What are the conservation and preservation efforts in

the Philippines?
The main strategy for protecting and conserving
biodiversity in the Philippines is the establishment of
an integrated protected area system (IPAS). The IPAS
was set up to protect and preserve a representative
sample of all ecosystems and habitat types in the
country, as well as their plant and animal species.
The most common plants
PAPAYA OR PAWPAW

Since its introduction to the Philippines during the Spanish

colonial period, papaya has become a major fruit crop in the
country and a common staple in Filipino cuisine, whether used
raw in appetizers, or served ripe and sweet as a dessert.
The most common plants
Variegated croton

The Croton is a striking, easy-to-grow houseplant known for its

variegated foliage covered in green, scarlet, orange, and yellow
splotches. Here's how to care for a croton in your home or
garden..
The most common plants
JUNGLE FLAME

Light green, smooth leaves are oval with entire leaf margin (20
cm long). Leaves are paired (opposite leaf arrangement) and
tend to droop. Small, tubular flowers have 4 obovate lobes
arranged in a cross-like pattern. They are initially red-orange,
but later turn red
The most common
Animals
Flat-tailed-gecko

Flat-tailed Gecko - Hemidactylus platyurus. One of the

commonest house geckos in Southeast Asia. It is identified by
the flat tail, fringed with loose skin. Colour and markings can
vary from plain grey, to an attractive pattern of dark brown
stripes or diamonds along the spine.
Eurasian tree
sparrow /Maya

It also includes the Eurasian tree sparrow, Passer

montanus, introduced from Europe and locally referred to as
"mayang simbahan" - an invasive species so predominant in
urban areas that many urban Filipinos mistakenly think it is the
only species referred to as "maya."
Giant African Snail

Giant African Land Snails are not poisonous, they carry several
diseases that are unsafe for humans to contract. The most
common disease they carry is a parasite called rat lungworm,
which causes meningitis in humans.
PLANT SUCCESION
Plant succession refers to the gradual and predictable
process of change in plant communities over time in a
particular area. It involves the colonization,
establishment, growth, and replacement of plant species
in an ecosystem. Plant succession occurs in response to
various environmental factors such as disturbances,
changes in soil conditions, climate, and interactions
between different species.

Succession can be categorized into two primary types:

primary succession and secondary succession.
PLANT SUCCESION
1. Primary Succession: Primary succession occurs in areas that are devoid
of vegetation or where the soil is completely absent. These areas include
newly formed volcanic islands, bare rock surfaces, or areas left behind
after glacial retreat. The process begins with the colonization of pioneer
species, such as lichens and mosses, that can tolerate harsh conditions
and have the ability to break down rocks to form soil. These pioneer
species gradually modify the environment, making it more suitable for
other plant species to establish. Over time, herbaceous plants, shrubs,
and eventually trees take root, leading to a more complex and diverse
community. The overall process can take hundreds to thousands of years
to reach a stable, mature ecosystem.
PLANT SUCCESION
PLANT SUCCESION
Secondary Succession: Secondary succession occurs in areas where the
soil is already present but has been disturbed or altered by events such as
forest fires, logging, or agricultural activities. The process begins with the
colonization of fast-growing and opportunistic plant species known as
early successional or pioneer species. These species quickly establish
themselves and reproduce, helping to stabilize the soil and create suitable
conditions for other plant species. As the ecosystem recovers, more
shade-tolerant and longer-lived species begin to dominate, eventually
leading to the reestablishment of a climax community. The time frame for
secondary succession is usually shorter compared to primary succession,
ranging from several years to a few decades.
PLANT SUCCESION
PLANT SUCCESION
.

Many conservation organizations and government agencies work to restore and

rehabilitate natural habitats. This can involve planting native vegetation, removing
invasive species, and restoring wetlands, forests, or grasslands to their natural
state.
Efforts are made to protect and conserve endangered or threatened species
through various programs. This may include breeding programs, habitat
protection, and regulations on hunting or fishing to prevent overexploitation.
Fisheries are often managed to ensure sustainable fishing practices. Regulations
are put in place to control catch limits, size restrictions, and seasonal closures to
protect fish populations and their ecosystems.
 Warty Pig
Name:Sus Cebifrons Negrinus (Baboy Talunon)
Conservation Status: Critically Endangered
The warty pig is known to be the most endangered wild pig in
the whole world. It is extinct in Guimaras, Cebu and Masbate
(possibly). Now, it is only found in the surviving forest of Panay
and Negros.
VISAYAN SPOTTED DEER

The Visayan spotted deer(Rusa alfredi), also known

as theVisayan deer, thePhilippine spotted deer or
Prince Alfred's deer, is anocturnalandendangered
speciesofdeerlocated primarily in the rainforests of
the Visayan islands ofPanayandNegros
VISAYAN SPOTTED DEER

Visayan Leopard Cat

Name: Prionailurus Bengalensis Rabori (Maral)
Conservation Status: Vulnerable
This Visayan leopard cat is one of the most attractive and
unique races of leopard cats. It only weighs between 1.5 kg to
2.5 kg, making it one of the smallest of its race. At least 95% of
this nocturnal mammal’s total population has been wiped out,
leaving only a few that have survived in the remaining forest
patches of Cebu, Panay, and Negros.
MAMMALS

The Carabao is a swamp type domestic Water Buffalo (Bubalus

Bubalis)
While the carabao is an important and symbolic creature in the
Philippines, the official national
Carabao may represent hard work and be known as a 'Beast of
Burden' to most Filipinos
MAMMALS

monkey is a primate of the Haplorrhini suborder and simian

infraorder, either an Old World monkey or a New World
monkey, but excluding apes and humans. Many species are
arboreal, although there are species that live primarily on the
ground, such as baboons. Monkeys are generally considered to
be intelligent)
WHAT IS ECOLOGY?
Ecology is the study of the relationships among living
organisms, including humans, and their physical
environment. Ecology considers organisms at the
individual, population, community, ecosystem, and
biosphere level.

WHAT IS BIOSPHERE?
The biosphere, also known as the ecosphere, is the worldwide
sum of all ecosystems. It can also be termed the zone of life on
Earth. The biosphere is virtually a closed system with regard to
matter, with minimal inputs and outputs.

WHAT IS ECOSYSTEM
An ecosystem consists of all the organisms and the physical
environment with which they interact. These biotic and abiotic
components are linked together through nutrient cycles and
energy flows. Energy enters the system through photosynthesis
and is incorporated into plant tissue.
 limiting factor-A limiting factor is a variable of a system that causes a noticeable
change in output or another measure of a type of system. The limiting factor is in a
pyramid shape of organisms going up from the producers to consumers and so on.

Examples of ecological interactions include energy movement through food webs,

symbiotic relationships among different species, and resource competition that limits
the survival of certain species.

Examples of Biosphere
Tundras.
Prairies.
Deserts.
Tropical rainforests.
Deciduous forests.
Oceans.
 Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as
rivers, lakes, oceans, and groundwater with harmful substances
that have adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and human
health. There are numerous causes of water pollution, and they
can have significant and varied impacts on rivers and lakes.
Here are some common causes and their effects:

Industrial Discharges: Industries often release pollutants such

as chemicals, heavy metals, and wastewater into rivers and
lakes. These substances can harm aquatic life, disrupt
ecosystems, and contaminate water supplies downstream. For
example, heavy metals like mercury can accumulate in fish,
making them unsafe for consumption

Agricultural Runoff: The use of fertilizers, pesticides, and

herbicides in agriculture can lead to runoff into nearby water
bodies. Excess nutrients from fertilizers, such as nitrogen and
phosphorus, can cause algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and fish
kills. Pesticides can harm aquatic organisms and disrupt the
food chain.
Sewage and Wastewater: Inadequately treated sewage and
wastewater discharge can introduce pathogens, bacteria, and
organic matter into rivers and lakes. This can lead to the spread
of waterborne diseases, oxygen depletion (due to
decomposition), and the growth of harmful bacteria and algae.

Oil Spills: Accidental or deliberate oil spills can have

catastrophic effects on water bodies. Oil forms a slick on the
surface, suffocating aquatic life, and can take years to break
down. It also affects birds and animals that depend on these
water bodies.

Climate Change: Climate change can exacerbate water

pollution by altering weather patterns, increasing the
frequency of extreme weather events, and raising water
temperatures. These changes can affect the distribution and
behavior of aquatic species and exacerbate existing pollution
problems.
The effects of water pollution on rivers and lakes can be severe:

Loss of Biodiversity: Polluted water bodies may experience

declines in fish populations, aquatic insects, and other wildlife.
Some species may be unable to survive in polluted conditions.

Habitat Destruction: Sedimentation and pollution can destroy

aquatic habitats, such as spawning areas for fish or nesting sites
for waterfowl.

Toxic Algal Blooms: Excess nutrients can lead to algal blooms,

some of which can produce toxins harmful to humans and
wildlife. These blooms can also deplete oxygen when they die
and decompose, leading to "dead zones" where aquatic life
cannot survive.

Water Quality Issues: Pollution can render water bodies unsafe

for recreational activities, drinking water, and irrigation. It may
also affect the taste and odor of drinking water.

Economic Impact: Water pollution can harm local economies by

damaging fisheries, reducing property values near polluted
water bodies, and increasing the cost of water treatment for
municipalities.
 Land pollution refers to the degradation of land quality due to
the introduction of harmful substances or changes in its natural
landscape. Various human activities contribute to land
pollution, and the environmental consequences can be
significant. Here are some common causes of land pollution and
their impacts on the environment:

Improper Waste Disposal: The disposal of solid waste in

landfills that are poorly managed or not lined properly can
result in the leaching of hazardous chemicals into the soil and
groundwater. This can contaminate drinking water sources and
harm terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

Industrial Activities: Industries often release toxic chemicals,

heavy metals, and hazardous waste into the soil, either
intentionally or accidentally. These pollutants can persist in the
environment for a long time, affecting soil quality and
potentially entering the food chain.
Soil Erosion: Poor land management practices, such as overgrazing,
improper farming techniques, and deforestation, can contribute to soil
erosion. When topsoil is eroded, it reduces land productivity and negatively
affects plant and animal habitats.

Environmental Impacts of Land Pollution:

Soil Contamination: Land pollution can introduce harmful chemicals, heavy metals,
and toxic substances into the soil, making it unsuitable for agriculture, gardening, and
plant growth.
Water Pollution: Contaminants from polluted land can leach into groundwater, rivers,
and lakes, leading to water pollution. This can have far-reaching effects on aquatic
ecosystems and drinking water quality.
Habitat Destruction: Land pollution can disrupt natural habitats, leading to the
displacement or extinction of native species. It can also result in the loss of
biodiversity.
Health Risks: Polluted land can pose health risks to humans and wildlife. Exposure to
contaminated soil can lead to various health issues, including respiratory problems,
skin disorders, and even cancer.
Air pollution is the presence of harmful or undesirable
substances in the Earth's atmosphere, which can have
detrimental effects on the environment and human health.
Various human activities and natural processes contribute to air
pollution. Here are some common causes of air pollution and
their environmental impacts:

Combustion of Fossil Fuels: The burning of fossil fuels, such as

coal, oil, and natural gas, for electricity generation,
transportation, and industrial processes, releases pollutants like
sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide
(CO), and particulate matter into the air. These pollutants can
lead to:
Smog Formation: NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
can react in the presence of sunlight to form ground-level
ozone (smog), which can harm vegetation and human health.
Acid Rain: SO2 and NOx emissions can react with water vapor
in the atmosphere, leading to the formation of acid rain. Acid
rain can damage aquatic ecosystems, soil, and vegetation.
Respiratory Problems: Particulate matter and ground-level
ozone can worsen respiratory conditions in humans and
animals.
Vehicular Emissions: Exhaust emissions from automobiles and other vehicles are a
significant source of air pollution, primarily through the release of NOx, CO, VOCs,
and particulate matter. These emissions can result in:
Environmental Impacts of Air Pollution:
Global Warming: Greenhouse gases like CO2, CH4, and nitrous oxide (N2O) contribute
to global warming and climate change, leading to rising temperatures, sea-level rise,
and extreme weather events.

Air Quality Degradation: Poor air quality due to pollutants like PM and ground-level
ozone can harm human health, harm vegetation, and reduce visibility.

Ecosystem Damage: Air pollutants can harm terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems,
affecting plant health, aquatic life, and biodiversity.

Acid Rain: Acidic emissions contribute to acid rain, which can damage aquatic
ecosystems, soil, and structures like buildings and statues.

Health Impacts: Air pollution is associated with a range of health problems in humans,
including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular issues, and even premature death.

Biodiversity Loss: Air pollution can contribute to the decline of plant and animal
species, leading to reduced biodiversity in affected areas.
This happens in many different ways, many of which
involve the food chain. Some chemicals pollute the air,
affecting animals in a very large area. Animals that ingest
the chemicals directly will often move great distances
before dying, circulating them through the food chain.
Most chemicals can also seep into the ground and make
their way into surrounding plants, being passed up the
food chain. Groundwater contamination is also a major
human health hazard. The best example of such chemicals
would probably be pesticides, some of which never break
down and are still present in most animals despite being
banned decades ago.
What is limiting factor?
A limiting factor is a variable of a system that causes a
noticeable change in output or another measure of a type
of system. The limiting factor is in a pyramid shape of
organisms going up from the producers to consumers and
so on.

Examples of ecological interactions include energy movement

through food webs, symbiotic relationships among different
species, and resource competition that limits the survival of
certain species.

Examples of Biosphere
Tundras.
Prairies.
Deserts.
Tropical rainforests.
Deciduous forests.
Oceans.
An example of an ecosystem is a pond. In a pond, the living
things are the biotic factors, such as fish, aquatic plants, and
protists. The non-living things are the abiotic factors such as
sunlight, water quality, and sediment.

A limiting factor is anything that constrains a population's size

and slows or stops it from growing. Some examples of limiting
factors are biotic, like food, mates, and competition with other
organisms for resources.

.
.

.
BIRD STUDY
 This little brown bird can be
seen everywhere in the city:
from your backyard, to the
sidewalks, to the busy business
centers, and almost everywhere
else in the city! That is why
most people assume every bird
that flies past is a maya.
• YELLOW-VENTED BULBUL Pycnonotus
goiavier
• The second most common, and most
overlooked, city bird is the Yellow-vented
Bulbul or YVB. With most people assuming
that all birds in the city are mayas, the YVB
goes unnoticed despite its larger size. It is
significantly larger than the maya and has
very distinct markings: white eyebrow,
black eye stripe, a long tail and a flash of
yellow on its vent (lower belly, just before
the tail) for which it got its name. Some
birds even sport a noticeable mohawk. The
YVB actively feeds on berries and fruits
and can also nest in urban gardens.
• The Pied Fantail, locally called Maria
Capra, is another common city bird. It is
black and white, with a very distinct long
tail which it fans out thus its name. The
Pied Fantail can be heard singing
melodiously in the early hours of the
morning. These birds can be very
territorial especially if they have a nest
nearby. They get people’s attention when
they swoop around, “attacking” dogs,
cats, and sometimes even people who
get too close to their nest.
• The Philippine
coucal (Centropus viridis) is a
species of cuckoo in the
family Cuculidae. It is
endemic to the Philippines. It
is an insectivore.
• Encountering a Coucal is,
again, a very positive sign
according to most
traditions. Coucal encounters
are said to lead to good luck
and great fortune
• The name heron can be used
to describe any member of
the family Ardeidae – a large
group of long-legged, long-
necked birds typically found
around water. This includes
the birds we usually refer to
as herons, egrets and
bitterns. So all egrets are
herons, but not all herons
are egrets!
• The chestnut
munia or black-headed
munia (Lonchura
atricapilla) is a small
passerine. It was formerly
considered conspecific with
the closely related
tricoloured munia, but is
now widely recognized as a
separate species.
• Pugo (Quail) - Family:
Phasianidae
• Description: Pugo are small,
ground-nesting game birds,
known for their distinct call.
They have a compact body and
are valued for their meat and
eggs, which are considered
delicacies.
• Kalapati (Pigeon/Dove) -
Family: Columbidae
• Description: Kalapati refers to
various species of stout-bodied
birds with short necks and
slender bills with a fleshy cere.
They are adaptable and are
found in almost every habitat,
from coastal areas to high
mountains
• The Visayan
hornbill (Penelopides panini) is
a hornbill found in rainforests
of Western Visayas region
which includes the islands of
Panay, Negros, and Guimaras,
as well as the island of Masbate
, and formerly Ticao, in the
Philippines. It formerly included
all other Philippine
tarictic hornbills as subspecies,
in which case the
common name of the
'combined species' was
shortened to tarictic hornbill.
• tiklíng: a dark long-legged
bird after which the tinikling
dance was named. The tikling
bird is known in English as the
buff-banded rail. Its scientific
name is Gallirallus philippensis.
Ang tikling as isang uri ng ibong
mahaba-haba ang binti.
• The Philippine eagles in the wild are threatened daily by human
activities. At least one Philippine eagle is killed every year because of
shooting. As more of our forest is lost, Philippine eagles go farther
and farther from their usual hunting grounds in search for preys to
hunt.
• The Philippine eagle and other raptors regulate the population of
smaller animals that can pose danger to humans like snakes, and
cause damage to agricultural crops such as rats. The presence of the
eagles in the forests is an ecological indicator that connotes a rich and
biodiverse environment.
• How birds are protected in the Philippines?
• Hunting of wildlife including birds is illegal and punishable by law
under the provisions of Republic Act 9147 or the “Wildlife Resources
Conservation and Protection Act,” DENR Regional Executive Director
Gwendolyn Bambalan emphasized during the celebration of the
World Migratory Bird Day (WMBD) on October 9.
 Ropework

Ropework or marlinespike seamanship are umbrella terms for a

skillset spanning the use, maintenance, and repair of rope. Ropework
is used by seafarers, climbers and military personnel. Included are
tying knots, splicing, making lashings, whippings, and proper use and
storage of rope.
Ropework
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROPE

Fastening things together has always been a part of human knowledge ever since the early stages of civilization.
For the purpose of fastening things, a number of materials have been used as vines, grass stalks, as well as strips
of animal hide and leather thong. Rope probably developed from the thongs. A single thong was found too weak
for some purposes, and so two or three thongs had to be combined. To twist the leather strips into a solid rope
was a short and natural step.

In modern times, the use of ropes became universal. With the improvement in materials and methods came
improvement in technique of making rope; and the two present methods, twisting and braiding, slowly evolved.
In a twisted rope a few fibers are twisted to the right to form a yarn, then a few yarns are twisted to the left to
form a strand. Three or four strands are twisted to the right to form a rope. Three ropes are twisted to the left to
form a large cable-laid rope.

The important element in twisted rope is the alternation of directions so that the fibers and strands pull against
each other and overcome their natural tendency to untwist and fray. The friction of the alternately twisted parts
makes a hard compact rope, capable of repelling water and standing tremendous strains.

The braided type of rope is usually woven by a special braiding machine in much the same manner as are heavy
fabrics. When made this way good cotton rope, such as “spotted cord," is smooth, compact, and capable of giving
long service before it becomes too soft. Braided rope is used extensively tor rope spinning.
kind of ropes of ropes
Nylon is the strongest of all ropes in common use. It is used
for absorbing shock loads, such as when lifting or
towing because it has the ability to return to it's original
length after being stretched. It also has good abrasion
resistance and can last several times longer than natural
fibres.
 Polyester is one of the most popular ropes in the boating
ropes of industry. It is very close to nylon in strength but stretches very
little and therefore cannot absorb shock loads as well. It is
equally resistant as nylon to moisture and chemicals, but is
superior in resistance to abrasions and sunlight.
 Polyethylene Rope: An all-purpose utility rope composed of
ropes of 100% high-grade polyethylene (PE). Great tenacity and strength
for various indoor and outdoor applications, including marine
projects, path marking, ski slopes, outdoor concerts, and DIY
crafting.
 Signaling

In telecommunication, signaling is the use of signals for

controlling communications. This may constitute an
information exchange concerning the establishment and
control of a telecommunication circuit and the management of
the network.
 Signaling

In telecommunication, signaling is the use of signals for

controlling communications. This may constitute an
information exchange concerning the establishment and
control of a telecommunication circuit and the management of
the network.
 Signaling

In telecommunication, signaling is the use of signals for

controlling communications. This may constitute an
information exchange concerning the establishment and
control of a telecommunication circuit and the management of
the network.
 Signaling

In telecommunication, signaling is the use of signals for

controlling communications. This may constitute an
information exchange concerning the establishment and
control of a telecommunication circuit and the management of
the network.
Firemanship
Firemanship
Firemanship
Firemanship
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is a infection caused by strains of bacteria called
Corynebacterium. And can cause heart failure. Diphtheria comes
From a spread from person to person, usually through respiratory
droplets, like from coughing or sneezing. handling an infected person's
things, such as used tissues or hand towels, that may be contaminated
with the bacteria. You can also transfer diphtheria-causing bacteria by
touching an infected wound.

We can prevent diphtheria by vaccines and Drinking fresh juice of

pineapple may help remove the throat deposits, thereby improving the
symptoms of this infection.
Malaria
Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease caused by a
parasite that commonly infects a certain type of mosquito
which feeds on humans. And it is a fatal disease caused by a
parasite that is transmitted to humans one great example is
from a mosquito.
We can prevent malaria by applying repellent exposed on skin
And wearing long sleeves and pants at night and to apply
lotion that can be against the mosquitos and lastly, Spray an
insecticide or repellent on clothing, as mosquitoes may bite
through thin clothing.
Tetanus
Tetanus is an infection caused by a bacterium called Clostridium
tetani. Spores of tetanus bacteria are everywhere in the environment,
including soil, dust, and manure. The spores develop into bacteria
when they enter the body. And it is an illness characterized by an acute
Onset of hypertonia, painful muscular contractions. It is also an
infectious disease caused by contamination of wounds from bacteria or
the spores they produce that live in soil, and animal feces.
To prevent Tetanus you must Control bleeding if wounded. Apply
direct pressure to control bleeding. Use antibiotics and stops the blood
in your wound by covering it. And change the dressing daily.
Antipolo toilet
 Methods in destroying breeding places of
mosquitos

• Take a close look at your garden- Mosquitos mostly breed in the ground and by
observing the garden often we can remove and stop the breed of he mosquitos from
multiplying.
• Practice good pond mosquito control- Some people have ponds in their place and
cannot be removed easily, with this situation they must put fish that eats mosquitos.
• 1 modern insecticides used to kill harmful insects is organophosphates. It is being
sprayed to insects causing them to disrupt their nerve impulse and disabling the insect.
 What are the health requirements your community enforces
in the sale of meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, and cooked food?

• The Health requirements enforces in our community is the selling of processed meat.
There is the global threat of African Swine Flu that needs an attention to everyone. In
my community, it is ban to sell this kind of meat and it was declared by the national
government. In addition, the community imposed especially to business sector to
strictly follow when selling goods with regards to suggested retail price given by the
government..

How can we cooperate with health authorities in preventing diseases in the community?

• We can cooperate with health authorities in preventing diseases by starting an organization and to Gather
individuals in the community to take a mission to teach on how do we prevent And to support the needs of
the community like vaccines and medicines especially with the diseases shown awhile ago. In Addition we
can improve the community by just doing these actions and we can see other people smile in their faces.
And not only boy scout is the way we can help the community but also joining other organizations like amity
and red cross is highly suggested.
 Five simple rules for preventing the spread of communicable diseases
during and following a person's illness.

• Get Vaccinated- We people know that in the community, we may not know if someone we pass by
has a diseases which is contagious.
• Stay at HOME we sick- If a person is sick especially in school, the school must send the student home
and rest until he/she is cured. And in the community we always must know that this should be
applied.
• Don't Share Personal Items- We can observe and do proper hygiene by applying this rule in our mind
because we may not know if your friend has an infection and can be transmitted to your personal
items. One great example is Roll on deodorant.
• Wash Hands Often- During pandemic days we people always need to observe washing hands often
because bacteria can stay in your hand and sometime we use our hands in toughing our body and can
transfer bacteria by just touching ourselves.
• Cough and Sneeze into a Tissue or Your Sleeve- By doing this we can prevent spreading illness to
others so you must be aware on your surroundings bringing alcohol and handkerchief is
recommended.
 How does Immunization work?

Immunization gives you immunity to a certain disease without getting sick. First, and if you are ever
exposed to the disease-causing germ in the future, your immune system will be able to destroy it
quickly. And immunization protects against infectious diseases. In addition, Vaccines are designed to
prevent disease, rather than treat a disease once you have caught it. It also prepares your body to fight
Disease that might infect you along the way. According to the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Vaccine Education Center, vaccines are made of dead or weakened antigens. They can't cause an
infection, but the immune system still sees them as an enemy and produces antibodies in response.
After the threat has passed, many of the antibodies will break down, but immune cells called memory
cells remain in the body.
 There are four ways that viruses and bacteria are weakened to make vaccines:

• Change the virus blueprint -This is how the measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella
vaccines are made. The virus blueprint is changed by a technique called cell culture
adapting a virus to grow in specialized cells grown in the lab instead of the cells it
normally grows in.
• Destroy the virus blueprint- so that the virus can’t replicate at all. This is how the “killed”
polio vaccine is made. Vaccine virus is made by treating polio virus with the chemical
formaldehyde. This treatment permanently destroys the polio genes so that the virus can
no longer replicate.
• Use only a part of the virus or bacteria- This is how the Hib, hepatitis B, and pertussis
vaccines are made. Because the viral or bacterial genes are not present in the vaccine, the
viruses or bacteria can’t replicate.
• Take the toxin that is released from the bacteria- Some bacteria cause disease not by
replicating but by manufacturing harmful proteins called toxins. For example, bacteria like
diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis all cause disease by producing toxins.
 What vaccine is given to persons going abroad?
There are many vaccines that can be given to a person going abroad or international
And here are the few vaccines to know:

• Cholera vaccination
• Diphtheria vaccination
• Hepatitis A vaccination
• Hepatitis B vaccination
• Anthrax
• Japanese Encephalitis
• Polio
• Typhoid vaccination
• Yellow Fever
• Measles, mumps and rubella(MMR) vaccination
• Meningitis vaccination
• Tuberculosis Vaccination
• Rabies vaccination
Video