 mEq/L
D. More than 6 mEq/L
A client experiences premature ventricular
contractions. The nurse prepares to administer
lidocaine, with the knowledge that it is
administered intravenously to correct:

A. Bradycardia
B. Atrial dysrhythmias
C. Ventricular dysrhythmias
D. Heart block
A client experiences premature ventricular
contractions. The nurse prepares to administer
lidocaine, with the knowledge that it is
administered intravenously to correct:

A. Bradycardia
B. Atrial dysrhythmias
C. Ventricular dysrhythmias
D. Heart block
Adverse reactions to lidocaine include:

A. Hypotension and bradycardia

B. Hypertension and tachycardia
C. Vomiting and diarrhea
D. Abdominal cramps and tachycardia
Adverse reactions to lidocaine include:

A. Hypotension and bradycardia

B. Hypertension and tachycardia
C. Vomiting and diarrhea
D. Abdominal cramps and tachycardia
Normally the QRS complex is shorter than.

A. 0.13 second
B. 0.12 second
C. 0.10 second
D. 0.11 second
Normally the QRS complex is shorter than.

A. 0.13 second
B. 0.12 second
C. 0.10 second
D. 0.11 second
Regarding ECG tracing, atrial depolarization to
another atrial depolarization is

A. QRS complex
B. RR interval
C. PP interval
D. ST segment
Regarding ECG tracing, atrial depolarization to
another atrial depolarization is

A. QRS complex
B. RR interval
C. PP interval
D. ST segment
In the electrocardiographic paper the smaller
box is measured as

A. 5 mm x 5 mm
B. 4 mm x 4 mm
C. 2 mm x 2 mm
D. 1 mm x 1 mm
In the electrocardiographic paper the smaller
box is measured as

A. 5 mm x 5 mm
B. 4 mm x 4 mm
C. 2 mm x 2 mm
D. 1 mm x 1 mm
Atrial depolarization in the ECG tracing is

A. QRS complex
B. T wave
C. P wave
D. ST segment
ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION
Atrial depolarization in the ECG tracing is

A. QRS complex
B. T wave
C. P wave
D. ST segment
The term “Wenckebach” is associated with

A. Sinus tachycardia
B. First degree heart block
C. Second degree heart block type I
D. Second degree heart block type II
The term “Wenckebach” is associated with

A. Sinus tachycardia
B. First degree heart block
C. Second degree heart block type I
D. Second degree heart block type II
Regarding ECG tracing, associated with
myocardial infarction.

A. Elevated P wave
B. Depressed ST segment
C. QRS complex
D. Elevated T wave
Regarding ECG tracing, associated with
myocardial infarction.

A. Elevated P wave
B. Depressed ST segment
C. QRS complex
D. Elevated T wave
The dominant polarity inside the cell is

A. Positive
B. Negative
C. Neutral
D. None of the above
The dominant polarity inside the cell is

A. Positive
B. Negative
C. Neutral
D. None of the above
The resting membrane potential inside the cell is

A. – 50 mV
B. – 60 mV
C. – 70 mV
D. – 80 mV
The resting membrane potential inside the cell is

A. – 50 mV
B. – 60 mV
C. – 70 mV
D. – 80 mV
The following are impulse-conducting system of
the cardiac muscle cells capable of electrical
excitation, EXCEPT.

A. SA node
B. AV node
C. Purkinje fibers
D. Bundle of His
The following are impulse-conducting system of
the cardiac muscle cells capable of electrical
excitation, EXCEPT.

A. SA node
B. AV node
C. Purkinje fibers
D. Bundle of His
PR interval refers to
A. Start of atrial depolarization to start of
ventricular depolarization.
B. Start of atrial depolarization to end of
ventricular depolarization.
C. Start of atrial repolarization to start of
ventricular repolarization.
D. Start of atrial repolarization to start of
ventricular repolarization.
PR interval refers to
A. Start of atrial depolarization to start of
ventricular depolarization.
B. Start of atrial depolarization to end of
ventricular depolarization.
C. Start of atrial repolarization to start of
ventricular repolarization.
D. Start of atrial repolarization to start of
ventricular repolarization.
PR interval represents a period no longer than

A. 0.10 second
B. 0.20 second
C. 0.30 second
D. 0.40 second
PR interval represents a period no longer than

A. 0.10 second
B. 0.20 second
C. 0.30 second
D. 0.40 second
The normal ST segment is deflected as

A. Upward
B. Downward
C. Flat
D. None of the above
The normal ST segment is deflected as

A. Upward
B. Downward
C. Flat
D. None of the above
The standard ECG is calibrated so that 1 mV will
cause an upward deflection of

A. 10 small boxes
B. 15 small boxes
C. 20 small boxes
D. 25 small boxes
ECG Paper
The standard ECG is calibrated so that 1 mV will
cause an upward deflection of

A. 10 small boxes
B. 15 small boxes
C. 20 small boxes
D. 25 small boxes
Each large box in the standard ECG tracing
represents

A. 0.10 second
B. 0.20 second
C. 0.30 second
D. 0.40 second
Each large box in the standard ECG tracing
represents

A. 0.10 second
B. 0.20 second
C. 0.30 second
D. 0.40 second
A heart rate of less than 60 beats/ min

A. Sinus tachycardia
B. Sinus arrhythmia
C. First degree heart block
D. Sinus bradycardia
A heart rate of less than 60 beats/ min

A. Sinus tachycardia
B. Sinus arrhythmia
C. First degree heart block
D. Sinus bradycardia
Atrial repolarization is represented in the ECG
tracing as

A. P wave
B. T wave
C. QRS complex
D. None of the above
Atrial repolarization is represented in the ECG
tracing as

A. P wave
B. T wave
C. QRS complex
D. None of the above
End of Lecture