English

Alphabet
A, B, C are alphabets

Yes
or

No?
A, B, C are letters.
Set of 26 letters
from
A to Z
is called
English alphabet
vowels
aeiou
 Why are vowels called
vowels?
Because when we speak them out, our tongue
does not touch teeth or the top of our mouth.
Let’s feel them:
a/e/i/o/u
Let’s feel them one more time:
a/e/i/o/u
So, one thing is their speech sound.
Moreover, vowels produce more than one type
of sound.
Examples:
cap / dark / all
red / be
pin / site
go / do / on
but / put / out
Let’s feel them one more time:
a/e/i/o/u
So, one thing is their speech sound.
Moreover, vowels produce more than one type
of sound.
For example:
late / dark / all
red / be / cafe
pin / high
go / do / on
but / put / out
In some other cases, vowels can be silent with
no sound at all.

For example:
late / brought / note
consonants
b c d f g h
j k l mn p
q r s t v w
x y z
What are consonants?
Consonants are the letters with their own
individual sounds.
b/c/d/f/l
furthermore, when you speak out consonants,
your tongue either touches your teeth or some
part inside your mouth.

Let’s feel consonants now:

b/c/d/f/g/j/k/l/m
Now feel the difference in vowels and
consonants speech sound:
a/b/d/e/g/i/m/o/t/u
 vowels
usually give
‘A’ sound
 ‘A’ sound
a: apple, airplane, actor
e: egg, eagle, ear, elbow
i: inkpot, ice-cream, iron
o: orange, owl, office
u: umbrella, urgent
 No ‘A’ sound

e: Europe, euphoria
o: one, once
u: united, university
Word
?
 a Word
is a collection of letters
A word must have at least
two letters to combine.
For example:

to / at / in / on / of /
be / go / do / up / so
The only single letter
words in English are:

I&A
1,71,476 words
The Second Edition of the 20-volume
Oxford English Dictionary contains
full entries for 1,71,476 words in
current use, and 47,156 obsolete
words. To this may be added around
9,500 derivative words included as
subentries.
The longest word in any of the major English
language dictionaries is a medical term:

pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis

pneumono
ultramicroscopic
silicovolcano
coniosis

This word refers to a lung disease and

there are 45 letters in this medical term.
The longest word in
English language is
FLOCCINAUCINIHILIPILIFICATION

There are 29 letters in this word and it

means to UNDERESTIMATE
something.
Sentence
?
 Sentence
is a collection of words
 every sentence is a
collection of words

but
every collection of words
is not a sentence
for example:

‘I live near the beach’

is a sentence
but
‘I fridge in the for cat’
is not a sentence
Sentence
is
‘a meaningful
collection of words’
Sentenc
e
Sentence...
• a meaningful collection of
words
• has two basic constituents:
• a clause
• a phrase
Clause
• a part of a sentence with a
subject and a verb
For example:
• He teaches.
• She lives.
• We walk.
Phrase
• a part of a sentence without a
subject and a verb
• adds meaning to the clause
For example:
• He teaches at Karachi University.
• She lives near the sea.
• We walk along the beach.
a clause combines
with a phrase to
constitute a
meaningful
sentence
 a sentence with one
clause is a Simple
sentence
For example:

I called you.
a sentence with two
clauses is a Compound
sentence
For example:

I called you but you

were sleeping.
a sentence with more than
two clauses is a Complex
sentence
For example:

I called you but you were

sleeping and your mother
a compound sentence
has two clauses that are
usually relative or
dependent. Relative Clauses

For example:
Dependent Clauses
Ali is the boy who got the prize.
ends here…