College of Engineering

Department of Civil and Environmental

Engineering
0401-343 FLUID MECHANICS
Chapter 3:
Fluid Dynamics: Inviscid Flow

Dr. Tarek Merabtene

‫ طارق مرابطين‬.‫د‬
October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 1
 Chapter outline
 Introduction to Fluid Hydro Dynamics
 Integral method vs Differential
method
 Conservation of Mass
 Conservation of Momentum (linear and
angular momentum)
 Application to Inviscid flow
 Application to Viscous flow

 Conservation of Energy
 Application to inviscid flow (the Bernoulli Theorem)
October 7, 2023  Application to Viscous flow
Dr. Tarek Merabtene 2
 Introduction to Fluid Dynamics
 Motivation: Analyzing fluid dynamics deals with the science of fluid (liquid or
gas) in motion. For instance, in designing water distribution systems water flows
under different regimes must be critically analyzed, that is the type or nature of
the flow movement inside the pipelines of the water system. The evaluation of
the flow resistance and shears depend critically of the flow regime (Laminar or
Turbulent).

 Common engineering problems are:

1. How big does the pipe have to be to carry a flow of Q m3/s?
2. Can we increase the flow in this old pipe by adding a smooth liner?
3. What will the pressure in the water distribution system be when a fire
hydrant is open?
4. What type of pump should a buy to pull at least 1000 liters a day of water
from my well in the farm that is 100 m deep.
5. You can think about more challenging problems

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 3

Introduction to Fluid Dynamics
 College of Engineering

Department of Civil and Environmental

0401343 FLUID MECHANICS Engineering

Chapter 3 - Section 1:
Concepts of
Fluid Dynamic Analysis
Dr. Tarek Merabtene
‫ طارق مرابطين‬.‫د‬
tmerabtene@sharjah.ac.ae, Ext:
October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 5
 Integral vs Differential form of
Dynamic Equations
How to analyze water Dynamics? In analyzing fluid motions one can use one of two scientific

approaches:

Use of Integral form also know as the Control Volume approach to work with a finite region:
1.
• Making a balance of flow in versus flow out,

• Determine the flow effects such as forces or energy exchange .

2. Use of a Differential approach to describe the detailed flow pattern at every point (x, y, z) in the
field;

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 6

 Introduction to Fluid Dynamics
 Although gases and liquids are made up of atoms and molecules, for many purposes it is useful and
sufficient to think of them as continuous media that can flow.

 One way of describing the motion of a fluid is to assign coordinates (x, y, z) to a given fluid element
and then specify these coordinates as a functions of time.

 Suppose we have a fluid element that is at position (x0,y0,z0) at time t0. At later times, the position of
this element is described by functions

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 7

 Introduction to Fluid Dynamics
 Another way of describing the fluid, also due to Euler, is to specify the fluid properties (e.g. density,
mass, velocity) at each point in space at each instant of time. The density, for example, is then specified

by a function

 In the Eulerian picture, the time derivative of the density is determined at a fixed point in space and
hence is the partial derivative with respect to t keeping x, y, and z fixed:

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 8

 Introduction to Fluid Dynamics
 In the Lagrangian picture, the time derivative is the total
derivative

 Where is the velocity of the fluid element.

The relationship between the derivatives is:

 where X is any variable describing a property of the fluid.

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 9
 Laws of Mechanics for a system
Systems versus Control Volumes
 All the law of mechanics are written for a System, which is
defined as an arbitrary quantity of fixed/rigid mass.
 Everything external to the system is denoted as
Surroundings
 The system is separated from the surroundings by its
Boundaries
 The law of mechanics states what happens when there is an
interaction between the system and its surrounding.
 In order to use the laws of mechanics in fluid mechanics, it
is often more convenient to work with control volumes as it
is difficult to identify and follow a system of fluid particles.
October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 10
 Systems versus Control Volumes
Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)
 To apply the laws of mechanics in Fluid Mechanics there is
a need to relate the system equations of a fixed/rigid mass
and corresponding control volume equations of a fluid mass
. The link between the two is given by the Reynolds
Transport Theorem.
 Control volume can be fixed (fig. a: for nozzle stress
analysis ), moving (fig. b: ship drag force analysis) or
deformable (fig. c: transient pressure variation analysis
within a cylinder.)

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 11

 Laws of Mechanics for a system
Systems versus Control Volumes
 The basic Laws of Mechanics applied to a system are:
1. Conservation of mass : A system is a fixed quantity of mass
(m). The mass of a system is conserved and does not change
(neglect nuclear reaction):
msys= Const. Or dm/dt = 0
2. Newton’s Second Law OR Linear Momentum Relation : if the
surrounding exert a net force F on the system the mass in
the system will begging to accelerate at acceleration a :
F = m a = m dv/dt = d (m.v)/dt ,
 where v is the velocity of the mass in the system. Note that
this is a vector relation which implies three scalars:
Fx = m ax , Fy = m ay , and Fz = m az
October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 12
 Systems versus Control Volumes
Laws of Mechanics for a system
 The basic Laws of Mechanics applied to a system are:
3. Angular Momentum Relation : if the surrounding exert a net
moment M about the center of mass of the system, the
system will begin to rotate:
M = dH/dt (also three scalars Mx, My and Mz)
where H = (r .v)m, is the angular momentum of the system
about its center of mass.
4. First Law of Thermodynamics : if a heat Q is added to the
system or work W is done to the system, the system energy
dE must change according to the energy relation:
Q - W = dE (one scalar component)
October 7, 2023
Dr. Tarek Merabtene 13
 Fluid System and Control Volume
 The concept of a free body diagram as used in statics of
rigid bodies and in fluid statics is usually inadequate for
the analysis of moving fluid.
 In fluid mechanics, a control volume is a mathematical
abstraction employed in the process of creating
mathematical models of the physical processes.
 The mathematical transformation used to translate the four
laws of dynamics to the fluid’s control volume is known as
Reynolds Transformation Theorem.
 A fluid system refers to specific mass of fluid within the
boundaries defined by the closed surface. The shape of
such systems and boundaries may change with time. As a
fluid moves and deforms, so does the system containing
the fluid.
 Systems versus Control Volumes
Mass flow rate and Volume flow rate
 All the analyses in this chapter involve evaluation of the volume flow Q or
mass flow m . We denote by V the volume and v the velocity of the fluid
mass.
 Suppose we want to calculate how much volume of fluid passes through a
surface S (see Fig.). If v varies with position we must integrate over the
elemental surface dA in fig.(a).
dv = v dt . dA cos = (v.n) . dA . dt
 The integral of dv/dt is the total
volume flow rate Q through S :
Q = (v.n) . dA = vn . dA
OR =  . (v.n) . dA =  . vn . dA
=  . Q =  . A. v : one dimensional flow rate equation
October 7, 2023
Dr. Tarek Merabtene 15
 Systems versus Control Volumes
Control Surface & Control Volume
 Control volumes and surfaces can be useful in the
application of the laws of conservation of mass, momentum,
and energy to the fluid flow
 At steady state, a control volume can be thought of as an
arbitrary volume in which the mass of the fluid remains
constant. As fluid moves through the control volume, the
mass entering the control volume is equal to the mass
leaving the control volume.
 At steady state, and in the absence of work and heat
transfer, the energy within the control volume remains
constant.
 The surrounding of the control volume is called Control
Surface
October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 16
 College of Engineering

Department of Civil and Environmental

0401-343 FLUID Engineering

MECHANICS
Chapter 3
Section 2
Law of Conservation of Mass
Dr. Tarek Merabtene
‫ طارق مرابطين‬.‫د‬
tmerabtene@sharjah.ac.ae, Ext:

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 17

 Systems versus Control Volumes
The Reynolds Transport Theorem
 In the figure the control volume (CV) is delimited by the boundary
of the tube and control surfaces (1) and (2).
 The Reynolds Transport Theorem is:

d d 
( Bsyst )     . .dV     . .v .n. dA
dt dt  CV  CS
 Eqs. 3.10 OR 3.16 p.143/p.145, express
the basic formula that a system derivative
equals the rate of change of B within CV plus the flux of B out of
CS minus the flux of B into CS.
 The quantity B is any fluid property (mass, energy, momentum)
 =dB/dm is the amount of B per unit mass in any small fluid
October 7, 2023 element. Dr. Tarek Merabtene 18
 Conservation of Mass
The Reynolds Transport Theorem
 In Equation 3.10 p.143 OR Equations 3.16/3.17 p. 145:
 v.n = v cos : Velocity component normal to area element of CS
 dm=vn dA : is the differential mass flux through the surface.
 If n is defined as the outward normal unit vector the integral
involving v.n accounts for both positive and negative flow, thus:
 CS.  .v .n . dA = CS  .  .vn. dAout - CS  .  .vn. dAin
 v.n = +vn for outflow and v.n = -vn for inflow
 If the flow is steady state, the time-derivative volume integral is zero:

CV ..dV = 0 (where V: Volume, and v: velocity)

 For one dimensional flux approximation
CS . .(v.n).dA = ±  .=±  ..v .A or = ±  .Q=  .v. A
October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 19
 CLASS WORK : Example 3.1 page 146
 A fixed control volume has three one-dimensional boundary
sections (see fig.) The flow within the control volume is steady. The
flow properties at each section are tabulated below.
1. Find the rate of change of energy of the system that occupies the
control volume.
2. Find the balance of mass flow of the system that occupies the
control volume.

Section type  kg/m3 v A m2 e, J/kg

m/s
1 Inlet 800 5.0 2.0 300
2 Inlet 800 8.0 3.0 100
3 Outlet 800 17.0 2.0 150

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 20

 Law of Conservation of Mass
 The law of conservation of mass/matter (or Lomonosov-
Lavoisier law), says that the mass of a closed system will
remain constant, regardless of the processes acting inside
the system.
 The law of conservation of mass is extremely useful to
derive velocity and density changes in a system.
 The law of conservation of mass is derived from the
Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT) with the property B =
m (fluid mass) and the value per unit mass  = dB/dm =
dm/dm = 1
dm d  
( ) syst     .dV     .v .n. dA  0
dt 
dt  CV 
  CS

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 21

 One dimensional Law of Conservation of Mass
 For one dimensional analysis RTT reduces to:
n n
d
dt CV
 ρ. dV   ρ .v . A   ρ .v . A
i 1
i i i
i 1
i i i 0

d
 For incompressible steady Flow:  ρ.dV
dt CV
0

n n

RTT reduces to: Outflow = Inflow or:  ρ .v . A   ρ .v . A  0

i 1
i i i
i 1
i i i

 At constant density the equations gives the volume flow :

n n n n

Q  Q
i 1
in
i 1
out or  (v . A )   (v . A )
i 1
i i in
i 1
i i out

n n n n

 m   m
i 1
in
i 1
out or  ( .v . A )   ( .v . A )
i 1
i i i in
i 1
i i i out

 v is called the volume average velocity : vav=Q/A= 1/A (v.n).dA

 If density  varies across CV the average density can be defined as: av= 1/A   .dA
 Conservation of Mass Class work #1
P3.8, p.193
 Three pipes steadily deliver water at 20°C to a large exit
pipe as shown in Fig. P3.8. The velocity v2 = 5 m/s, and the
exit flow rate Q4 = 120 m3/h. if increasing Q3 by 20%
would increase Q4 by 10%, find (a) v1; (b) v3; and (c) v4 .

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 23

Conservation of Mass: Class work #2
 If twice as much water discharges through the bottom outlet as
the top for the reservoir shown. determine the density (in kg/m 3)
of the final discharge flow (use water=997 at 4oC).

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 24

 Conservation of Mass: Class work
 Water is flowing in the pipeline system shown
below. Fill in the missing spaces in the
accompanying table and determine the direction of
flow inVelocity
Diameter
pipe D.Flow Pipe
(mm) (m/s) (l/s)
150 50 A
2.5 B
60 15 C
100 D
3 E
80 20 F
4 G

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 25

 Conservation of Mass: Class work, p.152
 The tank of the figure is being filled with water by
two one dimensional inlets. Air is trapped at the top
of the tank. The water height is h. (a) find and
expression for the change in water height dh/dt if
Atank=0.2 m2 D1=25mm, D2=80mm, v1=0.9 m/s, and
v2=0.6 m/s.

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 26

 College of Engineering

Department of Civil and Environmental

Engineering

0401343 FLUID MECHANICS

Chapter 3 - Section 3:
Conservation of Momentum
Dr. Tarek Merabtene
‫ طارق مرابطين‬.‫د‬
tmerabtene@sharjah.ac.ae, Ext:
October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 27
 The Linear Momentum-relation
 In Equation 3.35:
 Momentum defined by the second law of Newton F=m.a is
convenient for use with solid bodies because the mass remain
constant and the acceleration of the entire body can be
determined.
 In fluid flow problems, a continuous flow is caused to
undergo the acceleration, and thus a different form of
Newton’s equation is desirable.
 Because acceleration is the time rate of change of velocity
Newton law can be written as: F=m.a=m.dv/dt=d(mv)/dt
 The term dm/dt, can be interpreted as the mass flow rate, that
is the amount of mass flowing in a given amount of time.
 Thus the change in the linear momentum is: F(dt) = dm(v)

Dr. Tarek Merabtene

October 7, 2023 28
 The Linear Momentum-relation
 In Fluid Mechanics the Newton’s Law (in its differential
form) is called the Linear Momentum-relation
F = m a = m dv/dt = d(mv)/dt
 The Linear Momentum-relation accounts for the sum of
the forces that act on the control volume (cv) and/or
control surface (cs) of the fluid.
 The application of the Reynolds Transport Theorem
using the model property B = mv (fluid linear
momentum) and the value per unit mass =dB/dm=v (v
is the velocity vector and n is the unit vector normal to
the control surface at that point)
October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 29
 The Linear Momentum-relation
d d  
( m.v ) syst   F    v. .dV    v. .( vr .n ). dA

 dt dt  CV  CS
 In this relation:
 v is the fluid velocity relative to an inertial (nonaccelerating) coordinate system

 F is the vector sum of all forces acting on the control volume as a free body
 The entire equation is a vector relation; both integrals are vectors due to the
term v in the integrand. Thus the equation has 3 components Fx , Fy and Fz
 For fixed control volume, the relative velocity vr=v and:
d d  
dt
( m.v ) syst   F 
dt
  v. .dV    v. .( v.n ). dA (**)
 
 CV  CS
The Momentum Equation for One-Dimensional Momentum Flux:

  n n
d  
 F

 v.ρ.dV  
dt  
(m
 i .vi )out 
  i   i . Ai . v i
 i .vi ) in where m
(m
 CV  i 1 i 1

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 30

 Applications of Linear Momentum-relation
 EXAMPLE 3.8: A fixed control volume
of stream flow in steady state has an
inlet flow (1, A1, v1) and outlet flow
(2, A2, v2), see figure. Find an
expression for the net force on the
control volume.
 Note: must also use the law of
Conservation of Mass

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 31

Application 1: Problem 3.58
 3.58 The water tank in Fig. P3.58 stands on a frictionless
cart and feeds a jet of diameter 4 cm and velocity 8 m/s,
which is deflected 60° by a vane. Compute the tension in
the supporting cable. Ans: Tcable = 40 N

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 32

Problem: P3.56
 Water at 20°C flows steadily
through the box in Fig. P3.56,
entering station (1) at 2 m/s.
Calculate the (a) horizontal; and (b)
vertical forces required to hold the
box stationary against the flow
momentum. Ans. Rx=- 18.46 (to left), Ry=7.1 up

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 33

Application 2: Problem
3.69
 A uniform rectangular plate, 40 cm long and 30 cm
deep into the paper, hangs in air from a hinge at its top,
30-cm side. It is struck in its center by a horizontal 3-cm
diameter jet of water moving at 8 m/s. If the gate has a
mass of 16 kg and =998 kg/m3, estimate the angle at
which the plate will hang from the vertical.
Ans. θ = 16°

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 34

 Applications of Linear Momentum-relation
 EXAMPLE 3.10: A water jet of velocity
vj=20 m/s impinges normal to a flat plate
(se figure) wiches moves at vc=20 m/s , the
jet area is 3 cm2 and =1000 kg/m3
 Find the force required to keep the plate
moving at a constant velocity (neglect the
weights of the jet and the plate, assume
steady state and assume the jet is splitting
into an equal half jets)

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 35

 College of Engineering

Department of Civil and Environmental

Engineering
0401-343 FLUID MECHANICS
Chapter 3 - Section 4:
Conservation of Energy
(Bernoulli Equation)
Dr. Tarek Merabtene
‫ طارق مرابطين‬.‫د‬
tmerabtene@sharjah.ac.ae, Ext:
October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 36
 Law of Conservation of Energy
 Energy is defined as the capacity for doing work, thus, it is
measured in the same units as Work [N-m, Pa.m3, or J] in SI
unit system or [lb-ft] in FPS system.
 The law of conservation of energy requires that energy can
neither be created nor destroyed, but might change from one
form to another.
 In this course the Conservation of Energy will be applied to
water resources and hydraulic engineering systems
 The total energy in a hydraulics system may exist in
different forms according to the applied forces. In general
we are mainly concerned with three types of Energy:
Potential energy, Kinetic energy, and flow energy (study
of internal energies such as heat energy is out of the scope)

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 37

 Assumptions of Bernoulli Equation
The following assumptions simplify the energy equation derived from the first law of thermodynamics :

1. Inviscid flow : No dissipation of mechanical energy into the internal energy. That is no energy is lost

due to friction. That is: No Work Added in or Removed from the System

2. Adiabatic system: heat transfer is zero. That is, no heat added to or removed from the system

3. Flow is one-dimensional, steady and incompressible (W=cst)

 Law of Conservation of Energy for
Inviscid Flow: The Bernoulli Equation

The first law of thermodynamics in words

time rate of increase of the total net time rate of energy addition
net time rate of energy addition by
stored energy of the system : by works transfer into the
heat transfer into the system :

  system :

 v 2
 dQ dW  W normal stress  W shaft
dE ~ d  uˆ   g z  / dt
 2 
 Defining the three Types of Energy
 Potential Energy: Due to fluid mass elevation the
Potential Energy relative to some datum reference is:
PE  W.z
 Kinematic Energy: Due to its velocity the Kinematic
Energy of a fluid in motion is:
KE  W.v 2 / 2 g
 Internal Energy added to the system due to Pressure:
known as Pressure Energy or Flow Energy it represent
the amount work necessary to move the fluid
FE  W . p / 

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 40

 The Bernoulli Equation
2 2
p1 v1 p2 v2
 Energy Heads (unit m): E1=E2  z1    z2 
γ 2g γ 2g

1
 Pressure (unit Pa=N/m2) p   v 2   g z  cst .
2

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 41

 Derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation
 Consider motion of flow fluid
particle in steady flow field as
shown in fig.
 Applying Newton’s 2nd Law in s-
direction on a particle moving
Assumption:
Fluid is ideal and incompressible
Flow is steady
Flow is along streamline
Velocity is uniform across the section and is equal to
mean velocity
Only gravity and pressure forces are acting

along a streamline give

Fs  mas Eq(1)

 Where F is resultant force in s-

direction, m is the mass and as is
the acceleration along s-direction.

dV dsdV dsdV dV
as    V Eq(2)
dt dsdt dtds ds

Fig. Forces acting on particle along streamline

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 42
 Derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation
Fs  PdA  P  dp dA  W sin  Eq(3)

Substituting values from Eq(2) and Eq(3) to Eq(1)

dz
dV sin  
PdA  P  dp dA  W sin   mV ds
ds
dz dV
 dpdA  gdAds  dAdsV
ds ds

Cancelling dA and simplifying

 dp  gdz  VdV Eq(4)

Fig. Forces acting on particle along streamline
1
Note that VdV  dV 2
2 W=weight of fluid W  mg  dAds g

1 Eq(5) Wsin()= component acting along s-direction

 dp  gdz   dV 2
2 dA= Area of flow
ds=length between sections along pipe
 Derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation
 Dividing eq (5) by   Hence Eq (9) for stead-
incompressible fluid assuming no
dp 1 frictional losses can be written as
 gdz  dV 2  0 Eq (6)
 2
 Integrating P1 V 21 P2 V 2 2
Z1    Z2  
 2g  2g Eq (10)
 dp 1 2 Total Head1  Total Head2
  
  gdz 
2
dV   cst

Eq (7)

 Assuming incompressible and steady flow

P 1 Above Eq(10) is general form
 gz  V 2  cst Eq (8) of Bernoulli’s Equation
 2
 Dividing each equation by g

P V2
z  cst Eq (9)
g 2g

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 44

 EGL and HGL
P V2
z H
 2g

Pressure head  Elevation head  Velocity head  Total Head

V2 Multiplying with unit

P  gz    cst weight,γ,
2
 Static Pressure : P
 Dynamic pressure : V 2 / 2
 Hydrostatic Pressure: gZ
 Stagnation Pressure: Static pressure + dynamic Pressure
V2
P  Pstag
2
 (It represents the pressure when the fluid is brought to rest
insentropically)
October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 45
 Reading Assignment
 Limitation of Bernoulli’s Equation

October 7, 2023 Dr. Tarek Merabtene 46