PHYSICAL

SCIENCE
BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
Every living organism is made up of cells, the
very tiny units of life. Within the cells are organic
molecules which joined to form larger molecule.
■ Four classes of macromolecules
■ . These include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and
nucleic acid forming a chainlike structure called polymers
■ Recall that these macromolecules composed mainly the
elements like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and other
macromolecules have nitrogen and phosphate in their
structure.
1.Carbohydrates
■ Carbohydrates are one of the macromolecules which
contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only with a
ratio 1:2:1.
■ The carbohydrate that we eat which is our main
source of energy is converted into glucose which is
readily used in the body. It is classified as simple
sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides) and
complex sugars (polysaccharides).
Monosaccharides
■ are sugar with one saccharide units. Glucose (used
as dextrose and sugar found in blood), galactose
(found in milk and other milk products), and fructose
(sugar found in fruits and honey) are
monosaccharides. They are isomers which mean,
they have the same molecular formula but different
structural formula.
■ Glucose is sweeter than galactose.
2.Disaccharides
■ are sugar with two saccharide unit joined by a
glycosidic bond
■ Maltose is a disaccharide formed from 2 Glucose
units and is found in malt. Sucrose found in regular
table sugar contains glucose and fructose units.
■ Lactose found in milk and milk products is a
disaccharide containing Glucose and Galactose units.
Polysaccharides
■ are sugar contains many saccharide units.
Starch and Cellulose are polysaccharides.
Starch, a storage form of glucose in plants
and cellulose, the structural material in plant
cell wall composed of 250 - 400 glucose
molecules connected via α-1-4-glycosidic
bond.
2. Protein
■ Protein was believed to be the beginning of life. It
comes from the Greek word proteios which means
first. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen are
the elements that make up a protein. Sulfur and
other metals can also be found in some proteins.
Proteins as one of the macromolecules that are
made from multiple units of simple molecules
called amino acids
Combination of 20 amino acid joined by a
peptide bond makes a protein. Thus, proteins
are called polypeptides.
Each type of protein is made up of different combination of amino
acid arranged in specific way. The order to which the amino acids
are arranged determines the configuration and function of protein

Examples of proteins
■ Collagen - found in connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments,
skin, cartilage and the cornea of the eye.

■ Fibroin/Silk protein – one of the strongest natural fibers found in silk

■ Keratin - a fibrous protein in hair, skin, and nails.

■ Myoglobin - contains a heme group contains an iron (II) ion at its

center where oxygen is being stored.
■ Hemoglobin - is a globular protein that carries
oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream
■ Enzymes on the other hand, are substances that
catalyze a reaction. The following are examples of
enzymes and their specific function.
■ 1. Lipase - help in digestion of fats
■ 2. Pepsin - help in breaking down proteins into
peptides (smaller units)
■ 3. Sucrase - help in the digestion of sugars and
starches
3. Lipids
■ Lipids come from the Greek word lipos meaning fat.
Lipids are family of biomolecules group together
because of its property of being hydrophobic (water-
fearing). Lipids are non-polar molecules making it
soluble to non-polar solvents like acetone, ether and
benzene.
■ classified into four categories:
■ (1) triglycerides, (2) Phospholipids, (3) Steroids.
 Fatty acid
■ Fatty acid is a chain-like molecule containing a long chain of
carboxylic acid. Fatty acid can be saturated (contains single
bonds) in its long chain hydrocarbon chain or unsaturated
(contains double bond).
■ Saturated fatty acid is a straight chain where all the carbon
atoms in the chain have two hydrogen singly bonded to
making the molecules to form a strong attraction.
■ . Because of this strong attraction, saturated fatty acid have
high melting point and are solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fatty acid on the other hand, tends to bend due
to the presence of a double bond in one of the carbon in the
chain.
Triglycerides
■ Are lipids that contain glycerol backbone and 3
fatty acids. The 3 fatty acids connected to the
glycerol backbone are not necessarily of the same
kind.
Fat and oils are example of triglycerides.

■ Fats are usually from animal sources

contain mostly saturated fatty acid
making it solid at room temperature.
■ Oil refers to a triglyceride from plant
sources. It contains unsaturated fatty
acid and is liquid at room temperature.
Phospholipids
■ Is another type of lipids that contains glycerol,
two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.
■ unlike other kind of lipids, it has a polar end
(hydrophilic end) which is the phosphate group
and non-polar end (hydrophobic end), the fatty
acid group.
■ The dual property of liquid allows the
phospholipid to form a bilayer.
Phospholipid
Nucleic Acids
■ is important macromolecules that serve as storage of
genetic information of the cell. It is made up of nucleotide
monomers that contain a nitrogenous base, a pentose
sugar, and a phosphate group. DNA and RNA are the
two types of nucleic acid with specific functions
■ DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the blueprint of life carries
the genetic material and provides information for its own
replication. It is a double helix structure composed of a
sugar and phosphate backbone and complementary
bases Adenine-Thymine and Cytosine-Guanine pair.
RNA (ribonucleic acid) on the other hand, carries the
information from DNA for protein synthesis. There are
three types of RNA namely:

■ Messenger RNA (mRNA)

■ Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
■ Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Structure of Nucleic Acid
Seat work
■ Matching Type: Match the structure in column A with the Macromolecules in column B.
Write the letter of your answer in your notebook.
■ COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. A. carbohydrates
■ 2. B. Lipids

■ 3. C. Nucleic Acid
■ 4. D. Proteins
■THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!!!